scholarly journals Innovation in Fischer-Tropsch: A Sustainable Approach to Fuels Production

Author(s):  
Richard Pearson ◽  
Andrew Coe ◽  
James Paterson

A sustained global effort is required over the next few decades to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, in order to address global warming as society seeks to deliver the Paris Agreement temperature goals. The increasing availability of renewable electricity will reduce our reliance on fossil fuels. However, some applications, such as long-haul aviation, are particularly challenging to de-carbonise. The conversion of waste, biomass or existing CO2 emissions into sustainable fuels via FT synthesis offers one solution to this problem. This paper describes some of the challenges associated with this route to these alternative fuels and how Johnson Matthey and bp have solved them.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joeri Rogelj ◽  
Andy Reisinger ◽  
Annette Cowie ◽  
Oliver Geden

<p>With the adoption of the Paris Agreement in 2015 the world has decided that warming should be kept well below 2°C while pursuing a limit of 1.5°C above preindustrial levels. The Paris Agreement also sets a net emissions reduction goal: in the second half of the century, the balance of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals should become net zero. Since 2018, in response to the publication of the IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C, a flurry of net zero target announcements has ensued. Many countries, cities, regions, companies, or other organisations have come forward with targets to reach net zero, or become carbon or climate neutral. These labels describe a wide variety of targets, and rarely detailed. Lack of transparency renders it impossible to understand their ultimate contribution towards the global goal. Here we present a set of key criteria that high-quality net zero targets should address. These nine criteria cover emissions, removals, timing, fairness and a long-term vision. Unless net zero targets provide clarity on these nine criteria, we may not know until it is too late whether the collective promise of net zero targets is adequate to meet the global goal of the Paris Agreement.</p>


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Eelco J. Rohling

This chapter outlines the challenge facing us. The Paris Agreement sets a target maximum of 2°C global warming and a preferred limit of 1.5°C. Yet, the subsequent combined national pledges for emission reduction suffice only for limiting warming to roughly 3°C. And because most nations are falling considerably short of meeting their pledges, even greater warming may become locked in. Something more drastic and wide-ranging is needed: a multi-pronged strategy. These different prongs to the climate-change solution are introduced in this chapter and explored one by one in the following chapters. First is rapid, massive reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Second is implementation of ways to remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. Third may be increasing the reflectivity of Earth to incoming sunlight, to cool certain places down more rapidly. In addition, we need to protect ourselves from climate-change impacts that have already become inevitable.


RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (71) ◽  
pp. 66847-66869 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. S. Khuong ◽  
N. W. M. Zulkifli ◽  
H. H. Masjuki ◽  
E. Niza Mohamad ◽  
A. Arslan ◽  
...  

Owing to the growing concern over the depletion of fossil fuels and the rising rate of greenhouse gas emissions which will lead to global warming, many researchers are now dedicated to producing biofuels in order to solve the above-mentioned issues.


World on Fire ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 109-128
Author(s):  
Mark Rowlands

The edge required by renewable technologies is provided by a simplification of the energy supply train. This simplification consists in no longer eating animals. Animals have upside-down energy returned on energy invested values (EROIs), with up to 30 times as much energy having to be put into raising them as we get out of them through eating them or their products. At one time, when our fossil fuels sported extraordinarily high EROIs—100:1 in some cases—we could afford to take this sort of hit on our food-based energy supply. Now, however, we can no longer afford to do so. Moreover, the results of this grossly inefficient energy exchange are rising greenhouse gas emissions. By no longer eating meat, we can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by roughly 14%. Importantly, much of this reduction will be in methane and nitrous dioxide, which have very high global warming potential relative to carbon dioxide.


2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 2804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Ma ◽  
Zhanbin Luo ◽  
Fu Chen ◽  
Qianlin Zhu ◽  
Shaoliang Zhang ◽  
...  

A new environmental ban has forced the restructure of open dumps in China since 1 July 2011. A technical process was established in this study that is feasible for the upgrade of open dumps through restructuring. The feasibility of restructuring and the benefit of greenhouse gas emission reductions were assessed according to field surveys of five landfills and four dumps in Nanjing. The results showed that the daily processing capacities of the existing landfills have been unable to meet the growth of municipal solid waste (MSW), making restructuring of the landfills imperative. According to an assessment of the technical process, only four sites in Nanjing were suitable for upgrading. Restructuring the Jiaozishan landfill effectively reduced the leachate generation rate by 5.84% under its scale when expanded by 60.7% in 2015. CO2 emissions were reduced by approximately 55,000–86,000 tons per year, in which biogas power generation replaced fossil fuels Fossil fuels accounted for the largest proportion, up to 45,000–60,000 tons. Photovoltaic power generation on the overlying land has not only reduced CO2 emissions to 26,000–30,000 tons per year but has also brought in continuing income from the sale of electricity. The funds are essential for developing countries such as China, which lack long-term financial support for landfill management after closure.


