scholarly journals New wheat genotypes tolerant to aluminum toxicity obtained by mutation induction

2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Augusto Tulmann Neto ◽  
Marcelo Correa Alves ◽  
Carlos Eduardo de Oliveira Camargo ◽  
Jairo Lopes de Castro ◽  
Wilson Penteado Ferreira Filho
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Mutation Induction ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Agronomic Characteristics ◽  
Mutant Lines

Seed from the sensitive wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) cultivar Anahuac was treated to gamma-ray irradiation and eleven Al3+ tolerant mutants selected. The objective was to compare these mutants to the original Anahuac and to the tolerant wheat cultivars IAC-24 and IAC-60 from 1994 to 1996 in acid (Capão Bonito) and limed (Monte Alegre do Sul) soil field trials, in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Grain yield and agronomic characteristics were analyzed. All the mutant lines yielded higher than the sensitive Anahuac cultivar in the acid soils of Capão Bonito. Under limed soil conditions, 10 mutants had a similar yield to the original sensitive cultivar and one a lower yield. The majority of the mutants were similar in yield to the tolerant cultivars IAC-24 and IAC-60 under both conditions. Some of the mutants showed altered agronomic characteristics, but these alterations did not generally influence the grain yield. The results indicated that tolerant lines with good characteristics may be obtained from a susceptible cultivar by mutation induction, thus allowing cropping under conditions where Al3 + is a limiting factor.

scholarly journals Effect of Gamma Irradiation of Local Brachiaria Ruziziensis (Germain & Evrard) Seeds on Agronomic Performance and Yield

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 09-17
Author(s):  
Ann I. Hoka ◽  
Michael Gicheru ◽  
Syprine Otieno ◽  
Hezekiah Korir
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Mutation Induction ◽  
Agronomic Performance ◽  
Brachiaria Ruziziensis ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Mutant Lines

Appropriate methods of mutation induction are of high importance in pastures for increased genetic variability and improved performance. The objective of this research was to improve the agronomic and nutritive performance of mutant lines (M7) through induced mutagenesis to seeds of a local landrace Brachiaria ruziziensis. The seeds were irradiated with 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40Gy doses of gamma radiation from Cobalt 60 (60Co).  Treatments were; KE 0Gy, KE 10Gy, KE 20Gy, KE 30Gy and KE 40Gy resulting into M1 seeds. The M1 seeds were planted in the greenhouse in germination pots for one month and the seedlings transplanted to the field. Seeds of M6 plants (M7 seeds) were used to establish field experiment in a completely randomized block design, with three replications. Parameters measured included; tillering, leaf-stem ratio, dry matter weight, and seed weight. Data collected was analyzed using the SAS package. Mutant lines exhibited better agronomic performance compared to the wild type. Performance increased with increased gamma-ray exposure with 40Gy treatment outperforming all other treatments whereas the control performed dismally. There was a significant difference (P0.05) in the dry matter with 40Gy treatment having the highest values of dry matter yields, whereas control had the lowest values. Application of nuclear technology to other grasses would lead to increased biomass and improved nutrition for increased animal productivity leading to food and nutrition security.

scholarly journals Aluminum Resistance among Seeded Bermudagrasses

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haibo Liu
Keyword(s):  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Aluminum Resistance

Aluminum toxicity is a major limiting factor for turfgrass establishment and growth when soil pH is <5.0. Limited information on aluminum resistance is available among warm-season turfgrasses and these turfgrasses often grow in the areas with acid soil conditions. The objectives of this study were 1) to evaluate seeded bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) cultivars for the ability to tolerate a high level of aluminum and 2) to measure the extent of aluminum damage to the root systems. In total, 16 bermudagrass cultivars were evaluated under greenhouse conditions using a solution culture and an acid Tatum soil (Clayey, mixed, thermic, typic, Hapludult). The soil had pH 4.4% and 69% exchangeable aluminum. A concentration of 640 μm aluminum and a pH 4.0 was used for solution culture. The grasses were grown for 28 days in solution culture; 28 days in the acid Tatum soil; and 78 days in the acid Tatum soil before harvesting. Aluminum resistance was determined by measuring the longest root length, the longest shoot length, dry root weight, dry shoot weight, and shoot to root ratio in comparing the control to obtain the relative Al resistance among the cultivars. The results indicate that seeded bermudagrass cultivars differ in their aluminum resistance.

scholarly journals Field comparison between selection methods at the maize seedling stage in relation to aluminum tolerance

2002 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 397-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Daniel Giaveno ◽  
José Branco de Miranda Filho
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Aluminum Tolerance ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Maize Population ◽  
Maize Populations ◽  
Aluminum Saturation

