scholarly journals Energy partition for maintenance and weight gain in Nellore and crossbred steers finished under grazing

2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 922-928
Author(s):  
N.F. Sant´Ana ◽  
C.A.A. Fontes ◽  
E.F. Processi ◽  
J.G. Siqueira ◽  
A.M. Fernandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Linear Model ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Indicator Method ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding

The objective of this work was to estimate net energy (NEm) and metabolizable energy (MEm) requirements for maintenance and efficiency of use of metabolizable energy for maintanence (k m) and gain (k g) of grazing Nellore and crossbred steers. It was used 24 castrated steers, 12 Nellore breed (386 kg SBW) and 12 ½ Limousin-Nelore crossbred (397 kg SBW). The comparative slaughter method was used. In each genetic group, animals were grouped in three similar groups: reference; restrict feeding and ad libitum feeding. The reference group was slaughtered in the beginning of the experiment whereas the others were slaughtered at the end of it. During the 104 days of the experimental period, the group under restrict feeding had access to pastures for 3.5 hours daily whereas the group with ad libitum feeding remained on pasture full time. Forage intake was estimated in two trials by using the double-indicator method. Values of NEm, MEm, k m and k g were estimated on the basis of empty body weight (EBW) through linear and non-linear model fitting. Requirements of NEm and MEm did not differ among Nellore and crossbred animals. In the linear model, the following results were obtained: Requirements of NEm = 86 kcal/kg0.75; requirements of MEm = 136 kcal/kg0.75 and k m = 0.63. Kg value was higher for Nellore animals (0.39) than for crossbred animals (k g = 0.33). Requirement of net energy of maintenance does not differ among grazing Nellores and ½ European-Nellore crossbred. For the same body weight, Nellore animals present greater fat proportion in gain composition than ½European-Nelore crossbred.

scholarly journals Energy and protein requirements of crossbred cattle in feedlot

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 1029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Luciana Menezes Wanderley Neves ◽  
Antonia Sherlânea Chaves Véras ◽  
Evaristo Jorge Oliveira de Souza ◽  
Marcelo De Andrade Ferreira ◽  
Sebastião De Campos Valadares Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Dairy Bulls ◽  
Slaughter Method

The objective of this study is to predict the energy and protein requirements of crossbred dairy cattle in feedlot. The study was conducted at the Unidade Acadêmica de Serra Talhada, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Brazil with 30 bulls with a body weight of 339.1 ± 35.4 kg. Five animals were slaughtered at the end of the adaptation period to serve as the reference group; the remainder of the animals was slaughtered after 112 days. The latter group was randomly allocated to receive five treatments: 0, 17, 34, 51 and 68% of concentrate in the feed using a completely randomized design. The dietary intake of the animals that were not given concentrate was restricted to 1.5% of their body weight; these animals composed the group fed for maintenance. The body composition and empty body weight (EBW) were estimated by means of the comparative slaughter method and full dissection of a half-carcass. The results showed that for crossbred dairy bulls in confinement, the net and metabolizable energy requirements were 86.49 and 138 kcal EBW-0.75 day-1, respectively, and the efficiency of use of metabolizable energy for maintenance and gain were 62.67% and 31.67%, respectively. The net energy (NEg) and net protein (NPg) requirements for gain can be estimated using the following equations, respectively: NEg= 0.0392*EBW0.75*EBWG1.0529 and NPg= 242.34 x EBWG - 23.09 x RE. The efficiency of use of metabolizable protein for gain was 25.8%, and the protein requirement for maintenance was 2.96 g EBW-0.75 day-1. The rumen degradable protein can supply 62.44% of the crude protein requirements of feedlot dairy crossbred bulls with a body weight of 450 kg while gaining 1 kg day-1.

Effect of energy intake on the performance of different types of pig from 45 to 100 kg body weight. 1. Protein and lipid deposition

1996 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Quiniou ◽  
J.-Y. Dourmad ◽  
J. Noblet
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Large White ◽  
Balance Technique ◽  
Ad Libitum

