Pathologic and microbiologic aspects of pet psittacine infected by Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium

ABSTRACT: The role of Escherichia coli in healthy microbiota of psittacine is controversial, and the presence of Salmonella sp. indicates possible disease. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the presence of E. coli and Salmonella spp. in a psittacine pet that died in Fortaleza, Brazil, correlating pathogenicity aspects of the isolates through the evaluation of lesions and antimicrobial susceptibility. Psittacine pets sent to the Laboratory of Ornithological Studies, State University of Ceará, that died in 2014 and 2015 were necropsied. Fragments of liver, kidneys, intestine, lung, heart, spleen and brain were collected for microbiological and histopathological analyses. Scores were attributed to lesions and isolated strains submitted to antimicrobial susceptibility test. From the seventy necropsied birds, nineteen were positive for E. coli and one for Salmonella Typhimurium. Congestive lesions and lymphoplasmocitic inflammatory infiltrate were observed varying from light to moderate and were the main findings. In the analyzed strains, multidrug resistance against different groups of antibiotics was observed. In conclusion, according to the results, E. coli strains and the Salmonella Typhimurium isolate produced significant lesions in the psittacine pets, and multidrug resistance may hinder treatments with antibiotics used in avian pet medicine.

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Antimicrobial susceptibility and diarrheagenic diagnosis of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica isolated from feral pigeons (Columba livia) captured in Fortaleza, Brazil

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5633 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 38 (11) ◽

pp. 2150-2154 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ruben V. Horn ◽

Windleyanne G.A. Bezerra ◽

Elisângela S. Lopes ◽

Régis S.C. Teixeira ◽

Isaac N.G. Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Clavulanic Acid ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Columba Livia ◽

Susceptibility Test ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test ◽

E Coli ◽

Feral Pigeons

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to isolate Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica from captured feral pigeons in Fortaleza, Brazil, and, in addition to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and diagnose diarrheagenic E. coli strains. Pigeons were captured in four public locations in Fortaleza with three techniques. Individual cloacal swab samples were collected and submitted to bacterial isolation, biochemical identification and antimicrobial susceptibility test. Disk diffusion technique was used with twelve antibiotics. E. coli strains were submitted to DNA extraction followed by PCR to diagnose five diarrheagenic pathotypes. A total of 124 birds were captured. One bird was positive for Salmonella enterica (0.81%) and 121 (97.58%) were positive for E. coli. Among these, 110 isolates were submitted to antimicrobial susceptibility test and 28.18% (31/110) presented resistance to at least one antibiotic. Resistance to azithromycin was the most frequent (21.82%), followed by tetracycline (10.91%) and sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim (8.9%). Multidrug resistance, calculated as a resistance to at least 3 antimicrobial classes, was identified in 3.64% (4/110) of strains. The maximum number of antimicrobial classes to which one strain was resistant was seven. Results demonstrated nine different resistance profiles and the most frequent was tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim (4 strains), followed by chloramphenicol, azithromycin, tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim (3 strains). Amoxicillin with clavulanic acid and tobramycin presented lowest levels of antimicrobial resistance, to which none of the tested strains were resistant. A single strain was positive for the eltB gene, which is a diagnostic tool to identify the Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) pathotype. None of the other investigated genes (stx1, stx2, estA, eaeA, ipaH, aatA and aaiC) were identified. The single isolate of S. enterica was a rough strain of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, but serotype identification was not possible. However, this isolate presented resistance to amoxicillin, amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim. Therefore, captured feral pigeons of Fortaleza presented a low prevalence of S. enterica and diarrheagenic E. coli. Considering the investigated pathogens, our results suggest a good health status and a low public health risk. However, important antimicrobial resistance profiles were identified.

