scholarly journals Cacao breeding in Bahia, Brazil: strategies and results

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (spe) ◽  
pp. 73-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uilson Vanderlei Lopes ◽  
Wilson Reis Monteiro ◽  
José Luis Pires ◽  
Didier Clement ◽  
Milton Macoto Yamada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Program ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Breeding Strategies ◽  
Long Time

Cacao was introduced in Bahia in 1756, becoming later the largest producer state in the country. In order to support the planting of cacao in the region, a breeding program was established by CEPEC at the beginning of the 1970s. For a long time, the program consisted in testing new hybrids (full-sibs) and releasing a mixture of the best ones to farmers. Lately, particularly after the witches´ broom arrival in the region, in 1989, recurrent breeding strategies were implemented, aiming mainly the development of clones. From 1993 to 2010, more than 500 progenies, accumulating 30 thousand trees, were developed by crossing many parents with resistance to witches´ broom, high yield and other traits. In this period, more than 500 clones were put in trials and 39 clones and 3 hybrids were released to farmers. In this paper the strategies and results achieved by the program are reviewed. Overall the program has good interface with pathology and genomic programs.

scholarly journals Ensete ventricosum: A Multipurpose Crop against Hunger in Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Getahun Yemata
Keyword(s):  
Drug Loading ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
High Yield ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Ensete Ventricosum ◽  
Fermented Product ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Comparable Quality

Ensete ventricosum is a traditional multipurpose crop mainly used as a staple/co-staple food for over 20 million people in Ethiopia. Despite this, scientific information about the crop is scarce. Three types of food, viz., Kocho (fermented product from scraped pseudostem and grated corm), Bulla (dehydrated juice), and Amicho (boiled corm) can be prepared from enset. These products are particularly rich in carbohydrates, minerals, fibres, and phenolics, but poor in proteins. Such meals are usually served with meat and cheese to supplement proteins. As a food crop, it has useful attributes such as foods can be stored for long time, grows in wide range of environments, produces high yield per unit area, and tolerates drought. It has an irreplaceable role as a feed for animals. Enset starch is found to have higher or comparable quality to potato and maize starch and widely used as a tablet binder and disintegrant and also in pharmaceutical gelling, drug loading, and release processes. Moreover, enset shows high genetic diversity within a population which in turn renders resilience and food security against the ever-changing environmental factors and land use dynamics. Therefore, more research attention and funding should be given to magnify and make wider use of the crop.

THREE GENERATIONS OF INBREEDING AND S2 FACTORIAL TEST CROSSES IN RED RASPBERRY CULTIVARS

1974 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. O. Fejer ◽  
L. P. S. Spangelo
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Inbreeding Depression ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Realized Heritability ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Diallel Crosses ◽  
Berry Quality ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Early Vigor

In selfed (S1 to 33) progenies of red raspberry cultivars, inbreeding depression progressively reduced plant height in spite of selection for vigor. Parent-offspring correlations indicated high realized heritability of this character. High yield was correlated in this material with many laterals, early flowering, tall new canes, and good berry quality but not with winter resistance. Heritability in the broad sense was high for early vigor, plant height and winter resistance, lower for berry weight and flowering day, and very low for yield and its morphological components, but selection for vigor may have influenced these estimates.In a second experiment five S2 progenies and their parent cultivars Muskoka, Trent and Tweed were crossed with three tester plants, Ottawa Latham, Viking and 45-01-56. Some of the S2 × tester progenies were superior in a number of yield characters to those produced when their parent cultivar was crossed to the same testers. The results were similar to those with strawberry (Spangelo et al., 1971), suggesting that inbreeding may sometimes be a useful step in a raspberry breeding program for higher yield. However, inbred × inbred crosses were generally poor. General and specific combining abilities were mostly similar in three different samples of factorial ("¼ diallel") crosses, but there were many exceptions possibly due to genotype-environment interactions. Most of the correlations were significant in this trial and the highest ones were in agreement with the correlations in the inbreeding trial.

