Production of cytokine and chemokines by human mononuclear cells and whole blood cells after infection with Trypanosoma cruzi

INTRODUCTION: The innate immune response is the first mechanism of protection against Trypanosoma cruzi, and the interaction of inflammatory cells with parasite molecules may activate this response and modulate the adaptive immune system. This study aimed to analyze the levels of cytokines and chemokines synthesized by the whole blood cells (WBC) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of individuals seronegative for Chagas disease after interaction with live T. cruzi trypomastigotes. METHODS: IL-12, IL-10, TNF-α, TGF-β, CCL-5, CCL-2, CCL-3, and CXCL-9 were measured by ELISA. Nitrite was determined by the Griess method. RESULTS: IL-10 was produced at high levels by WBC compared with PBMC, even after incubation with live trypomastigotes. Production of TNF-α by both PBMC and WBC was significantly higher after stimulation with trypomastigotes. Only PBMC produced significantly higher levels of IL-12 after parasite stimulation. Stimulation of cultures with trypomastigotes induced an increase of CXCL-9 levels produced by WBC. Nitrite levels produced by PBMC increased after the addition of parasites to the culture. CONCLUSIONS: Surface molecules of T. cruzi may induce the production of cytokines and chemokines by cells of the innate immune system through the activation of specific receptors not evaluated in this experiment. The ability to induce IL-12 and TNF-α contributes to shift the adaptive response towards a Th1 profile.

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Innate Immune Responses of Human Neonatal Cells to Bacteria from the Normal Gastrointestinal Flora

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.70.12.6688-6696.2002 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 70 (12) ◽

pp. 6688-6696 ◽

Cited By ~ 145

Author(s):

Helen Karlsson ◽

Christina Hessle ◽

Anna Rudin

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Mononuclear Cells ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Adult Cells

ABSTRACT The hygiene hypothesis postulates that the prevalence of allergy has increased due to decreased microbial stimulation early in life, leading to delayed maturation of the immune system. The aim of this study was to examine the cytokine pattern produced from cord blood mononuclear cells relative to adult cells after stimulation with bacterial strains from the normal flora. Mononuclear cells from cord and adult blood samples were stimulated with the following bacteria: Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Enterococcus faecalis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Streptococcus mitis, Corynebacterium minutissimum, Clostridium perfringens, Bacteroides vulgatus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Veillonella parvula, and Neisseria sicca. The levels of interleukin 12 (IL-12), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-10, and IL-6 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The TNF-α production was also analyzed after blocking CD14, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2), and TLR-4 prior to stimulation with bacteria. The levels of IL-12 and TNF-α were similar in cord and adult cells. Gram-positive bacteria induced considerably higher levels of IL-12 and TNF-α than gram-negative bacteria in both cord and adult cells. The levels of IL-6 were significantly higher in newborns than in adults, whereas the levels of IL-10 were similar in newborns and adults. Gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria induced similar levels of IL-6 and IL-10 in cord cells. L. plantarum bound or signaled through CD14, TLR-2, and TLR-4, whereas E. coli acted mainly through CD14 and TLR-4. These results indicate that the innate immune response in newborns to commensal bacteria is strong and also suggest that different bacterial strains may have differential effects on the maturation of the immune system of infants.

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Effects of Light on In Vitro Production of Melatonin by Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear, Polymorphonuclear, and Whole Blood Cells

Neurophysiology ◽

10.1007/s11062-019-09802-y ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 51 (2) ◽

pp. 120-125

Author(s):

M. Zagheh ◽

R. Golmohammadi ◽

M. Alahgholi-Hajibehzad ◽

R. Najafi-Vosough ◽

Z. Zareighane ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Whole Blood ◽

Peripheral Blood ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Human Peripheral Blood ◽

In Vitro Production ◽

Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽

Whole Blood Cells ◽

Vitro Production

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Increase in cytokine production (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α but not IFN-γ, GM-CSF or LIF) by stimulated whole blood cells in postmenopausal osteoporosis

Maturitas ◽

10.1016/s0378-5122(96)01080-8 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 63-71 ◽

Cited By ~ 85

Author(s):

S.X. Zheng ◽

Y. Vrindts ◽

M. Lopez ◽

D. De Groote ◽

P.F. Zangerle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Postmenopausal Osteoporosis ◽

Whole Blood ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Cytokine Production ◽

Gm Csf ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Ifn Γ ◽

Whole Blood Cells

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INFLUENCE OF THERAPY UPON LPS-INDUCED CYTOKINE SECRETION BY THE BLOOD-DERIVED INNATE IMMUNITY CELLS OF THE BRONCHIAL ASTHMA PATIENTS

Medical Immunology (Russia) ◽

10.15789/1563-0625-2019-4-789-796 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 789-796

Author(s):

D. A. Serov ◽

D. S. Kabanov ◽

N. I. Kosyakova ◽

I. R. Prokhorenko

Keyword(s):

