Costs of reusable and disposable aprons in a public teaching hospital

Objective To analyze the direct cost of reusable and disposable aprons in a public teaching hospital. Method Cross-sectional study of quantitative approach, focusing on the direct cost of reusable and disposable aprons at a teaching hospital in northern Paraná. The study population consisted of secondary data collected in reports of the cost of services, laundry, materials and supplies division of the institution for the year 2012 Results We identified a lower average cost of using disposable apron when compared to the reusable apron. The direct cost of reusable apron was R$ 3.06, and the steps of preparation and washing were mainly responsible for the high cost, and disposable apron cost was R$ 0.94. Conclusion The results presented are important for hospital managers properly allocate resources and manage costs in hospitals .

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Contraceptive User’s Profile

Indonesian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.32771/inajog.v1i4.362 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Eka R Gunardi

Keyword(s):

Obstet Gynecol ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Contraceptive Methods ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Study Population ◽

The Mean ◽

The Difference ◽

Almost All ◽

The Cost

Objective: To obtain informations regarding the profile of contraceptive users in Raden Saleh Clinic, Jakarta. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in June 2012, at Raden Saleh Clinic, Jakarta. The study population was the patient who came to Raden Saleh Clinic from 2008 until 2011. Results: The mean age of the contraception users was 34.06 and the mean of their husband’s age was 38.91 years old. Most of the patients were graduated from senior high school (43.2%) and university (37.9%). More than half of the patients (55.2%) were not working and more than a half of their husband (53.2%) were private employee. Almost all (92.6%) of the patient were married. Most of the patient (38.8%) came with no prior contraception. After consultation, all patients had chosen their preferred contraceptive methods, namely IUD (61.4%), injectable contraception (20.9%), pill (13.7%), sterilization (3.4%), and implant (0.6%). Conclusion: Family planning reduces maternal mortality and the best method is different for each patient because of the difference in their own condition and the consideration of the cost and benefit. [Indones J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 1-4:179-82] Keywords: contraception, contraceptive users profile

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Evaluation of anti-diabetic prescriptions at Tripura medical college and Dr. BRAM teaching hospital: a cross- sectional study

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20184683 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (12) ◽

pp. 3883

Author(s):

Lakshman Das ◽

Shubhaleena Debnath ◽

Prithul Bhattacharjee

Keyword(s):

Teaching Hospital ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Eastern Region ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Essential Drug ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Prescription Pattern ◽

Medical College ◽

The Cost

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease which requires lifelong treatment. The management of type 1 DM depends mainly on insulin, whereas the oral anti-diabetic drugs (OADs) are the first line treatment for type 2 DM. Rational use of the drugs in populations can be effectively studied by analysing the prescription pattern. As there are limited numbers of studies carried out on drug utilization in diabetic patients in North Eastern region of India, authors planned to carry out this study in a tertiary care set up of this region.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in Medicine OPD of Tripura Medical College and Dr. BRAM Teaching Hospital for a period of two months with the objectives of prescription pattern evaluation and the cost of anti-diabetic agents. Drug use pattern of antidiabetics, WHO core prescribing indicators and percentage of cost variation were analysed.Results: A total of 120 prescriptions were analysed during the study period. Metformin was the most commonly prescribed drug. The average cost of therapy per prescription per week was Rs. 94.54. Only 19.43% of the antidiabetics were prescribed from the essential drug list.Conclusions: The cost of prescription can be reduced by choosing the generic drugs without changing its quality and also by choosing drugs from essential drug list.

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Association Of Acne Vulgaris With Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome In Patients Visiting UOL Teaching Hospital

10.53350/pjmhs211561299 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (6) ◽

pp. 1299-1301

Author(s):

A. Malik ◽

S. A H. Kazmi

Keyword(s):

