scholarly journals Anatomy of the main stem of soybean plants submitted to the removal of the stem apical meristem

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Éder Matsuo ◽  
Guilherme Jórdan Souza Véras ◽  
Jaqueline Dias-Pereira ◽  
Silvana Costa Ferreira ◽  
Mirlem Goncalves Rocha
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Plant Anatomy ◽  
Secondary Development ◽  
Stem Anatomy ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Stem Apical Meristem

Some plant species allow the cutting of the apical meristem in order to assist activities of genetic improvement programs, among them is the soybean. The objective was to verify if the removal of the apical meristem of soybean plants induces any alteration in the stem anatomy, since it was verified that the removal of the apical meristem reduces the need for tutoring of the plants cultivated under greenhouse conditions. The experiment was conducted with plants of the BRSMG 752S cultivar and the treatments consisted of sections of the hypocotyl region of plants that had undergone apical meristem removal at the V2 development stage and of plants without apical meristem removal. The permanent slides were processed following the usual methodologies in plant anatomy. Descriptions and measurements of anatomical tissues were made for comparison between treatments. Plants with removal presented epidermis as a covering tissue until 20 days after the V2 development stage, while plants without removal of the apical meristem presented it until 30 days after V2. Periderm was observed only in plants with removal, and this feature was not evident in plants without removal until 30 days after V2. There was formation of secondary vascular tissues in the collections 30 days after removal (V2 stage). Thus, we conclude that the removal of the apical meristem accelerates the secondary development in hypocotyls of soybean plants grown under greenhouse conditions.

scholarly journals Biofuel plant species and the contribution of genetic improvement

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (spe) ◽  
pp. 16-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Antônio dos Santos Dias
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Environmental Security ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Improvement Programs

The paper analyses the puzzle of the food-energy-environmental security interaction, to which biofuels are part of the solution. It presents and discusses the contribution of genetic improvement to biofuels, with regard to the production of raw materials (oil and ethanol-producing plant species) and designs perspectives, opportunities, risks and challenges, with a special focus on the Brazilian scene. Bioethanol is a consolidated biofuel owing largely to the sugarcane breeding programs. These programs released 111 sugarcane cultivars and were responsible for a 20.8 % gain in productivity of bioethanol (in m³ ha-1) between 2000 and 2009. The program of Brazilian biodiesel production, initiated in 2005, had an annual growth rate of 10 % and the country is already the world's fourth largest producer. However, the contribution of breeding to biodiesel production is still modest, due to the lack of specific improvement programs for oil.

scholarly journals Stenospermy and seed development in the “Brazilian seedless” variety of sugar apple (Annona squamosa)

2014 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 2101-2108 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAYANE C. DOS SANTOS ◽  
LEONARDO M. RIBEIRO ◽  
MARIA OLÍVIA MERCADANTE-SIMÕES ◽  
MÁRCIA R. COSTA ◽  
SILVIA NIETSCHE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Embryo Sac ◽  
Plant Anatomy ◽  
Annona Squamosa ◽  
Mature Fruit ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
Common Plant ◽  
Mutant Flower

Stenospermy was identified in naturally occurring sugar-apple (Annona squamosa) mutants with great potential for use in genetic improvement programs. However, to date, there have been no detailed studies of the development of aspermic fruit in this species. The aim of the present study was to characterize the anatomy of developing fruit in the ‘Brazilian Seedless’ mutant. Flower buds in pre-anthesis and developing fruits were subjected to common plant anatomy techniques. The abnormal ovules are unitegmic and orthotropic and have a long funiculus. There is evidence of fertilization, including the presence of embryos in early development and the proliferation of starch grains in the embryo sac. However, the embryos and embryo sac degenerate, although this does not affect pericarp development. Ovule abortion does not occur. The perisperm, which is formed from the peripheral layers of the nucellus, fills the cavity left by the embryo sac. The mature fruit contains numerous small sterile seeds with abundant perisperm and unlignified integument that is restricted to the micropylar region. The majority of perisperm cells are living and appear to be metabolically active in the periphery. Therefore, stenospermy leads to the formation of sterile seeds in A. squamosa, and the perisperm possibly play an important role in fruit development.

scholarly journals Application of Tissue Culture in Plant Reproduction

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 342
Author(s):  
Elena Corredoira ◽  
Rita L. Costa
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Plant Reproduction ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Improvement Programs

The increasing degradation of forests, together with a higher demand for wood and fruit, has led to the need for more efficient trees adapted to the current climatic conditions and, thus, to the need for genetic improvement programs [...]

scholarly journals Population structure and genetic diversity analysis in Sali (Oryza sativa) rice germplasm of Assam using microsatellite markers

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-286
Author(s):  
Sandhani Saikia ◽  
Pratap Jyoti Handique ◽  
Mahendra K Modi
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Ssr Markers ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Diversity Analysis ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Improvement Program ◽  
Information Index ◽  
Improvement Programs

Genetic diversity is the source of novel allelic combinations that can be efficiently utilized in any crop improvement program. To facilitate future crop improvement programs in rice, a study was designed to identify the underlying genetic variations in the Sali rice germplasms of Assam using SSR markers. The 129 SSR markers that were used in the study amplified a total of 765 fragments with an average of 5.93 alleles per locus. The Shannon's Information Index was found to be in the range from 0.533 to 1.786. The Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) fell into the range from 0.304 to 0.691 with a mean value of 0.55. The overall FST value was found to be 0.519 that indicated the presence of genetic differentiation amongst the genotypes used in the study. The Sali population was divided into two clusters. The information obtained from the present study will facilitate the genetic improvement of Sali rice cultivars.