AbstractBetween 45 and 100 kg body weight, Large White castrated males (cLW), and crossbred Pietrain × Large White castrated males fcPP×) and boars (bPP×) were either given food ad libitum in experiment 1 or allocated to four energy levels (0·70, 0·80, 0·90, 1·00 ad libitum) in experiment 2. Daily protein and amino acid supplies were calculated to be non-limiting for growth. Protein (PD) and lipid (LD) deposition rates were measured according to the comparative slaughter technique over the whole experimental period (experiments 1 and 2) and according to the nitrogen and energy balance technique at four stages of growth: 48, 64, 79 and 94 kg mean body weight (experiment 2). Average daily gain increased linearly with metabolizable energy (ME) intake, the slope of the relationship being significantly different between types of pig (from −28 to +36 g per additional MJ ME). Daily PD increased with ME intake above maintenance (MEp) according to a linear-plateau relationship in the three types of pig: the slope was significantly affected by type of pig (from +3·4 to 6·0 g per extra MJ MEp) but not by stage of growth. Daily LD increased linearly with MEp intake; neither the type of pig nor the stage of growth affected its slope (+13-5 g per extra MJ MEp). The LD/PD ratio in the extra body-weight gain associated with increased energy intake was affected only by the type of pig.

scholarly journals Energy and protein requirements during the growing phase of indigenous goats

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kléber Tomás Resende ◽  
Silvio Doria de Almeida Ribeiro ◽  
Amélia Katiane de Almeida ◽  
Marcelo Teixeira Rodrigues ◽  
José Américo Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Indigenous Goats ◽  
The Difference

The objective of this study was to investigate both energy and protein requirements for the maintenance and growth of indigenous goats, based on data from two separate studies. Goats were weaned at 79 ± 4.4 days of age, with milk and solid diet intake recorded daily. To determine energy maintenance requirements, 32 kids of 4.90 ± 0.302 kg initial body weight (BW) were used. Ten kids were slaughtered at 5.40 ± 0.484 kg BW to estimate initial body composition, with the remaining kids randomly assigned to one of two DM intake levels: ad libitum and restricted-fed (1.2-times maintenance level). Heat production (HP) was calculated as the difference between ingested metabolizable energy (MEI) and retained energy. Net energy requirement for maintenance (NEm) was estimated as the ?0 parameter of the relationship between HP and MEI [HP = ?0 × exp (?1 × MEI)]. Metabolizable energy required for maintenance (MEm) was calculated iteratively, as HP = MEI. Efficiency of energy utilization for maintenance (km) was calculated as NEm/MEm. The intercept of the linear regression of retained CP on CP intake was used to calculate net protein requirements for maintenance (NPm). Net energy and protein requirement for gain (NEg and NPg, respectively) were obtained using 26 kids fed ad libitum and randomly slaughtered at 5.40 ± 0.484 kg BW (n = 10), 15.8 ± 0.655 kg BW (n = 10), and 26.3 ± 1.27 kg BW (n = 6). The first derivative of the allometric equation (used to calculate energy and protein contents in empty body weight (EBW)) with respect to EBW yielded estimates of NEg and NPg. A Monte Carlo-based method was employed to simulate variation in MEm, NEg, and NPg. This study indicated that the net energy required for maintenance is 310.1 ± 36.7 kJ kg-0.75 EBW, with MEm estimated at 499.1 ± 52.1 kJ kg-0.75 EBW and km equal to 0.62. This study indicated that 1.246 g CP kg-0.75 EBW is required by indigenous kids weighing from 5 to 25 kg BW to meet their NPm. In addition, indigenous goats require between 186.6 ± 2.97 and 214.3 ± 12.9 g CP, and between 5.39 ± 1.49 and 9.74 ± 2.57 MJ to gain one kilogram of EBW. This study may contribute to future adjustments in feeding system energy and protein recommendations for indigenous kids.

scholarly journals How did Lofgreen and Garrett do the math?

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 1011-1017
Author(s):  
James W Oltjen
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Linear Fit ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Logarithmic Equation ◽  
Finishing Beef Cattle

Abstract Lofgreen and Garrett introduced a new system for predicting growing and finishing beef cattle energy requirements and feed values using net energy concepts. Based on data from comparative slaughter experiments they mathematically derived the California Net Energy System. Scaling values to body weight to the ¾ power, they summarized metabolizable energy intake (ME), energy retained (energy balance [EB]), and heat production (HP) data. They regressed the logarithm of HP on ME and extended the line to zero intake, and estimated fasting HP at 0.077 Mcal/kg0.75, similar to previous estimates. They found no significant difference in fasting HP between steers and heifers. Above maintenance, however, a logarithmic fit of EB on ME does not allow for increased EB once ME is greater than 340 kcal/kg0.75, or about three times maintenance intake. So based on their previous work, they used a linear fit so that partial efficiency of gain above maintenance was constant for a given feed. They show that with increasing roughage level efficiency of gain (slope) decreases, consistent with increasing efficiency of gain and maintenance with greater metabolizable energy of the feed. Making the system useful required that gain in body weight be related to EB. They settled on a parabolic equation, with significant differences between steers and heifers. Lofgreen and Garrett also used data from a number of experiments to relate ME and EB to estimate the ME required for maintenance (ME = HP) and then related the amount of feed that provided that amount of ME to the metabolizable energy content of the feed (MEc), resulting in a logarithmic equation. Then they related that amount of feed to the net energy for gain calculated as the slope of the EB line when regressed against feed intake. Combining the two equations, they estimate the net energy for maintenance and gain per unit feed (Mcal/kg dry matter) as a function of MEc: 0.4258 × 1.663MEc and 2.544–5.670 × 0.6012MEc, respectively. Finally, they show how to calculate net energy for maintenance and gain from experiments where two levels of a ration are fed and EB measured, where one level is fed and a metabolism trial is conducted, or when just a metabolism trial is conducted—but results are not consistent between designs.