Evaluation of basic and alternative breeding programs for Sahiwal cattle genetic resources in Kenya

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 682 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. D. Ilatsia ◽  
R. Roessler ◽  
A. K. Kahi ◽  
H.-P. Piepho ◽  
A. Valle Zárate
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
Breeding Strategies ◽  
Nucleus Size ◽  
East African ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Sahiwal Cattle

The Sahiwal cattle breeding program in Kenya has been operational on an interim basis for over 45 years. However, there have been no systematic efforts undertaken to evaluate its suitability, or to examine how competitive it is compared with other alternative programs in terms of genetic and economic merit. The objective of this study was therefore to evaluate the genetic and economic success of the current basic and alternative Sahiwal cattle breeding programs in Kenya. The breeding programs examined were the current closed nucleus with two breeding strategies: a purebreeding (CNPURE) and a crossbreeding system (CNCROSS) involving Sahiwal sires and East African Zebu dams. An open nucleus with a certain proportion of pastoral-born Sahiwal bulls introduced into the nucleus herds to produce cows was simulated as an alternative breeding program. In this program only a purebreeding strategy (ONPURE) was considered. The breeding strategies were evaluated under two breeding objective scenarios that addressed traditional markets where animals are sold on body size/weight basis and the Kenya Meat Commission where payment is based on carcass characteristics. Sensitivity analyses to changes in nucleus size and gene contribution were also performed. The annual monetary genetic gain and profit per cow for all investigated breeding programs varied within breeding objectives. Closed nucleus purebreeding program was the most attractive economically but less competitive in regard to genetic superiority compared with either CNCROSS or ONPURE. Returns and profits were generally higher for the carcass characteristic basis compared with the body size/weight basis for all evaluated breeding strategies. Expansion of the nucleus size was not attractive because of the associated reduction in genetic and economic benefits. However, gradual importation of pastoral-born sires into the nucleus farms at the current nucleus proportion of 14% was both genetically and economically beneficial. The CNCROSS plays a complimentary role of facilitating the exploitation of trade-offs that exist between the Sahiwal and the locally better adapted East African Zebu, it also represents an intermediate phase in the on-going upgrading program.

Hard Kaolin High Yield and Stoping Technology in Suoli Mine

2012 ◽  
Vol 170-173 ◽  
pp. 403-408
Author(s):  
Ren Shu Yang ◽  
De Jun Meng ◽  
Dong Ming Guo ◽  
Peng Xu ◽  
Yan Bing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Working Condition ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Unit Consumption ◽  
Rock Support ◽  
Construction Technique ◽  
Geological Conditions ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Efficient Construction ◽  
Mechanical Mining

The backward blasting of the mine technology and stoping technology will lead to a long time of blasting, high labor intensity and low production efficiency, which also cause roof collapse and the blast of fly rock, support fall and overthrowing the chain-trigger, which cause a larger hidden of production. Through using the mechanical mining technology of the high yielding and efficiency of kaolin, which fundamentally improve the working conditions of workers and safety working condition, will laid the foundation for the increasing of production and efficiency. The production has been promoted from 250-300t/d to 550-650t/d now, which the efficiency is increasing more than 120%. Meanwhile, the optimal of blasting parameters is benefit to roof control after blasting, which can improve the efficiency of blasting, reduce the unit consumption of dynamite, which can save about 0.115kg/ m3; and reduce the intensity of the workers and the damage of the support. This construction technique can provides a reference significance for safe and efficient construction of the mine under similar geological conditions.

scholarly journals PEA (Pisum sativum L.) BREEDING: ADVANCES OF THE BREEDING PROGRAM AT UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE ROSARIO

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (Issue 2) ◽  
pp. 14-22
Author(s):  
I. Gatti ◽  
F. Cazzola ◽  
C.J. Bermejo ◽  
M.F. Guindón ◽  
M.A. Espósito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Local Development ◽  
Doubled Haploids ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Commercial Line ◽  
National University ◽  
Reducing Costs