Selection and breeding for aluminum tolerance is a useful approach to increase maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield in acid soils. The objective of this work was the comparison between two screening approaches for the development of Al tolerant maize populations. One cycle of divergent selection for aluminum tolerance, using both nutrient solution and pots with acid soil, were completed in the maize population SIKALQ. The four sub-populations selected through both selection procedures were compared with the original population and checks in field trials repeated over locations. Eight environments stratified into four groups varying from non acid to high aluminum saturation were used. Three variables were analyzed for comparisons of methodologies: grain yield, plant height and days to male flowering. The populations performed similarly in the high productivity locations and the differences between tolerant and sensitive ones were more evident for increasing levels of toxic aluminum. In spite of little differences, selection in pots with acid soil was more efficient than nutrient solution in changing the genetic structure of the population toward more tolerant and sensitive levels.

scholarly journals CHARACTERIZATION OF DART SEQUENCES REFLECTING GENOMICREGIONS INVOLVED IN ALUMINUM TOLERANCE IN TRITICALE (X TRITICOSECALE WITTMACK)

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-48
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Niedziela ◽  
Piotr Bednarek
Keyword(s):  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Aluminum Tolerance ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Disease Response ◽  
Dna Repair Mechanisms ◽  
Al Stress ◽  
Blast Database ◽  
Repair Mechanisms ◽  
Triticosecale Wittmack

Aluminum toxicity is the major growth-limiting factor for crop cultivation on acid soils. Tolerance mecha-nisms for Al stress in triticale have not been systematically investigated so far. It is presumed, that in the case of this species they may be a function of the interaction between wheat and rye genes. In this study the se-quences of forty-six Diversity Arrays Technology markers associated with aluminum tolerance in triticale and under selection pressure were blasted against BLAST database for the identification of possible functions of the respective genome regions in Al-stress response. The analysis has showed sequences similarity to the domains involved in signaling, disease response and DNA repair mechanisms.

scholarly journals Induction of mutations for earliness in the soybean cultivar Paraná

1997 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Tulmann Neto ◽  
M.C. Alves
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Soybean Cultivar ◽  
Mutation Induction ◽  
Growth Type ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Mutant Lines ◽  
Yield Trials

Mutation induction breeding through gamma ray seed treatment (22 krad) was used to obtain earliness in the soybean cultivar Paraná. Plants flowering earlier than Paraná were selected at the M3 generation. Eight mutant lines were isolated by further selections through several generations and tested in four yield trials carried out in 85/86 (Piracicaba) and 86/87 (Piracicaba, Sertãozinho and Assis) in São Paulo State. The following data were taken in these trials: number of days to flowering, yield, total plant height and height to pod insertion, flower color, pod pubescence and seed and plant growth type. Two of the mutants are of agronomic interest because they were, on average, seven to 10 days earlier in maturity than the control in all trials. Except for shorter plant height, the other agronomic characteristics remained unaltered.

Biochemical and Histopathological Evaluation of the Radioprotective Effects of Melatonin Against Gamma Ray-Induced Skin Damage

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dheyauldeen Shabeeb ◽  
Masoud Najafi ◽  
Ahmed Eleojo Musa ◽  
Mansoor Keshavarz ◽  
Alireza Shirazi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Skin Damage ◽  
Exposed Skin ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Skin Damages ◽  
The Right

Background:Radiotherapy is one of the treatment methods for cancers using ionizing radiations. About 70% of cancer patients undergo radiotherapy. Radiation effect on the skin is one of the main complications of radiotherapy and dose limiting factor. To ameliorate this complication, we used melatonin as a radioprotective agent due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, free radical scavenging, improving overall survival after irradiation as well as minimizing the degree of DNA damage and frequency of chromosomal abrasions.Methods:Sixty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups: control (C), melatonin (M), radiation (R) and melatonin + radiation (MR). A single dose of 30 Gy gamma radiation was exposed to the right hind legs of the rats while 40 mg/ml of melatonin was administered 30 minutes before irradiation and 2 mg/ml once daily in the afternoon for one month till the date of rat’s sacrifice. Five rats from each group were sacrificed 4, 12 and 20 weeks after irradiation. Afterwards, their exposed skin tissues were examined histologically and biochemically.Results:In biochemical analysis, we found that malondialdehyde (MDA) levels significantly increased in R group and decreased significantly in M and MR groups after 4, 12, and 20 weeks, whereas catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities decreased in the R group and increased in M and MR groups during the same time periods compared with the C group (p<0.05). Histopathological examination found there were statistically significant differences between R group compared with the C and M groups for the three different time periods (p<0.005, p<0.004 and p<0.004) respectively, while R group differed significantly with MR group (p<0.013). No significant differences were observed between C and M compared with MR group (p>0.05) at 4 and 20 weeks except for inflammation and hair follicle atrophy, while there were significant effects at 12 weeks (p<0.05).Conclusion:Melatonin can be successfully used for the prevention and treatment of radiation-induced skin injury. We recommend the use of melatonin in optimal and safe doses. These doses should be administered over a long period of time for effective radioprotection and amelioration of skin damages as well as improving the therapeutic ratio of radiotherapy.