Teaching Hospital ◽

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome ◽

Acne Vulgaris ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

History Of ◽

Study Population ◽

Ovarian Syndrome

Background: Polycystic syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in the world affecting 8% of women. The main characters of PCOS are enlarged ovaries, chronic ovulation, menstrual cycles disturbance, androgen overdose, and insulin resistance leading to acne, hirsutism, and reproductive problems. Acne is a quite common dermatological condition in daily practice. Aim: To determine the association of acne vulgaris with polycystic ovarian syndrome in patients visiting the University of Lahore Teaching Hospital. Study design: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Place and duration of study: Dermatology Outpatient Department, University of Lahore Teaching Hospital Lahore from March 2019 to March 2020. Methodology: It was a descriptive cross-sectional study from March 2019 to March 2020 conducted at the Dermatology Out-patient Department, University of Lahore Teaching Hospital. All patients between the ages of 18 and 40, with acne vulgaris were included in the study. After obtaining informed consent, 101 women with acne vulgaris in I-IV (Indian stages), between the ages of 18-40 years, presented in the Department of Dermatology, University of Lahore Teaching Hospital, from March 2019 to March 2020, were selected for the study. Pregnant females, lactating mothers, and women on hormonal treatment (oral contraceptives or injections) were excluded from the study. A history of acne, oligomenorrhea, hirsutism, seborrhea, alopecia, acanthosis nigricans infertility, obesity and amenorrhea were taken. Weight and height were measured to calculate BMI. Data were collected in a special statistically tool and analyzed using SPSS-25. Results: A total of 101 women were examined having acne vulgaris issue. A total of 101 female were assessed and having history of acne vulgaris. Out of this, 33 were 18–23 years old, while 24 (23.4%) have ages 24–28 years. There were 18 (17.8%) patients who have 29–33 years old. while 38–40 years were 10 (9.9%) years old. Irregular menstrualcycle was reported 34.6% of the study population. As Perth WHO criteria, only 17% of the participants had BMI in normal weight range. The proportion of women, who were overweight and obese were 50.4% and 32.6% in the study population. Conclusion: Acne vulgaris has been identified as a serious skin disease found in all age groups. PCOS is more common among women with acne and obesity is a major risk factor for PCOS.

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Cost Effectiveness Kombinasi Antihipertensi Candesartan-Bisoprolol dan Candesartan-Amlodipin Pada Pasien Rawat Jalan Penderita Hipertensi

Jurnal Profesi Medika Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan ◽

10.33533/jpm.v13i2.1284 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Eny Nurhikma ◽

Randa Wulaisfan ◽

Musdalipah Musdalipah

Keyword(s):

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Average Cost ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cost Effectiveness Analysis ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cost Effectiveness Ratio ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Hypertensive Patients ◽

Effectiveness Analysis ◽

The Cost

Today, in various countries, especially in Indonesia, the cost of health services is increasing. Hypertension is a degenerative disease that requires health costs for a long time. Increasing costs due to increasing chronic diseases threaten access and quality of health services, by which it is necessary to find a solution to overcome the problem of health financing. One method used is to analyze the guidelines for hypertension therapy and drug classes in the pharmacoeconomic aspects, namely Cost Effectiveness Analysis. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of antihypertensive combination therapy in hypertensive patients at Bhayangkara Hospital, Kendari in 2019. The research method is descriptive with cross sectional study design. The analysis conducted is the cost effectiveness analysis (CEA) performed by calculating direct medical costs, the effectiveness of therapy based on blood pressure that reaches the target and calculating the value of ACER (Average Cost Effectiveness Ratio) and ICER (Incremenal Cost Effectiveness Ratio). Data were collected prospectively which fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results showed the therapeutic effectiveness and the value of ACER obtained from 31 hypertensive patients were a combination of Candesartan – Bisoprolol that was ACER value of 85.71% (2,314), and combination of Candesartan – Amlodipin of 70.58% (2,643). ICER value of 7,832 indicates that the price of drugs is more expensive but more effective therapy.Keywords : cost effective, ACER, ICER, Hypertension, Candesartan, Amlodipin Abstrak: Dewasa ini, diberbagai negara khususnya di Indonesia biaya pelayanan kesehatan semakin meningkat. Hipertensi merupakan salah satu penyakit degeneratif yang membutuhkan biaya kesehatan dalam jangka waktu yang lama. Peningkatan biaya akibat semakin meningkatnya penyakit kronik mengancam akses dan mutu pelayanan kesehatan, olehnya itu perlu dicari solusi untuk mengatasi masalah pembiayaan kesehatan. Salah satu metode yang dilakukan yaitu dengan menganalisis pedoman terapi hipertensi dan golongan obat dalam aspek farmakoekonomi, yaitu Analisis Efektivitas Biaya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektivitas terapi kombinasi antihipertensi pada pasien hipertensi di Rumah Sakit Bhayangkara Kendari tahun 2019. Metode penelitian ialah deskriptif dengan rancangan cross sectional study. Data diambil secara prospektif yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Analisis yang dilakukan adalah cost effectiveness analysis (CEA) dilakukan dengan menghitung biaya medik langsung, efektivitas terapi berdasarkan tekanan darah yang mencapai target dan menghitung nilai ACER (Average Cost Effectiveness Ratio) dan ICER (Incremenal Cost Effectiveness Ratio). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan efektifitas terapi dan nilai ACER yang diperoleh dari 31 pasien hipertensi ialah kombinasi Candesartan – Bisoprolol yaitu nilai ACER sebesar 85,71% (2.314), dan kombinasi Candesartan – Amlodipin sebesar 70,58% (2.643). Nilai ICER sebesar 7.832 menunjukkan bahwa harga obat lebih mahal namun terapi lebih efektif. Kata Kunci : Efektivitas biaya, ACER, ICER, Hipertensi, Candesartan, Amlodipin