Healthy Volunteers ◽

Immune Cells ◽

Whole Blood ◽

Peripheral Blood ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Innate Immune Cells ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Whole Blood Cells

Bronchial asthma (BA) is the most widespread chronic inflammatory disease. Since BA is associated with a systemic inflammation state, a comprehensive study of its effect in this disease, and influence of pathogenetic therapy should be performed, by studying the whole blood cytokine status of the patients suffering with BA. The cells from respiratory tract in acute-phase BA patients may produce pro-, as well as anti-inflammatory mediators. The anti-inflammatory mediators are able to suppress activity of immune cells in peripheral blood. Thus, the aim of present study was to evaluate eventual inflammation-associated and functional activity of immune cells from the patients’ peripheral blood in BA and following appropriate therapy. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) a classical pro-inflammatory agent. We have studied an LPSinduced cytokine-induced ex vivo secretion model by peripheral blood immune cells, as a relevant test for their functional activity. The LPS-induced responses of whole blood cells from patients with proven BA diagnosis have been studied at pre-treatment time points, and following two weeks of basic anti-inflammatory therapy. According to clinical indications, the antagonists of CysLTR1, or combinations of glucocorticosteroids and β-adrenoreceptor agonists were administered by inhalation to BA patients. LPS-induced production of TNFα, IL-6, IL-8 (at 6 h) and IFNγ, IL-17A or IL-1β (at 24 h) by whole blood cells from BA patients or healthy volunteers has been assessed by ELISA technique. The cytokine production from non-stimulated whole blood cells from BA patients and healthy volunteers were used as the baseline control. IL-4 concentrations in plasma of BA patients and healthy volunteers were also measured. We have shown a decrease of IL-6 production in control blood samples from BA patients after two weeks of therapy. This may indicate the attenuation of the observed inflammatory process. The therapy applied did not influence the background levels and LPS-induced secretion of IL-1β, IL-1ra, IFNγ, and IL-8 in whole blood samples from BA patients. IL-4 plasma levels in BA patients were not changed after two weeks of therapy. It has been shown that whole blood from BA patients produced less TNFα and IL-8, both in control samples, and during their response to LPS, than the values obtained in healthy volunteers. These findings are in agreement with a notion that BA causes partial depression of innate immune cells activity. The increased LPS-induced TNFα secretion by the whole blood cells from BA patients has been observed following two weeks of basic anti-inflammatory therapy. We suggest that the increased LPS-induced TNFα secretion could be explained by partial restoration of peripheral blood immune cell activity associated with anti-inflammatory BA therapy. To elucidate the mechanism of increased LPS-induced TNFα secretion, we have estimated whole blood concentration of soluble CD14 (sCD14) in BA patients. No significant differences between sCD14 concentrations have been found. Obtained result presume existence of sCD14-independent mechanism of TNFα regulation by whole blood cells in response on LPS which may occur during anti-inflammatory therapy of BA. We suppose that basic anti-inflammatory therapy of BA does not simply reduce IL-6 concentration in peripheral blood, but may also partially restore the activity of innate immune cells in BA patients.

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Pre- and Postictal Changes in the Innate Immune System: Cause or Effect?

European Neurology ◽

10.1159/000516556 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Johannes D. Lang ◽

David G. Olmes ◽

Manuel Proske ◽

Mareike Hagge ◽

Müjgan Dogan Onugoren ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Nk Cells ◽

Innate Immune System ◽

Mononuclear Cells ◽

Sampling Period ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽

Cytokine Analysis ◽

Inflammatory Processes ◽

Active Epilepsy

Introduction: Recent studies have shown that inflammatory processes might play a role in epileptogenesis. Their role in ictogenesis is much less clear. The aim of this study was to investigate peri-ictal changes of the innate immune system by analyzing changes of immune cells, as well as pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Methods: Patients with active epilepsy admitted for video-EEG monitoring for presurgical evaluation were included. Blood was sampled every 20 min for 5 h on 3 consecutive days until a seizure occurred. After a seizure, additional samples were drawn immediately, as well as 1 and 24 h later. To analyze the different populations of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, all samples underwent FACS for CD3, CD4, CD8, CD56, CD14, CD16, and CD19. For cytokine analysis, we used a custom bead-based multiplex immunoassay for IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, MCP-1, MIP-1α, and TNFα. Results: Fourteen patients with focal seizures during the sampling period were included. Natural killer (NK) cells showed a negative correlation (ρ = −0.3362, p = 0.0195) before seizure onset and an immediate increase to 1.95-fold afterward. T helper (TH) and B cells decreased by 2 and 8%, respectively, in the immediate postictal interval. Nonclassical and intermediate monocytes decreased not until 1 day after the seizures, and cytotoxic T (TC) cells showed a long-lasting postictal increase by 4%. IL-10 and MCP-1 increased significantly after seizures, and IL-12 decreased in the postictal phase. Discussion/Conclusion: Our study argues for a role of the innate immune system in the pre- and postictal phases. NK cells might be involved in preictal changes or be altered as an epiphenomenon in the immediate preictal interval.