Body weight of rats following area postrema ablation: effect of early force-feeding

1989 ◽  
Vol 256 (4) ◽  
pp. R939-R945
Author(s):  
N. J. Kenney ◽  
J. N. Kott ◽  
N. Tomoyasu ◽  
A. J. Bhatia ◽  
A. S. Ruiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Preliminary Analysis ◽  
Area Postrema ◽  
Solitary Tract ◽  
Milk Diet ◽  
Medial Nucleus ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Force Feeding ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding

This study examined the effect of intragastric force-feeding of a milk diet on body weights of rats with lesions of the area postrema/caudal medial nucleus of the solitary tract (AP/cmNTS). Force-feeding was conducted over the first 10 days after the ablation. Body weight was monitored both during and after force-feeding. Food intake was measured during all ad libitum feeding periods. During force-feeding, rats with AP/cmNTS lesions gained weight at the same rate as force-fed sham-lesioned rats or sham-lesioned rats that voluntarily ingested an equal amount of the milk. When returned to ad libitum feeding, lesioned rats that had been force-fed were not hypophagic and did not lose weight. Body weights of such rats remained above those of lesioned rats that were not force-fed and similar to those of nonlesioned rats throughout this study. Despite their normal weights, preliminary analysis indicated that body fat of the force-fed lesioned rats may have been reduced. These findings suggest that the effects of AP/cmNTS ablation are multiple and that reduction of body weight need not be the primary effect of such lesions.

THE TRUE METABOLIZABLE ENERGY AND AMINO ACID CONTENT OF CANDLE, ALTEX AND REGENT CANOLA MEALS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 521-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. JABBAR MUZTAR ◽  
S. J. SLINGER
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Force Feeding ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding ◽  
New Cultivars

Rapeseed (Canola) meals derived from two B. napus cultivars, Altex and Regent, were studied for their true metabolizable energy (TME) and amino acid (AA) contents and the results were compared with meal from the B. campestris cultivar, Candle. The TME was determined by force-feeding the ingredients singly as well as by feeding them ad libitum for 1.5 h in conjunction with a basal diet. The Regent meal showed a significantly (P < 0.05) higher TME value than Altex or Candle when fed singly. However, based on the results obtained by ad libitum feeding of these samples mixed with a basal diet, there was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in the TME values of any of the three meals. This latter result was in keeping with their proximate composition which was fairly similar for all three meals. When calculated as a percentage of the protein, Candle meal was slightly higher in most of the essential AA as compared with the Altex and Regent meals. However, considering all of the parameters used, the new cultivars Altex and Regent should be as vauable for the nutrition of poultry as the Candle meal. Key words: Canola meal, Candle, Altex, Regent, True metabolizable energy, amino acids

Net energy value of timothy and bromegrass silages for beef cattle

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Ouellet ◽  
J. R. Seoane ◽  
H. Lapierre ◽  
P. Flipot ◽  
J. F. Bernier
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Prediction Equation ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Boot Stage ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Net Energy Value

Metabolizable energy (ME), net energy for maintenance and net energy for growth of grass silages were evaluated by the comparative slaughter technique using a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial design. Sixty medium frame beef steers (259 ± 29 kg BW) were divided in groups of five and fed during 3 months either Timothy (T) or Bromegrass (B) harvested at stem elongation (S) of the first cut or at boot stage of the aftermath (A). Forages were fed at one of three levels of intake: ad libitum (FF), 80% of FF, or 65% of FF. Silages averaged 26.9% DM, 16.0% CP and 37.7% ADF. Regression of logarithm of heat production (HE) against ME intake were similar for all silages (log HE = 0.00046*ME + 2.4923; r2 = 0.89). From this equation, fasting HE of 311 kJ kg−0.75 d−1, ME for maintenance of 559 kJ kg−0.75 d−1 and efficiency of utilization of energy for maintenance of 56% were determined. Regression of ME intake against retained energy (RE) were similar for all silages. Efficiency of ME utilization for growth was 33% using the regression of ME over RE with a ME requirement for maintenance fixed at 559 kJ kg−0.75 d−1. Net energy for maintenance and growth were similar for all silages, averaging 6.17 and 3.70 MJ kg−1, respectively. The use of a prediction equation based on ADF of forages underestimated ME values of silages by approximately 25%. Moreover, NRC (1984) equations that estimate NE from experimentally estimated ME values tended to overestimate the net energy of our grass silages. Key words: Net energy, grass silages, timothy, bromegrass, beef cattle