scholarly journals Organic Amendments Influence Soil Water Depletion, Root Distribution, and Water Productivity of Summer Maize in the Guanzhong Plain of Northwest China

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Li Zhao ◽  
Lu-Sheng Li ◽  
Huan-Jie Cai ◽  
Xiao-Hu Shi ◽  
Chao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Root Distribution ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Summer Maize

Organic amendments improve general soil conditions and stabilize crop production, but their effects on the soil hydrothermal regime, root distribution, and their contributions to water productivity (WP) of maize have not been fully studied. A two-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the impacts of organic amendments on soil temperature, water storage depletion (SWSD), root distribution, grain yield, and the WP of summer maize (Zea mays L.) in the Guanzhong Plain of Northwest China. The control treatment (CO) applied mineral fertilizer without amendments, and the three amended treatments applied mineral fertilizer with 20 Mg ha−1 of wheat straw (MWS), farmyard manure (MFM), and bioorganic fertilizer (MBF), respectively. Organic amendments decreased SWSD compared to CO, and the lowest value was obtained in MBF, followed by MWS and MFM. Meanwhile, the lowest mean topsoil (0–10 cm) temperature was registered in MWS. Compared to CO, organic amendments generally improved the root length density (RLD) and root weight density (RWD) of maize. MBF showed the highest RLD across the whole soil profile, while MWS yielded the greatest RWD to 20 cm soil depth. Consequently, organic amendments increased grain yield by 9.9–40.3% and WP by 8.6–47.1% compared to CO, and the best performance was attained in MWS and MBF. We suggest that MWS and MBF can benefit the maize agriculture in semi-arid regions for higher yield, and WP through regulating soil hydrothermal conditions and improving root growth.

Rapidly extracted (0.02 M CaCl2-soluble) reactive aluminum as a measure of aluminum toxicity in soils

Soil Research ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 663 ◽  
Author(s):  
EA Close ◽  
HKJ Powell
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Aluminium Toxicity ◽  
Field Method ◽  
Colorimetric Analysis ◽  
Aluminium Species

This paper examines the use of short extraction times, and the determination of aluminium with chrome azurol S (CAS), for the estimation of 0.02 M CaCl2-soluble aluminium in soils. It reports the correlation between CAS-reactive aluminium in 5 min extracts and percent maximum yield of white clover (Trifolium repens) for a series of acid soils. The reactivity of soluble and colloidal aluminium species with the metallochromic reagent CAS has been assessed. ~ l ( a q ) ~ + , simple hydroxy species and complexes of weakly binding ligands (salicylic acid, tannins) are CAS-reactive (2 rnin). In contrast, complexes of strongly binding ligands (citric acid, fulvic acid) are not CAS-reactive ([Al] ~ [L] ~ [CAS] ~ 1-2~10-5 M). For a series of six limed phosphated topsoils and subsoils (pH 4.2-5.5), 0.02 M CaCl2- soluble aluminium, as determined with CAS, was negatively correlated against the percent maximum yield of white clover; r2 = -0.73** (5 min extraction), n = 20. This correlation is similar to that for yield against total aluminium as determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy after 60 min extraction (r2 = -0.77**). However, the colorimetric analysis is more convenient and sensitive; further, it does not measure colloidal and polymeric aluminium species (which may not be plant-available). The satisfactory correlation achieved for short extraction times suggests use of CAS for a rapid field method for aluminium toxicity in soils.

scholarly journals Coapplication of Chicken Litter Biochar and Urea Only to Improve Nutrients Use Efficiency and Yield ofOryza sativaL. Cultivation on a Tropical Acid Soil

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Maru ◽  
Osumanu Ahmed Haruna ◽  
Walter Charles Primus
Keyword(s):  
Acid Soil ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Soil Chemical Properties ◽  
Nutrient Use ◽  
Chicken Litter ◽  
Rice Yields ◽  
Use Efficiency

The excessive use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers in sustaining high rice yields due to N dynamics in tropical acid soils not only is economically unsustainable but also causes environmental pollution. The objective of this study was to coapply biochar and urea to improve soil chemical properties and productivity of rice. Biochar (5 t ha−1) and different rates of urea (100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, and 0% of recommended N application) were evaluated in both pot and field trials. Selected soil chemical properties, rice plants growth variables, nutrient use efficiency, and yield were determined using standard procedures. Coapplication of biochar with 100% and 75% urea recommendation rates significantly increased nutrients availability (especially P and K) and their use efficiency in both pot and field trials. These treatments also significantly increased rice growth variables and grain yield. Coapplication of biochar and urea application at 75% of the recommended rate can be used to improve soil chemical properties and productivity and reduce urea use by 25%.

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