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MERODIPLOIDY IN ESCHERICHIA COLI-SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM CROSSES: THE ROLE OF UNEQUAL RECOMBINATION BETWEEN RIBOSOMAL RNA GENES

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/110.3.365 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 110 (3) ◽

pp. 365-380

Author(s):

Andreas F Lehner ◽

C W Hill

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Salmonella Typhimurium ◽

E Coli ◽

Unequal Recombination ◽

Oric Region ◽

Prime Factors ◽

Transfer Origin ◽

Rrn Operons ◽

Prime 2

ABSTRACT Previous workers have shown that intergeneric crosses between Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli produce a high proportion of merodiploid recombinants among the viable progeny. We have examined the unequal crossover event that was responsible for a number of intergeneric merodiploids. The merodiploids that we studied were all heterozygous for the metB–argH interval and were the products of intergeneric conjugal crosses. We found that when the S. typhimurium donor had its transfer origin closely linked to metB and argH, all recombinants examined were merodiploid, and they generally arose as F-prime factors. Many of these F-prime factors had been created by recombination between flanking rrn genes in the donor. When the S. typhimurium Hfr transfer origin was more distant from the selected markers, quite different results were obtained. (1) Depending on the donor, 19–47% of the recombinants that acquired the donor argH + or metB + genes were merodiploid for these loci, but none of the recombinants were F-prime. (2) A majority of the merodiploids had a novel (nonparental) rrn gene, indicating that unequal recombination between nonidentical rrn genes was a prevalent mechanism for establishing the merodiploidy. (3) Both tandem and nontandem duplications were found. (4) Some of the merodiploids duplicated E. coli genes in addition to acquiring S. typhimurium genes. (5) Some merodiploids contained the oriC region from each parent. Of a total of 118 intergeneric merodiploids characterized from all donors, 48 different genotypes were observed, and 38 of the 48 had one or more nonparental rrn operons.

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Analysis of blood stream infections: Antimicrobial susceptibility and associated types of extended spectrum β-lactamases

Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research ◽

10.4314/tjpr.v19i6.25 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (6) ◽

pp. 1285-1293

Author(s):

Lorina I. Badger-Emeka ◽

Zainab Yaseen Al-Jaziri ◽

Naheed Kausar ◽

Nora Ahmad Al-Muhainy ◽

Edric Estrella

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Blood Stream ◽

Susceptibility Test ◽

Automated System ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Blood Stream Infections ◽

E Coli ◽

Extended Spectrum

Purpose: To investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility and extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production by clinical isolates of Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC) and Klebsiella species (ESBL-KP) associated with blood stream infections (BSIs).Methods: Bacteria isolation and identification were carried out using basic bacteriological and biochemical techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed according to the guidelines of the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI). Vitek 2 Compact automated system was used toconfirm the identifications (ID) and antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST). The ESBL produced by E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates were phenotypically characterised using Modified Double Disc Synergy Test (MDDST), as recommended by CLSI.Results: All (100 %) isolates were sensitive to imipenem and meropenem, while susceptibility to other antibiotics varied. ESBL genotypes, viz, blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX were encountered in the BSIs. For ESBL-EC, TEM, SHV and CTX producers accounted for 33, 16.67 and 58.3 %, respectively, while 75, 91.7 and 100 % of ESBL-KP were TEM, SHV and CTX producers, respectively. In ESBL-KP, 67 % coexisted with all three genotypes (blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX, while 8.3 % of ESBL-EC coexisted with the three encoding genes (CTX, SHV and TEM).Conclusion: ESBL E. coli and K. pneumoniae associated with BSI have been identified as TEM, SHV and CXT producers, with more ESBL-KP coexisting with all three than ESBL-EC. Keywords: β-Lactamases, Genes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli

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ENTERIC BACTERIA IN FECAL SAMPLES OF EURASIAN GRIFFON VULTURES

Archives of Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.46784/e-avm.v6i2.153 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 45-53

Author(s):

Dubravka Milanov ◽

Dragan Fabijan ◽

Bojana Prunić ◽

Maja Velhner ◽

Tamaš Petrović

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Susceptibility Testing ◽

Enteric Bacteria ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Fecal Samples ◽

E Coli

Fecal samples originating from 15 Eurasian griffon vultures were collected during June 2012 in the territory of special nature reservation Uvac and examined for presence of enteric bacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. Salmonellas were isolated from five samples (33.3%) and serologically typed as Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica ser. Veneziana. E. coli was isolated from four samples (26.6%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed resistance to one and more antibiotics only in E. coli isolates.