Adipose tissue transcriptome changes during obesity development in female dogs

2011 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 295-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan W. Grant ◽  
Brittany M. Vester Boler ◽  
Tonya K. Ridge ◽  
Thomas K. Graves ◽  
Kelly S. Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Weight Maintenance ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Global Gene Expression ◽  
Adipocyte Size ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding

During the development of obesity, adipose tissue undergoes major expansion and remodeling, but the biological processes involved in this transition are not well understood. The objective of this study was to analyze global gene expression profiles of adipose tissue in dogs, fed a high-fat diet, during the transition from a lean to obese phenotype. Nine female beagles (4.09 ± 0.64 yr; 8.48 ± 0.35 kg) were randomized to ad libitum feeding or body weight maintenance. Subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsy, blood, and dual x-ray absorptiometry measurements were collected at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 wk of feeding. Serum was analyzed for glucose, insulin, fructosamine, triglycerides, free fatty acids, adiponectin, and leptin. Formalin-fixed adipose tissue was used for determination of adipocyte size. Adipose RNA samples were hybridized to Affymetrix Canine 2.0 microarrays. Statistical analysis, using repeated-measures ANOVA, showed ad libitum feeding increased ( P < 0.05) body weight (0 wk, 8.36 ± 0.34 kg; 24 wk, 14.64 ± 0.34 kg), body fat mass (0 wk, 1.36 ± 0.24 kg; 24 wk, 6.52 ± 0.24 kg), adipocyte size (0 wk, 114.66 ± 17.38 μm2; 24 wk, 320.97 ± 0.18.17 μm2), and leptin (0 wk, 0.8 ± 1.0 ng/ml; 24 wk, 12.9 ± 1.0 ng/ml). Microarrays displayed 1,665 differentially expressed genes in adipose tissue as weight increased. Alterations were seen in adipose tissue homeostatic processes including metabolism, oxidative stress, mitochondrial homeostasis, and extracellular matrix. Adipose transcriptome changes highlight the dynamic and adaptive response to ad libitum feeding and obesity development.

scholarly journals Body composition and energy and protein requirements of grazing Nelore steers

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 1347-1354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitor Visintin Silva de Almeida ◽  
Augusto César de Queiroz ◽  
Fabiano Ferreira da Silva ◽  
Robério Rodrigues Silva ◽  
Aline Cardoso Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
The Body ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Animal Body ◽  
Daily Gain

This experimentwas carried out with the objective of determining the energy and protein requirements of grazing Nellore steers. Twenty four Nellore steers (average 371 ± 14 kg of BW and 26 months old) were used. Four steers were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment (reference group), serving as a reference for the subsequent study. The remaining 20 animals were weighed and distributed in a randomized complete block design with four levels of supplementation offers: 0.0 (mineral mixture - control), 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9% BW, with five replications. The supplements, based on ground corn, soybean meal and/or urea, were previously balanced to achieve an average daily gain of 350, 650 and 850g, respectively, for the different levels of supplementation offers. The protein, fat and energy contents retained in the animal body were determined by regression equations of the logarithm of the protein, fat and energy in the animal body contents, in function of the logarithm of empty body weight (EBW). Net requirements of protein and energy for a gain of 1kg of EBW were obtained by deriving the prediction equations of the animal body content of protein, fat, or energy in function of the EBW logarithm. The net energy requirements for weight gain of Nellore steer can be obtained by the equation: NEg = 0.05764 × EBW0,75 × DEBWG0.8328. The following equation was obtained to estimate the retained protein (RP), in function of the average daily gain (ADG) and retained energy (RE): RP = 28.9199 + 85.7301 FBWG + 8.0669 RE. The net protein requirement for Nellore steers decreased as the body weight increased, with values of 174.62 and 163.10 g/kg EBG for animals of 300 and 450 kg BW, respectively.

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