Genetic improvement programs for aquaculture species

2003 ◽  
Vol 2003 ◽  
pp. 225-225
Author(s):  
B. Gjerde ◽  
B. Villanueva
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
Genetic Quality ◽  
Genetically Improved ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Aquaculture Production

The high yields obtained in agriculture rely heavily on the use of domesticated and genetically improved breeds and varieties. Until quite recently this has not been the case for most farmed aquaculture species that, in the genetic sense, are still much closer to the wild state than are the major terrestrial animals and food crops. Less than 10 % of the total world aquaculture production is based on improved strains. Due to a growing human population and a decline in production from capture fisheries, there is therefore a great disparity between the need for increased aquaculture production and the genetic quality of the strains available to meet that need. Moreover, full benefits of investments in management improvements (feed and feeding practices, control of diseases, etc.) can only be obtained through the use of genetically improved animals.

scholarly journals Expression of genes related to soil flooding tolerance in soybeans

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. e42709
Author(s):  
Gabriele Casarotto ◽  
Tiago Edu Kaspary ◽  
Luan Cutti ◽  
André Luis Thomas ◽  
Jose Fernandes Barbosa Neto
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Redox Status ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Xyloglucan Endotransglycosylase ◽  
Relative Expression ◽  
Soil Flooding ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Soybean Plants

The flooded environment brings about injuries to soybeans that vary depending on the adaptation ability of the genotype. Oxygen deprivation promotes the induction of the expression of genes related to glycolysis and fermentation pathways to maintain energy metabolism and, in addition to reducing-power consuming processes, act in the formation of adaptive structures and the maintenance of the redox status of the plant. The aim of this work was to evaluate the relative expression of genes related to soil flooding response in two contrasting soybean cultivars. Soybean plants of the sensitive (BRS 154) and tolerant (I27) cultivars at the V1 development stage were submitted to the flooding and control conditions (without flooding) for 0, 24, 48, and 96 hours. The relative expression of genes associated with flooding, including enolase (ENO), alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (ADH1), alanine aminotransferase 2 (ALAT2), hemoglobin 1 (GLB1), LOB41 domain-containing protein (LBD41), xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (XETP) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX2), was evaluated by means of RT-qPCR. The relative expression, in general, increased with flooding, especially in the root tissue. Cultivar I27 responded positively as observed by the expression of the maintenance genes of energy metabolism, structural changes and detoxification, suggesting the presence of three tolerance mechanisms in the flooding response.

Minimizing phenol pollution in sugarcane stem apical meristem culture

Sugar Tech ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng-Mei Huang ◽  
Yang-Rui Li ◽  
Yan-Ping Ye
Keyword(s):  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Meristem Culture ◽  
Phenol Pollution ◽  
Sugarcane Stem ◽  
Stem Apical Meristem

Perennial ryegrass breeding in New Zealand: A dairy industry perspective

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia M. Lee ◽  
Cory Matthew ◽  
Errol R. Thom ◽  
David F. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Dairy Industry ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
Pasture Plants

Genetic improvement programs for livestock and pasture plants have been central to the development of the New Zealand (NZ) pastoral industry. Although genetic improvement of livestock is easily shown to improve animal production on-farm, the link between genetic improvement of pasture plants and animal production is less direct. For several reasons, gains in farm output arising from improved plant performance are more difficult to confirm than those arising from livestock improvement, which has led to some debate in the livestock industries about which plant traits to prioritise in future breeding programs to deliver the greatest benefit. This review investigates this situation, with the aim of understanding how genetic improvement of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), the predominant pasture grass, may more directly contribute towards increased productivity in the NZ dairy industry. The review focuses on the dairy industry, since it is the largest contributor to the total value of NZ agricultural exports. Also, because rates of pasture renewal are greater in the dairy industry compared with the sheep and beef industries, genetic gain in pasture plants is likely to have the greatest impact if the correct plant traits are targeted. The review highlights that many aspects of ryegrass growth and ecology have been manipulated through breeding, with evidence to show that plant performance has been altered as a result. However, it is not clear to what extent these gains have contributed to the economic development of the NZ dairy industry. There are opportunities for breeders and scientists to work together more closely in defining economic traits that positively influence pasture performance and to translate this information to objectives for breeding programs, systematically linking information on the measured traits of ryegrass cultivars to economic values for those traits to assist farmer decision-making regarding the most appropriate cultivars to use in their farm system, and better defining genotype × environment interactions in key productivity traits of modern ryegrass cultivars. Changes in priorities for investment of public- and industry-good funds in forage improvement research and development will be needed if these opportunities are to be captured.

Conservation and management of genetic diversity: a domestic animal perspective

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 588-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
J SF Barker
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Domestic Animal ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Animal Diversity ◽  
Gene Complexes ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
Primary Focus

In the context of domestic animal diversity, the term "breed" is conventionally used for all recognized populations. There are in total about 5000 breeds, a small proportion of which are in planned programs for genetic improvement, while about 30% are at risk of extinction. The primary focus is on the conservation of breeds, including management for better utilization (breeding programs) and conserving those at risk, with the aim of minimizing the loss of among breed diversity. The majority of the world's breeds are in the developing countries, with production environments that are low to medium input and high stress, and each may be expected to have adapted to its specific environment. Empirical evidence strongly supports the expectation that the genetic basis of population differentiation for fitness traits will be nonadditive, with different adaptive gene complexes evolved in each breed. Genetic improvement programs therefore should start with an adapted population, with selection then for production traits. As not all breeds can be conserved, priorities must be determined. Suggested criteria (breed divergence, risk of breed extinction, breed "merit," and within-breed variation) are presented and evaluated. Similar approaches may be appropriate for the conservation of genetic diversity of forest trees.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document