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Detection of Enterobacteriaceae, antimicrobial susceptibility, and virulence genes of Escherichia coli in canaries (Serinus canaria) in northeastern Brazil

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5829 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 39 (3) ◽

pp. 201-208

Author(s):

Antonio Jackson F. Beleza ◽

William C. Maciel ◽

Arianne S. Carreira ◽

Windleyanne G.A. Bezerra ◽

Cecilia C. Carmo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Virulence Genes ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Brain Heart Infusion ◽

Enterobacter Aerogenes ◽

Northeastern Brazil ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Pcr Screening ◽

E Coli

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to verify the presence of members from the Enterobacteriaceae family and determine antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of the isolates in canaries bred in northeastern Brazil; in addition, the presence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) and avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) was also verified in these birds. Samples were collected during an exhibition organized by the Brazilian Ornithological Federation in July 2015 in Fortaleza, Brazil. A total of 88 fecal samples were collected and submitted to pre-enrichment step using buffered peptone water, followed by enrichment with the following broths: brain-heart infusion, Rappaport-Vassiliadis, and Selenite-Cystine. Subsequently, aliquots were streaked on MacConkey, brilliant green and salmonella-shigella agar plates. Colonies were selected according to morphological characteristics and submitted to biochemical identification and antimicrobial susceptibility tests with disk-diffusion technique. E. coli strains were evaluated for the presence of eight DEC genes and five APEC genes through conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening. The most frequent species observed were Pantoea agglomerans (25%), Serratia liquefaciens (12.5%), and Enterobacter aerogenes (9.1%). A single rough strain of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica was identified in one sample (1.1%). High resistance rates to amoxicillin (78.7%) and ampicillin (75.4%) were identified. Polymyxin B (9.8%), gentamycin (6.6%), and enrofloxacin (6.6%) were the most efficient antibiotics. The total number of multidrug-resistant strains (isolates resistant to more than three antimicrobial classes) was 23 (37.7%). Four E. coli strains were tested for the virulence genes, and two were positive for APEC virulence genes: one strain was positive for iutA and the other for hlyF. In conclusion, canaries in northeastern Brazil participating in exhibitions may present Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli and other enterobacteria in the intestinal microbiota with antimicrobial resistance. These results indicate that, although the E. coli strains recovered from canaries in this study have some virulence genes, they still do not fulfill all the requirements to be considered APEC.

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Prevalence of Multidrug Resistance and Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Carriage of Clinical Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolates in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

International Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2018/3026851 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Abdulaziz Alqasim ◽

Ahmad Abu Jaffal ◽

Abdullah A. Alyousef

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Multidrug Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Empirical Therapy ◽

E Coli ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Tertiary Healthcare ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Synergy Test

The prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-producing E. coli) has recently increased worldwide. This study aims at determining the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of a collection of clinical E. coli urine isolates and evaluating the ESBL carriage of these isolates at phenotypic and genotypic levels. A total of 100 E. coli urine isolates were collected at a tertiary healthcare centre in Riyadh from January 2018 to March 2018. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out for all isolates. ESBL production was characterized at phenotypic and genotypic levels using double-disc synergy test and polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Detection of different ESBL variants was performed using DNA sequencing. Of 100 E. coli isolates, 67 were associated with multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype. All isolates showed variable resistance levels to all antibiotics used here expect to imipenem, where they were all imipenem-sensitive. 33 out of 100 E. coli isolates were positive for ESBLs by phenotypic and genotypic methods. Among all ESBL-positive E. coli isolates, the CTX-M was the most prevalent ESBL type (31/33 isolates; 93.94%). CTX-M-15 variant was detected in all isolates associated with CTX-M carriage. Multiple ESBL gene carriage was detected in 15/33 isolates (45.45%), where 11 (33.33%) isolates produced two different ESBL types while 4 isolates (12.12%) associated with carrying three different ESBL types. Our study documented the high antimicrobial resistance of ESBL-producing E. coli to many front-line antibiotics currently used to treat UTI patients, and this implies the need to continuously revise the local guidelines used for optimal empirical therapy for UTI patients. It also showed the high prevalence of ESBL carriage in E. coli urine isolates, with CTX-M-15 being the most predominant CTX-M variant.