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Characterization of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Gene Expression Profiles of PediatricStaphylococcus aureusPersistent and Non-Carriers Using a Targeted Assay

10.1101/544494 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Elisabeth Israelsson ◽

Damien Chaussabel ◽

Rebecca S.B. Fischer ◽

Heather C. Moore ◽

D. Ashley Robinson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells ◽

Peripheral Blood ◽

Innate Immune System ◽

Large Scale ◽

Mononuclear Cells ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽

Blood Mononuclear Cells

AbstractDefects in innate immunity affect many different physiologic systems and several studies of patients with primary immunodeficiency disorders demonstrated the importance of innate immune system components in disease prevention or colonization of bacterial pathogens. To assess the role of the innate immune system on nasal colonization withStaphylococcus aureus, innate immune responses in pediatricS. aureusnasal persistent carriers (n=15) and non-carriers (n=15) were profiled by analyzing co-clustered gene sets (modules) identified through large-scale transcriptome data analysis as the basis for the development of a targeted assay. We stimulated previously frozen peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from these subjects with i) a panel of TLR ligands, ii) liveS. aureus(either a mixture of strains or stimulation with respective carriage isolates), or iii) heat-killedS. aureus. We found no difference in responses between carriers and non-carriers when PBMCs were stimulated with a panel of TLR ligands. However, PBMCs stimulated with liveS. aureuselicited a significantly different response that also differed from the response elicited following stimulation with deadS. aureus. Furthermore, we observed a distinct stimulation profile for PBMCs isolated from persistent carriers stimulated with their respective live or dead carriage strains compared to responses observed for PBMCs isolated from non-carriers that were similar regardless of whether or not the bacteria were alive or not. These data suggested that innate pathway signaling is different between persistent and non-carriers ofS. aureus.

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Analysis of Porcine Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Induction by S. suis In Vivo and In Vitro

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens9010040 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 40 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Florian S. Hohnstein ◽

Marita Meurer ◽

Nicole de Buhr ◽

Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede ◽

Christoph G. Baums ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Whole Blood ◽

Mononuclear Cells ◽

Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽

Bacterial Killing ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Specific Igg ◽

Ifn Γ ◽

Weaning Piglets

Weaning piglets are susceptible to the invasive Streptococcus (S.) suis infection, which can result in septicemia. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytokine profile induced upon S. suis infection of blood, to determine the cellular sources of those cytokines, and to study the potential effects of the induced cytokines on bacterial killing. We measured TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-17A and IL-10 after an experimental intravenous infection with S. suis serotype 2 in vivo, and analyzed whole blood, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and separated leukocytes to identify the cytokine-producing cell type(s). In addition, we used a reconstituted whole blood assay to investigate the effect of TNF-α on bacterial killing in the presence of different S. suis-specific IgG levels. An increase in IL-6 and IL-10, but not in IFN-γ or IL-17A, was observed in two of three piglets with pronounced bacteremia 16 to 20 h after infection, but not in piglets with controlled bacteremia. Our results confirmed previous findings that S. suis induces TNF-α and IL-6 and could demonstrate that TNF-α is produced by monocytes in vitro. We further found that IL-10 induction resulted in reduced secretion of TNF-α and IL-6. Rapid induction of TNF-α was, however, not crucial for in vitro bacterial killing, not even in the absence of specific IgG.

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Lymphoproliferation Impairment and Oxidative Stress in Blood Cells from Early Parkinson’s Disease Patients

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20030771 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 771 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Carmen Vida ◽

Hikaru Kobayashi ◽

Antonio Garrido ◽

Irene Martínez de Toda ◽

Eva Carro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Whole Blood ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Mononuclear Cells ◽

Lymphoproliferative Response ◽

Healthy Elderly ◽

Age Related ◽

Whole Blood Cells

In Parkinson’s Disease (PD), the peripheral changes in the functional capacity and redox state of immune cells has been scarcely investigated, especially in the early PD stages. Aging is a risk factor for PD, and the age-related impairment of the immune system, based on a chronic-oxidative stress situation, is involved in the rate of aging. We analyzed several functions in isolated peripheral blood neutrophils and mononuclear cells from PD stage 2 patients, and compared the results to those in healthy elderly and adult controls. Several oxidative stress and damage parameters were studied in whole blood cells. The results showed an impairment of the lymphoproliferative response in stimulated conditions in the PD patients compared with age-matched controls, who also showed typical immunosenescence in comparison with adult individuals. Higher oxidative stress and damage were observed in whole blood cells from PD patients (lower glutathione peroxidase activity, and higher oxidized glutathione and malondialdehyde contents). Our results suggest an accelerated immunosenescence in PD stage 2, and that several of the parameters studied could be appropriate peripheral biomarkers in the early stages of PD.

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