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Economics of cancer care: A community-based cross-sectional study in Kerala, India

South Asian Journal of Cancer ◽

10.4103/sajc.sajc_382_18 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 09 (01) ◽

pp. 07-12

Author(s):

Dinesh T. A. ◽

Prem Nair ◽

V. Abhijath ◽

Vidya Jha ◽

K. Aarthy

Keyword(s):

Indirect Cost ◽

Direct Cost ◽

Economic Burden ◽

Cancer Care ◽

Statistical Tests ◽

State Intervention ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Cost

Abstract Bacground: The estimated incidence of cancer cases in Kerala for 2014 was 31,400 and the mortality associated with it was 13,816. Although the treatment of cancer has shown remarkable advances, it has come with increasing costs. Objective: The objective of this study is to estimate the economic burden of cancer in Vypin Block Panchayat at Ernakulam by analyzing the average total direct and indirect cost of cancer care, socioeconomic status, and cost of cancer care between government and private hospitals. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted for 2 months from March to April 2018. The study was conducted by utilizing an annotated cost questionnaire for completion by patients. Total direct and indirect cost was estimated. Appropriate statistical tests were used. Results: Direct cost for cancer care contributed 75% toward the cost of illness and the remaining was found to be indirect cost. Loss of income (44%) contributed to the largest chunk of indirect cost. The average direct cost for cancer care was found to be Rs. 25,606 and the average indirect cost was Rs. 8772. The average total cost of cancer care was calculated to be Rs. 34,378. Significant statistical variation was found between the cost of cancer care in private and government hospitals. The economic burden of cancer in this Vypin Block Panchayat was found to be Rs. 218,256,977/- Conclusion: The ratio of average income to average cost in this study is skewed which indicates the lack of affordability for cancer care in this population. A very large gap, therefore, exits between income levels and cost of cancer care clearly indicating a vast gap between affordability and cost of treatment, which clearly necessitates the need for a definite policy and state intervention for a mass cancer care program.

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Evaluation of Drug Use Based on WHO Prescribing Indicator in Mizan- Tepi University Teaching Hospital, south Western Ethiopia: A Cross Sectional Study

Current Drug Therapy ◽

10.2174/1574885515999200819092717 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

Author(s):

Solomon Hambisa ◽

Rediet Feleke ◽

Ameha Zewudie ◽

Mohammed Yimam

Keyword(s):

Drug Use ◽

World Health Organization ◽

Teaching Hospital ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

University Teaching ◽

World Health ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Hospital Data ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Health Organization

Background:: Rational drug use comprises aspects of prescribing, dispensing and patient use of medicines for different health problems. This study is aimed to assess drug prescribing practice based on the world health organization prescribing indicators in Mizan-Tepi University teaching hospital. Methods:: An institutional based retrospective cross sectional study was conducted to evaluate prescribing practices in Mizan-Tepi University teaching hospital. Data were collected based on World health organization drug use indicators using prescription papers. 600 prescriptions dispensed through the general outpatient pharmacy of the hospital were collected by systematic random sampling method from prescriptions written for a 1-year time in Mizan-Tepi University teaching hospital. Results:: The present study found that the average number of drugs per prescription was 2.04 ± 0.87 in Mizan-Tepi University teaching hospital with a range between 1 and 5. Prescribing by generic name was 97.6 % and 47.8% of prescriptions contained antibiotics in the hospital. 27.7% of prescriptions contained at least one injectable medication in Mizan-Tepi University teaching hospital. From prescribed drugs, 96.7% of them were prescribed from Ethiopian essential drug list. Conclusion:: Present study indicated that the average number of drugs prescribed per encounter, the percentage of generic prescribing and prescribing from the EDL were close to optimal value. However, the percentage of encounters with antibiotics and injections prescribed were found be very high. Thus, the study highlights some improvements in prescribing habits, particularly by focusing on the inappropriate consumption of antibiotics and injections.

