scholarly journals Biofuel plant species and the contribution of genetic improvement

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (spe) ◽  
pp. 16-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Antônio dos Santos Dias
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Environmental Security ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Improvement Programs

The paper analyses the puzzle of the food-energy-environmental security interaction, to which biofuels are part of the solution. It presents and discusses the contribution of genetic improvement to biofuels, with regard to the production of raw materials (oil and ethanol-producing plant species) and designs perspectives, opportunities, risks and challenges, with a special focus on the Brazilian scene. Bioethanol is a consolidated biofuel owing largely to the sugarcane breeding programs. These programs released 111 sugarcane cultivars and were responsible for a 20.8 % gain in productivity of bioethanol (in m³ ha-1) between 2000 and 2009. The program of Brazilian biodiesel production, initiated in 2005, had an annual growth rate of 10 % and the country is already the world's fourth largest producer. However, the contribution of breeding to biodiesel production is still modest, due to the lack of specific improvement programs for oil.

Perennial ryegrass breeding in New Zealand: A dairy industry perspective

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia M. Lee ◽  
Cory Matthew ◽  
Errol R. Thom ◽  
David F. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Dairy Industry ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
Pasture Plants

Genetic improvement programs for livestock and pasture plants have been central to the development of the New Zealand (NZ) pastoral industry. Although genetic improvement of livestock is easily shown to improve animal production on-farm, the link between genetic improvement of pasture plants and animal production is less direct. For several reasons, gains in farm output arising from improved plant performance are more difficult to confirm than those arising from livestock improvement, which has led to some debate in the livestock industries about which plant traits to prioritise in future breeding programs to deliver the greatest benefit. This review investigates this situation, with the aim of understanding how genetic improvement of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), the predominant pasture grass, may more directly contribute towards increased productivity in the NZ dairy industry. The review focuses on the dairy industry, since it is the largest contributor to the total value of NZ agricultural exports. Also, because rates of pasture renewal are greater in the dairy industry compared with the sheep and beef industries, genetic gain in pasture plants is likely to have the greatest impact if the correct plant traits are targeted. The review highlights that many aspects of ryegrass growth and ecology have been manipulated through breeding, with evidence to show that plant performance has been altered as a result. However, it is not clear to what extent these gains have contributed to the economic development of the NZ dairy industry. There are opportunities for breeders and scientists to work together more closely in defining economic traits that positively influence pasture performance and to translate this information to objectives for breeding programs, systematically linking information on the measured traits of ryegrass cultivars to economic values for those traits to assist farmer decision-making regarding the most appropriate cultivars to use in their farm system, and better defining genotype × environment interactions in key productivity traits of modern ryegrass cultivars. Changes in priorities for investment of public- and industry-good funds in forage improvement research and development will be needed if these opportunities are to be captured.

scholarly journals An Empirical Analysis of Timber Trade in India

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
R. Shobika ◽  
S. Selvanayaki ◽  
N. Deepa ◽  
R. Vasanthi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Compound Annual Growth Rate ◽  
House Construction ◽  
Non Timber Forest Products ◽  
Timber Trade ◽  
Positive Growth Rate

Forests are renewable resources that contribute significantly to economic growth. The economic contribution by forest is through the valuable commodities including wood, paper and non-timber forest products. One among this is timber, it has been the primary material for house construction and furnishings of all kinds over the years. Timber plays a vital role in international trade in India. This study was focused on finding growth pattern in export and import of timber using Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR). Over the period of 2005-2019, the production of timber has been increased at the rate of 0.07%. The import performance was dominant over the export due to over requirements of raw materials. Although export showed positive growth rate at 0.15%, import of timber shot up at 4.09% from 2005-2019. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce adequate due diligence system to meet domestic demand of timber production in India.

scholarly journals ‘Fiorente’ and ‘Arno’ Elm Trees

HortScience ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 712-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Santini ◽  
Alberto Fagnani ◽  
Fabio Ferrini ◽  
Luisa Ghelardini ◽  
Lorenzo Mittempergher
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Mediterranean Climate ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
Dutch Elm Disease ◽  
Asian Species ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
The Mediterranean

Dutch elm disease (DED) has spread through Europe since the beginning of the 20th century. Several independent genetic improvement programs for breeding DED-resistant elms have been established in Europe. The Italian elm breeding program began in the late 1970s with the goal of hybridizing susceptible European elms with resistant Asian species to select DED-resistant clones suited to the Mediterranean climate. Ulmus ‘Fiorente’ and ‘Arno’ are two new releases selected for DED resistance, superior growth rate, attractive foliage, and upright habit.

scholarly journals Anatomy of the main stem of soybean plants submitted to the removal of the stem apical meristem

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Éder Matsuo ◽  
Guilherme Jórdan Souza Véras ◽  
Jaqueline Dias-Pereira ◽  
Silvana Costa Ferreira ◽  
Mirlem Goncalves Rocha
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Plant Anatomy ◽  
Secondary Development ◽  
Stem Anatomy ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Stem Apical Meristem

Some plant species allow the cutting of the apical meristem in order to assist activities of genetic improvement programs, among them is the soybean. The objective was to verify if the removal of the apical meristem of soybean plants induces any alteration in the stem anatomy, since it was verified that the removal of the apical meristem reduces the need for tutoring of the plants cultivated under greenhouse conditions. The experiment was conducted with plants of the BRSMG 752S cultivar and the treatments consisted of sections of the hypocotyl region of plants that had undergone apical meristem removal at the V2 development stage and of plants without apical meristem removal. The permanent slides were processed following the usual methodologies in plant anatomy. Descriptions and measurements of anatomical tissues were made for comparison between treatments. Plants with removal presented epidermis as a covering tissue until 20 days after the V2 development stage, while plants without removal of the apical meristem presented it until 30 days after V2. Periderm was observed only in plants with removal, and this feature was not evident in plants without removal until 30 days after V2. There was formation of secondary vascular tissues in the collections 30 days after removal (V2 stage). Thus, we conclude that the removal of the apical meristem accelerates the secondary development in hypocotyls of soybean plants grown under greenhouse conditions.