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Escherichia coli O15 : H7 from Food of Animal Origin in Arsi: Occurrence at Catering Establishments and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1155/2021/6631860 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Geresu Minda Asfaw ◽

Regassa Shimelis

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Multidrug Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Raw Milk ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Animal Origin ◽

E Coli ◽

Food Of Animal Origin ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile

Escherichia coli O157 : H7 (E. coli O157 : H7) has been found to be the major cause of food-borne diseases and a serious public health problem in the world, with an increasing concern for the emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant strains. Hitherto, little is known about the carriage of E. coli O157 : H7 and its antimicrobial susceptibility profile in the food of animal origin in Ethiopia. This study aimed to determine the occurrence and multidrug resistance profile of E. coli O157 : H7 from food of animal origin at different catering establishments in the selected study settings of Arsi Zone. One hundred ninety-two animal origin food items, namely, raw/minced meat (locally known as “Kitfo,” “Kurt,” and “Dulet”), raw milk, egg sandwich, and cream cake samples were collected and processed for microbiological detection of E. coli O157 : H7. Out of 192 samples, 2.1% (4/192) were positive for E. coli O157 : H7. Two E. coli O157 : H7 isolates were obtained from “Dulet” (6.3%) followed by “Kurt” (3.1%, 1/32) and raw milk (3.1%, 1/32), whereas no isolate was obtained from “Kitfo,” egg sandwich, and cream cake samples. Of the 4 E. coli O157 : H7 isolates subjected to 10 panels of antimicrobial discs, 3 (75%) were highly resistant to kanamycin, streptomycin, and nitrofurantoin. Besides, all the isolates displayed multidrug resistance phenotypes, 3 to 5 antimicrobial resistance, amid kanamycin, streptomycin, nitrofurantoin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol. The occurrence of multidrug-resistant E. coli O157 : H7 isolates from foods of animal origin sampled from different catering establishments reveals that the general sanitary condition of the catering establishments, utensils used, and personnel hygienic practices did not comply with the recommended standards. Thus, this finding calls for urgent attention toward appropriate controls and good hygienic practices in different catering establishments dealing with consuming raw/undercooked foods of animal origin.

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Comparative Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Uropathogenic Extended-Spectrum ß-Lactamase Producing Strains of Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli by the CLSI and EUCAST Methodologies

10.20944/preprints202003.0095.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Doğan Akdoğan ◽