A pea breeding program to increase production in quantity and quality was started in 2005 in the College of Agrarian Sciences (FCA), National University of Rosario (UNR). The first steps were to gather an active collection of germplasm from around the world and to analyze genetic variability through morpho-agronomic and molecular traits in order to set objectives. In 2014, the National Institute of Agropecuarian Technology (INTA) and the FCA-UNR, joined forces to unite inter-institutional efforts for promoting the local development of pea genotypes adapted to the region. This program, using conventional methodologies, has so far obtained a new commercial line (Primogénita FCA-INTA) of green cotyledons, semi-leafless, with high adaptation to local agro ecological conditions and high yield potential. Breeding, nevertheless, is a slow process. Developing new pea varieties usually takes a decade or more when using traditional methodologies; thus, different alternatives were proposed for the reduction of this period. Doubled haploids and in vitro culture have been some of the methodologies developed; in pulses, however, they have not been efficiently implemented in breeding programs. In this context, Speed Breeding emerges as a technology that allows increasing the efficiency of the programs, while reducing costs and the required labor. Key words: peas, conventional methodologies, Speed Breeding, doubled haploids.

scholarly journals Conditions of development of weeds, pests and diseases in crops of monoculture of hemp, depending on fertilizer

2018 ◽  
pp. 66-80
Author(s):  
Mykola Myhal ◽  
Iryna Layko ◽  
Serhiy Mishchenko ◽  
Hanna Kyrychenko ◽  
Hanna Layko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Weed Seeds ◽  
Long Time

The article presents the results of studies of the conditions for the development of weeds, pests and diseases in the sowing of hemp monoculture. It was found that hemp is well adapted for growing for a long time in one field, providing a high yield of hemp production. It is recommended to grow a monoculture on fiber (harvesting in the phase of flowering plants). This makes it possible to avoid the ripening of seeds of the bulk of weeds and the main periods of harmfulness of pests and diseases. Differences in the degree of weediness of the field were revealed depending on the form and dose of fertilizers. In areas fertilized with manure, there are more weeds than in areas with introduced fertilizers. The large contamination of the fertilized areas is a consequence of the introduction of viable weed seeds together with manure, which is not properly harvested and stored in field shoulders. With an increase in the dose of manure, the number of weeds increases, and an increase in the dose of mineral fertilizers with which weed seeds are not introduced, on the contrary, decreases as a result of an increase in the height of the stalk and its foliage. This is clearly confirmed by the fact that during the period from 3-4 pairs of leaves and to the phase of flowering plants, a large number of weeds die. Indicated on agrotechnical methods of weed, pest and disease control when growing hemp monoculture.

scholarly journals Thermotolerance and Physiological Traits as Fast Tools to Heat Tolerance Selection in Experimental Sugarcane Genotypes

Agriculture ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 251
Author(s):  
Sergio Castro-Nava ◽  
Enrique López-Rubio
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Cell Injury ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Temperature Stresses ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Membrane Thermostability

Heat stress limits the growth, development, and yield of crop plants when it occurs during short or long periods of time. An experiment was conducted with the objectives of (i) evaluating the cell membrane thermostability (CMT) as an indicator of heat tolerance in sugarcane and to determine its relationship with physiological parameters under heat-stressed conditions, and (ii) evaluating the utility of CMT for selecting heat-tolerant genotypes in a breeding program. A total of nine elite experimental, and four commercial sugarcane genotypes were evaluated for CMT, and the results are expressed as relative cell injury (RCI). Six genotypes were classified as highly tolerant and seven as highly sensitive. We concluded that the use of RCI, as an indicator of CMT in sugarcane genotypes, is a suitable useful parameter for selecting the genotypes tolerant to heat stress in a breeding program. This procedure, combined with other characters, helps to identify sugarcane plants with the ability to maintain a high yield photosynthetic rate under stressful field conditions. Furthermore, it offers an opportunity to improve selection efficiency over that of field testing, since high temperature stresses do not occur consistently under field conditions.

