scholarly journals Prevalence rates of infection in intensive care units of a tertiary teaching hospital

2003 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 254-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Toufen Junior ◽  
André Luiz Dresler Hovnanian ◽  
Suelene Aires Franca ◽  
Carlos Roberto Ribeiro Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Nosocomial Infection ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence rates of infections among intensive care unit patients, the predominant infecting organisms, and their resistance patterns. To identify the related factors for intensive care unit-acquired infection and mortality rates. DESIGN: A 1-day point-prevalence study. SETTING:A total of 19 intensive care units at the Hospital das Clínicas - University of São Paulo, School of Medicine (HC-FMUSP), a teaching and tertiary hospital, were eligible to participate in the study. PATIENTS: All patients over 16 years old occupying an intensive care unit bed over a 24-hour period. The 19 intensive care unit s provided 126 patient case reports. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rates of infection, antimicrobial use, microbiological isolates resistance patterns, potential related factors for intensive care unit-acquired infection, and death rates. RESULTS: A total of 126 patients were studied. Eighty-seven patients (69%) received antimicrobials on the day of study, 72 (57%) for treatment, and 15 (12%) for prophylaxis. Community-acquired infection occurred in 15 patients (20.8%), non- intensive care unit nosocomial infection in 24 (33.3%), and intensive care unit-acquired infection in 22 patients (30.6%). Eleven patients (15.3%) had no defined type. The most frequently reported infections were respiratory (58.5%). The most frequently isolated bacteria were Enterobacteriaceae (33.8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (26.4%), and Staphylococcus aureus (16.9%; [100% resistant to methicillin]). Multivariate regression analysis revealed 3 risk factors for intensive care unit-acquired infection: age > 60 years (p = 0.007), use of a nasogastric tube (p = 0.017), and postoperative status (p = 0.017). At the end of 4 weeks, overall mortality was 28.8%. Patients with infection had a mortality rate of 34.7%. There was no difference between mortality rates for infected and noninfected patients (p=0.088). CONCLUSION: The rate of nosocomial infection is high in intensive care unit patients, especially for respiratory infections. The predominant bacteria were Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus (resistant organisms). Factors such as nasogastric intubation, postoperative status, and age ³60 years were significantly associated with infection. This study documents the clinical impression that prevalence rates of intensive care unit-acquired infections are high and suggests that preventive measures are important for reducing the occurrence of infection in critically ill patients.

scholarly journals POLA BAKTERI PADA URIN PASIEN YANG MENGGUNAKAN KATETER URETRA DI RUANG PERAWATAN INTENSIF RSUP PROF. DR. R. D. KANDOU MANADO

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melisa P. Chandra ◽  
Olivia Waworuntu ◽  
Velma Buntuan
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Nosocomial Infection ◽  
Urinary Catheter ◽  
Citrobacter Freundii ◽  
Proteus Vulgaris

Abstract: Urinary catheterization as a part of invasive procedure application poses the risk of nosocomial infection to intensive care unit patients. The probability of nosocomial infection increases in accordance to the period of catheterization; longer catheterization time yields higher chances for microbial contamination on urinary catheter as catheterization provides an opening for microbial invasion into the urinary track. There are various pathogens commonly associated with catheterization including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabili, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus fecalis, Serratia and Candida. The main objective of this research project is to observe bacterial pattern of urine from catheterized intensive care unit patients in the Prof. DR. R. D. Kandou Public Hospital Manado. A total of 20 urine samples were obtained, one sample from each individual catheter over 2 months period. Each collected sample is subsequently passed on to microbiology laboratory to undergo bacteria identification process via culture media. The preliminary results show that the identified bacterial pattern is Staphylococcus aureus, Candida, Streptococcus, Diplococcus, Proteus vulgaris, Lactobacillus, Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter aglomerans, Citrobacter freundii dan Shigella. Following an in-depth multi-dimensional analysis of preliminary research results, the conclusion can be drawn that the most commonly found bacteria is Staphylococcus aureus. This study is part of growing body of microbiology research in catheter-related bacterial pattern and nosocomial infection; this research project will contribute to future research on similar topics. Keywords: bacteria, bacterial pattern, urinary catheter, nosocomial infection, intensive care unit.     Abstrak: Kateterisasi urin adalah bagian dari penggunaan prosedur invasif  membawa resiko infeksi nosokomial bagi pasien yang dirawat di ruang perawatan intensif.  Semakin lama kateter terpasang maka peluang kateter terkontaminasi oleh mikroba semakin besar, karena penggunaan kateter memungkinakan  jalur masuk mikroba ke dalam saluran kemih.Terdapat berbagai macam  patogen yang menyebabkan ISK yang diasosiasikan dengan kateterisasi termasuk Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus fecalis, Serratia, Candida. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pola bakteri pada urin pasien yang menggunakan kateter uretra di ruang perawatan intensif RSUP. Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado sebanyak 20 sampel. Sampel di ambil dari urin kateter pasien yang di rawat di ruang perawatan intensif. Identifikasi bakteri dilakukan dengan menggunakan media kultur. Hasil dari kultur urin menunjukan pola bakteri yang berhasil diidentifikasi yakni Staphylococcus aureus, Candida, Streptococcus, Diplococcus, Proteus vulgaris, Lactobacillus, Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter aglomerans, Citrobacter freundii dan Shigella. Dari hasil kesimpulan pada penelitian ini didapatkan  jenis bakteri yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah Staphylococcus aereus. Mengikuti analisis data hasil penelitian beberapa saran tentang proses penelitian lebih lanjut akan diusulkan. Kata kunci: bakteri, pola kuman, kateter uretra, infeksi nosocomial, ruang perawatan intensif.