Mustafa Güzel ◽

Orhan Akpınar ◽

Altan Aksoy ◽

Yasemin Genç Bahçe

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Susceptibility Test ◽

Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽

Test Results ◽

Poor Agreement ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test ◽

E Coli ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Kappa Agreement

Aims: The lack of information about the inter variability of the test results obtained by CLSI and EUCAST requires further clarifications to interpret antimicrobial susceptibility patterns better. This study aimed to compare the CLSI and EUCAST interpretations of the antimicrobial susceptibility test results of the ESBL–producing uropathogenic Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia strains. Methods: After obtaining 157 ESBL-producing E. coli and 95, ESBL-producing K. pneumonia isolates from the urine specimens of the patients, Kirby-Bauer’s disc diffusion method was used for conducting antimicrobial susceptibility test. The test procedures and the interpretation of the results were carried out according to the year 2017 versions of both of the two guidelines. For the statistical comparison of concordance between the two guidelines, the Kappa coefficients and the concordance rates were calculated. Results: The results were graded in the range from perfect to poor agreement. For E. coli, interpretations of the AST results revealed a moderate to perfect agreement between both methods. Weighted Kappa agreement scores in the range from 0.42 to 1. The agreement for AMC, TPZ30/6, ceftazidime 10, meropenem, and aztreonam was poor without any inconsistencies. For Klebsiella, the kappa agreement score was in the range from 0.25 to 1. It was incompatible with AMC, TPZ 30/6, ceftazidime 10, aztreonam; there was poor agreement for cefepime, amikacin and ertapenem. Conclusions: Our results showed agreement between the two guidelines for uropathogenic extended-spectrum ß-lactamase producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae but also showed inconsistencies between two guidelines. Therefore, the results of our study contribute to the comparison of these guidelines for interpreting antibiotic susceptibilities.

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Multidrug Resistance inEscherichia coliStrains Isolated from Infections in Dogs and Cats in Poland (2007–2013)

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1155/2015/408205 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Magdalena Rzewuska ◽

Michał Czopowicz ◽

Magdalena Kizerwetter-Świda ◽

Dorota Chrobak ◽

Borys Błaszczak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Multidrug Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Continuous Monitoring ◽

Companion Animals ◽

Small Animal ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Appropriate Use ◽

E Coli ◽

Extended Spectrum

The antimicrobial susceptibility ofEscherichia coliisolates associated with various types of infections in dogs and cats was determined. The studied isolates were most frequently susceptible to fluoroquinolones and the extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs), antimicrobials commonly used in treatment of infections in companion animals. However, an increase in the percentage of strains resistant toβ-lactam antibiotics including ESCs was noted between January 2007 and December 2013. The frequency of multidrug-resistant (MDR)E. coliisolation (66.8% of isolates) is alarming. Moreover, the statistically significant increase of the percentage of MDR isolates was observed during the study period. No difference in the prevalence of multidrug resistance was found between bacteria causing intestinal and extraintestinal infections and between canine and feline isolates. NonhemolyticE. coliisolates were MDR more often than hemolytic ones. Our study showed the companion animals in Poland as an important reservoir of MDR bacteria. These results indicate that continuous monitoring of canine and felineE. coliantimicrobial susceptibility is required. Furthermore, introduction and application of recommendations for appropriate use of antimicrobials in small animal practice should be essential to minimize the emergence of multidrug resistance amongE. coliin companion animals.

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Role of Flies as Vectors of Foodborne Pathogens in Rural Areas

ISRN Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2013/718780 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Cláudia Barreiro ◽

Helena Albano ◽

Joana Silva ◽

Paula Teixeira

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Listeria Monocytogenes ◽

Foodborne Pathogens ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Animal Husbandry ◽

Indicator Organism ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test ◽

E Coli ◽

Microbial Counts

This study aims to evaluate flies as a vector for foodborne pathogens. For this purpose, several flies were collected from different sites from rural areas. These flies were then analyzed for the presence of Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus coagulase positive, and Listeria monocytogenes. Another aim of this study was to evaluate some virulence factors of the collected pathogens: susceptibility to some antibiotics and the presence of enterotoxigenic S. aureus. The results showed that flies in the presence of animals demonstrated a significantly higher prevalence of the studied pathogens than those collected in the kitchens, and kitchens situated in the closest proximity to the animal husbandry had a higher count than the kitchens in private houses. Enterobacteriaceae was the indicator organism with the highest microbial counts followed by E. coli and S. aureus. Listeria monocytogenes was not detected from any of the collected flies. The antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that the bacteria carried by the flies possessed multiantibiotic resistance profiles, and enterotoxin A was produced by 17.9% of the confirmed S. aureus isolates. These results demonstrate that flies can transmit foodborne pathogens and their associated toxin and resistance and the areas of higher risk are those in closer proximity to animal production sites.

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