Ageing Saudi Population in the Facebook Era

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asharaf Abdul Salam
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Population Ageing ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Saudi Population ◽  
Aged Population ◽  
Facebook Usage

<p>Data pertaining to 1974, 1992, 2004 and 2010 Censuses in Saudi Arabia was collected. Some reviews and literature on population ageing in Saudi Arabia as well as Facebook usage obtained. Statistics pertaining to Saudi population was utilized.</p> <p>Aged population in 2010 estimated by assuming the annual growth rate of 1974-2004.</p>

Organic chemical devulcanization of rubber vulcanizates in supercritical carbon dioxide and associated less eco-unfriendly approaches: A review

2021 ◽  
pp. 0734242X2110085
Author(s):  
Jabulani I Gumede ◽  
Buyiswa G Hlangothi ◽  
Chris D Woolard ◽  
Shanganyane P Hlangothi
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Organic Chemical ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Waste Tyres ◽  
Supercritical Carbon

There is a growing need to recover raw materials from waste due to increasing environmental concerns and the widely adopted transition to circular economy. For waste tyres, it is necessary to continuously develop methods and processes that can devulcanize rubber vulcanizates into rubber products with qualities and properties that can closely match those of the virgin rubber. Currently, the most common, due to its efficiency and perceived eco-friendliness in recovering raw rubber from waste rubbers, such as tyres, is devulcanization in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) using commercial and typical devulcanizing agents. The scCO2 has been generally accepted as an attractive alternative to the traditional liquid-based devulcanization media because of the resultant devulcanized rubber has relatively better quality than other processes. For instance, when scCO2 is employed to recover rubber from waste tyres (e.g. truck tyres) and the recovered rubber is blended with virgin natural rubber (NR) in various compositions, the curing and mechanical properties of the blends closely match those of virgin NR. The atmospheric toxicity and cost of the commonly used devulcanization materials like chemical agents, oils and solvents have enabled a shift towards utilization of greener (mainly organic) and readily available devulcanization chemical components. This literature review paper discusses the approaches, which have less negative impact on the environment, in chemical devulcanization of rubber vulcanizates. A special focus has been on thermo-chemical devulcanization of waste tyres in scCO2 using common organic devulcanizing agents.

scholarly journals Association between triglyceride-glucose index and risk of arterial stiffness: a cohort study

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shouling Wu ◽  
Luli Xu ◽  
Mingyang Wu ◽  
Shuohua Chen ◽  
Youjie Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Arterial Stiffness ◽  
Multivariate Linear Regression ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tyg Index ◽  
Longitudinal Association ◽  
The Cross

Abstract Background Triglyceride–glucose (TyG) index, a simple surrogate marker of insulin resistance, has been reported to be associated with arterial stiffness. However, previous studies were limited by the cross-sectional design. The purpose of this study was to explore the longitudinal association between TyG index and progression of arterial stiffness. Methods A total of 6028 participants were derived from the Kailuan study. TyG index was calculated as ln [fasting triglyceride (mg/dL) × fasting glucose (mg/dL)/2]. Arterial stiffness was measured using brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). Arterial stiffness progression was assessed by the annual growth rate of repeatedly measured baPWV. Multivariate linear regression models were used to estimate the cross-sectional association of TyG index with baPWV, and Cox proportional hazard models were used to investigate the longitudinal association between TyG index and the risk of arterial stiffness. Results Multivariate linear regression analyses showed that each one unit increase in the TyG index was associated with a 39 cm/s increment (95%CI, 29–48 cm/s, P < 0.001) in baseline baPWV and a 0.29 percent/year increment (95%CI, 0.17–0.42 percent/year, P < 0.001) in the annual growth rate of baPWV. During 26,839 person-years of follow-up, there were 883 incident cases with arterial stiffness. Participants in the highest quartile of TyG index had a 58% higher risk of arterial stiffness (HR, 1.58; 95%CI, 1.25–2.01, P < 0.001), as compared with those in the lowest quartile of TyG index. Additionally, restricted cubic spline analysis showed a significant dose–response relationship between TyG index and the risk of arterial stiffness (P non-linearity = 0.005). Conclusion Participants with a higher TyG index were more likely to have a higher risk of arterial stiffness. Subjects with a higher TyG index should be aware of the following risk of arterial stiffness progression, so as to establish lifestyle changes at an early stage.

scholarly journals Application of Tissue Culture in Plant Reproduction

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 342
Author(s):  
Elena Corredoira ◽  
Rita L. Costa
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Plant Reproduction ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Improvement Programs

The increasing degradation of forests, together with a higher demand for wood and fruit, has led to the need for more efficient trees adapted to the current climatic conditions and, thus, to the need for genetic improvement programs [...]

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