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Cow’s milk exposure and atopic dermatitis after six months of age

Paediatrica Indonesiana ◽

10.14238/pi56.6.2016.325-9 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 56 (6) ◽

pp. 325

Author(s):

Surya Jayanti Kadek ◽

Dewi Kumara Wati Ketut ◽

Karyana Putu Gede

Keyword(s):

Atopic Dermatitis ◽

Maternal Diet ◽

Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Milk Formula ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Cow's Milk ◽

Study Population

Background About 60% of individuals with atopic dermatitis (AD) develop their first manifestation during infancy. Cow’s milk (CM) exposure is considered to be a risk factor for AD.Objective To evaluate for an association between cow’s milk exposure and atopic dermatitis in infants > 6 months of age. Methods This cross-sectional study consisted of subjects from a previous study and new subjects recruited in order to meet the minimum required number of subjects. Our study population comprised 120 infants, born between 1 February and 30 November, 2012 in Sanglah Hospital, Denpasar. Subjects were divided into CM and non-CM groups and analyzed for their risk of AD. Subjects were included to CM group if they were fed with cow’s milk/formula and included to non-CM group if they were breastfeed exclusively in the first six months of life. Other possible risk factors were assessed by multivariate analysis. Results One hundred twenty subjects were enrolled and analyzed (59 in the CM and 61 in the non-CM groups). The prevalence of AD was 30%. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed a significant association between CM exposure and AD, with odds ratio (OR) 2.37 (95%CI 1.036 to 5.420; P=0.04). In addition, maternal diet including eggs and/or cow’s milk during the breastfeeding period was significantly associated with AD in infants (OR 3.18; 95%CI 1.073 to 9.427; P=0.04).Conclusion Cow’s milk exposure is significantly associated with atopic dermatitis in infants > six months of age.

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Cross-sectional study of prevalence and risk factors, and a cost-effectiveness evaluation of screening and preventive treatment strategies for latent tuberculosis among migrants in Singapore

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050629 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. e050629

Author(s):

Vanessa W Lim ◽

Hwee Lin Wee ◽

Phoebe Lee ◽

Yijun Lin ◽

Yi Roe Tan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Length Of Stay ◽

Latent Tuberculosis ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Secondary Outcome ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Ltbi Prevalence ◽

The Cost

ObjectivesWHO recommends that low burden countries consider systematic screening and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in migrants from high incidence countries. We aimed to determine LTBI prevalence and risk factors and evaluate cost-effectiveness of screening and treating LTBI in migrants to Singapore from a government payer perspective.DesignCross-sectional study and cost-effectiveness analysis.SettingMigrants in Singapore.Participants3618 migrants who were between 20 and 50 years old, have not worked in Singapore previously and stayed in Singapore for less than a year were recruited.Primary and secondary outcome measuresCosts, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), threshold length of stay, incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs), cost per active TB case averted.ResultsOf 3584 migrants surveyed, 20.4% had positive interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) results, with the highest positivity in Filipinos (33.2%). Higher LTBI prevalence was significantly associated with age, marital status and past TB exposure. The cost-effectiveness model projected an ICER of S$57 116 per QALY and S$12 422 per active TB case averted for screening and treating LTBI with 3 months once weekly isoniazid and rifapentine combination regimen treatment compared with no screening over a 50-year time horizon. ICER was most sensitive to the cohort’s length of stay in Singapore, yearly disease progression rates from LTBI to active TB, followed by the cost of IGRA testing.ConclusionsFor LTBI screening and treatment of migrants to be cost-effective, migrants from high burden countries would have to stay in Singapore for ~50 years. Risk-stratified approaches based on projected length of stay and country of origin and/or age group can be considered.

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