Serratia marcescans Contamination of Antiseptic Soap Containing Triclosan: Implications for Nosocomial Infection

1984 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 427-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Anita Barry ◽  
Donald E. Craven ◽  
Theresa A. Goularte ◽  
Deborah A. Lichtenberg
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Nosocomial Infection ◽  
Surgical Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Minimal Bactericidal Concentration ◽  
Surgical Intensive Care ◽  
Time Kill ◽  
The Impact

Abstract During a recent investigation in our surgical intensive care unit, we found that several bottles of the antiseptic handwashing soap, OR Scrub®, were contaminated with Serratia marcescens. OR Scrub® contains 1% triclosan, lanolin, and detergents. The antimicrobial efficacy of OR Scrub® was examined in vitro using serial two-fold dilutions of soap inoculated with various concentrations of different nosocomial pathogens. The minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of OR Scrub® against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and several strains of S. marcescens was ≤1:2 By comparison, a non-antiseptic soap from the same manufacturer (Wash®) and 4% chlorhexidine (Hibiclens®) had MBCs for all strains tested of at least 1:64. Time-kill curves confirmed the findings of the initial experiments.This is the first report of extrinsic contamination of antiseptic soap containing triclosan. No infections could be attributed to the contaminated soap, but sporadic outbreaks of Serratia have occurred in the intensive care unit with no identifiable source. Although there have been few studies on the impact of antiseptic soap in reducing nosocomial infection, we question whether a soap with the limitations of OR Scrub® should be used in intensive care units or operating rooms.

scholarly journals Control of cross-infection in an intensive care unit

1969 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Harris ◽  
J. M. Orwin ◽  
J. Colquhoun ◽  
H. G. Schroeder
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Positive Pressure Ventilation ◽  
Intensive Therapy ◽  
Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation ◽  
Cross Infection ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Intensive Therapy Unit ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus

SUMMARYIn a survey undertaken in an intensive care unit, coliform bacilli were found to be responsible for most infections,Pseudomonas aeruginosaand Staphylococcus aureus being isolated much less frequently. Tracheostomy or endotracheal intubation predisposed to infection, but in our experience intermittent positive pressure ventilation did not significantly affect its incidence. Little cross-infection has occurred, and it has never been possible to incriminate the ventilators in its transmission.We gratefully acknowledge the assistance we have received from colleagues in the Intensive Therapy Unit and the Department of Bacteriology during the course of this investigation.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Consumption and Its Relationship with Bacterial Resistance Profiles in ESKAPE Pathogens in a Peruvian Hospital

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1221
Author(s):  
Giancarlo Pérez-Lazo ◽  
Susan Abarca-Salazar ◽  
Renata Lovón ◽  
Rocío Rojas ◽  
José Ballena-López ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Consumption ◽  
Antimicrobial Consumption ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Medical Wards ◽  
Eskape Pathogens

A descriptive design was carried out studying the correlation between antimicrobial consumption and resistance profiles of ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.) in a Peruvian hospital, including the surgical, clinical areas and the intensive care unit (ICU) during the time period between 2015 and 2018. There was a significant correlation between using ceftazidime and the increase of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolations (R = 0.97; p < 0.05) and the resistance to piperacillin/tazobactam in Enterobacter spp. and ciprofloxacin usage (R = 0.97; p < 0.05) in the medical wards. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistance to piperacillin/tazobactam and amikacin in the intensive care unit (ICU) had a significant reduction from 2015 to 2018 (67% vs. 28.6%, 65% vs. 34.9%, p < 0.001). These findings give valuable information about the rates and dynamics in the relationship between antibiotic usage and antimicrobial resistance patterns in a Peruvian hospital and reinforce the need for continuous support and assessment of antimicrobial stewardship strategies, including microbiological indicators and antimicrobial consumption patterns.

scholarly journals Study of Conjunctival Microbial Flora in Patients of Intensive Care Unit

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 318-324
Author(s):  
Kadambari Ramani ◽  
Subashini Kaliaperumal ◽  
Sandip Sarkar ◽  
Sujatha Sistla
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Intensive Care Units ◽  
Microbial Flora ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Antimicrobial Sensitivity ◽  
Prophylactic Measures ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp

Purpose: The objective of the study was to evaluate the type of conjunctival microbial flora in intensive care unit patients and their antimicrobial sensitivity pattern.Methods: A total of 272 samples (conjunctival swabs) were taken from patients in various intensive care units and sent for culture and sensitivity. An ocular examination was done to look for lagophthalmos, conjunctival discharge, exposure keratitis, and corneal perforation.Results: Majority (82.1%) of the samples showed at least one microbial isolate while 29 (10.7%) samples showed multiple microbial growth. The most common microbes were coagulase negative Staphylococcus spp. (41.5% of isolates), diphtheroids (11.0% of isolates), and Staphylococcus aureus (9.6% of isolates) which are the usual commensals of the ocular surface. Of the other microbes isolated, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4.0%) was the most common. Eighty-four percent isolates of coagulase negative Staphylococcus sp., 81.8% isolates of diphtheroids and 100% isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were penicillin resistant. All isolates of Enterococcus fecalis were sensitive only to vancomycin. Two hundred and twenty eyes (80.9%) had varying degrees of lagophthalmos. Nineteen (7.0%) had severe corneal exposure changes leading to infectious corneal ulcer and perforation in all of them.Conclusions: The isolates in patients of intensive care units were no different from the normal conjunctival flora though few pathogenic organisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter sp. were also isolated. Most of the isolates were penicillin resistant. This knowledge will help take appropriate prophylactic measures to contain ocular infections in the intensive care units.

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