Breeding and Improvement of Seguin Chestnut (Castanea segunii)

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 527a-527
Author(s):  
J.D. Norton ◽  
Hongwen Huang
Keyword(s):  
Recurrent Selection ◽  
High Density ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
Central China ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Blight Resistance ◽  
Germplasm Resource ◽  
Horticultural Traits ◽  
Yield Quality ◽  
Seven Generations

The seguin chestnut, commonly called Maoli in China, is one of the three chestnut species (C. mollissima, C. seguinii, and C. henryi) native to southeastern and central China. Seguine is a valuable germplasm resource for horticultural traits such as precocity, everbearing, high yield, blight resistance, and dwarfism. A recurrent selection breeding program was initiated in 1989. Since seedlings flowered as early as 3 weeks, selections were made annually for seven generations. Improvement in precocity, everbearing, yield, quality, blight resistance, and dwarfism is sought. The everbearing and high-yielding plants should provide an abundant source of food for wildlife on a continuing yearly basis. Incorporation of the precocious and dwarf traits into commercial chestnut species can enhance the development of high-density chestnut production.

scholarly journals Breeding and Improvement of Chinese Chestnut

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 600f-600
Author(s):  
J.D. Norton ◽  
Hongwen Huang ◽  
Fenny Dane
Keyword(s):  
Recurrent Selection ◽  
Cryphonectria Parasitica ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Chinese Chestnut ◽  
Horticultural Traits ◽  
Wide Adaptation ◽  
Selection For ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Black Beauty

The Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume) is a valuable germplasm resource for horticultural traits such as resistance to chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica), excellent quality, wide adaptation, and consistent high yield. The Chinese chestnut breeding program was established at Auburn Univ. in 1933 from nuts directly introduced from China by the USDA. A recurrent selection breeding program with progeny from the 1933, 1953, and 1991 plantings with selection for blight resistance, precocity, nut size, and storage quality, yield, and pest resistance. Cultivars released from the 1933 planting were `Alaling,' `Alamore', and `Black Beauty'. `AU-Cropper', `AU-Leader', and `AU-Homestead' were named from the 1953 planting. Two blight-resistant, precocious seedlings, AU-91-P1-26 and AU-P4-26, appear to be very promising selections for improvement of all Chinese chestnut cultivars for nut size and other selection traits. Since there is little information available regarding heritability of certain traits in perennial tree species, results of 65 years of breeding at Auburn Univ. should provide us with guidance for further improvement of selection traits in chestnut breeding.

Genetic progress in upland rice breeding program for grain yield and plant height

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Mendes de Moura ◽  
Flávia Barbosa Silva Botelho ◽  
Laís Moretti Tomé ◽  
Cinthia Souza Rodrigues ◽  
Camila Soares Cardoso da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Upland Rice ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Joint Analysis ◽  
Rice Breeding ◽  
Genetic Progress ◽  
Mixed Model Approach

ABSTRACT In the context of plant breeding programs, it is necessary to evaluate the efficiency of genotype selection over successive years. However, evaluating the genotype selection efficiency is not an easy task, since there is not just a single way to precede it. Besides that, the programs need to be dynamic; that is, they should be able to track the introduction and discard of genotypes each year. As a result, the available data is quite unbalanced, leading to difficulties in certain analyses. Thus, the present study aims to propose some approaches to verify the genetic progress in the preliminary trial of the Federal University of Lavras (UFLA) upland rice breeding program. We utilized mixed models for grain yield and plant height. Trials were performed with a total of 120 genotypes in seven environments, defined by the interaction between locations and years. Due to the imbalance in the available data, the mixed model approach, i.e., Restricted Maximum Likelihood/Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (REML/BLUP), was adopted for the joint analysis. Besides the genetic and phenotypic parameters, the expected gains were also obtained with the selection, genetic progress, renewal rate (RR%), and dynamism of preliminary trials. The efficiency of the selection of superior genotypes per year was verified, with genetic progress favorable for reducing the medium-sized plants associated with high yield.

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