RSC Advances ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (92) ◽  
pp. 75281-75291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajiv Chandra Rajak ◽  
Rintu Banerjee

Burgeoning population growth and an increased demand for transportation and industrialization has led to the excessive use of fossil fuels, which in turn leads to higher levels of greenhouse gas emissions and contributes to global warming.


2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Jan-Erik Lane

Well-known professor Johan Rockström at Stockholm University claims that we are in control of things, now that the Earth Sciences have proven the biological  limits of our existing civilisations. But we do not know or have not begun the necessary large global adjustments towards a sustainable Planet Earth. The failure of the UN COP framework is blatant stating the ends but not the means of reducing significantly CO2 emissions. All major countries plan for much more energy in coming decades treating renewable energy sources as merely compliment to fossil fuels,  not substitutes. To accomplish the Paris Accord objevties (COP 21), coal power should be phased out.


2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (09) ◽  
pp. 575-587
Author(s):  
Christian A. Koch ◽  
Pankaj Sharda ◽  
Jay Patel ◽  
Sriram Gubbi ◽  
Rashika Bansal ◽  
...  

AbstractGlobal warming and the rising prevalence of obesity are well described challenges of current mankind. Most recently, the COVID-19 pandemic arose as a new challenge. We here attempt to delineate their relationship with each other from our perspective. Global greenhouse gas emissions from the burning of fossil fuels have exponentially increased since 1950. The main contributors to such greenhouse gas emissions are manufacturing and construction, transport, residential, commercial, agriculture, and land use change and forestry, combined with an increasing global population growth from 1 billion in 1800 to 7.8 billion in 2020 along with rising obesity rates since the 1980s. The current Covid-19 pandemic has caused some decline in greenhouse gas emissions by limiting mobility globally via repetitive lockdowns. Following multiple lockdowns, there was further increase in obesity in wealthier populations, malnutrition from hunger in poor populations and death from severe infection with Covid-19 and its virus variants. There is a bidirectional relationship between adiposity and global warming. With rising atmospheric air temperatures, people typically will have less adaptive thermogenesis and become less physically active, while they are producing a higher carbon footprint. To reduce obesity rates, one should be willing to learn more about the environmental impact, how to minimize consumption of energy generating carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions, and to reduce food waste. Diets lower in meat such as a Mediterranean diet, have been estimated to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 72%, land use by 58%, and energy consumption by 52%.


WARTA ARDHIA ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Suyono Wiryoatmojo

One of the environmental problrms facing the world today is the phenomenon of global warming that is caused by greenhouse gas emissions. Many human activities that cause greenhouse gas emissions that cause global warming, among others, is the consumption of energy derived from fossil fuels, including fuels for the transport sector, particularly air transport. This research conducted the calculation of greenhouse gas emissions produced by aircraft operation in Indonesia in 2012 and the predictions of greenhouse gases up to 2030. The calculation refers to the emission inventory Guidebook 2013, and following the procedure has been set by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). Based on the calculation results showed that aircraft greenhouse gas emissions in Indonesia in 2012 dominated by C02 gas that is equal to 8145 kTon (99.7%) while the hydrocarbon gas emissions of 1.04 kTon. By 2030, greenhouse das emissions aircraft in Indonesia is expected to reach 16814 kTon.Salah satu permasalahan lingkungan yang dihadapi dunia Saat ini adalah adanya fenomena pemanasan global yang antara lain disebabkan oleh emisi gas rumah kaca. Aktifitas manusia yang banyak menyebabkan emisi gas rumah kaca penyebab pemanasan global antara lain adalah konsumsi energi yang berasal dari bahan bakar fosil termasuk bahan bakar untuk sektor transportasi khususnya transportasi udara. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan perhitungan emisi Gas Rumah Kaca yang dihasilkan pesawat udara di Indonesia pada tahun 2012 dan prediksi gas rumah kaca sampai dengan tahun 2030. Perhitungan dan prediksi emisi gas rumah kaca pesawat udara pada penelitian ini mengacu pada emission inventory guidebook 2013 dan mengikuti prosedur yang telah ditetapkan oleh Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan didapatkan hahwa emisi GRK pesawat udara di Indonesia pada tahun 2012 didominasi oleh gas CO2 yaitu sebesar 8.145 kTon (99.7%) sedangkan emisi gas hidrokarbon sebesar 1,04 kTon Pada tahun 2030, emisi gas rumah kaca pesawat udara di Indoneisa diprediksikan mencapai 16.814 kTon.


2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoxiao Meng ◽  
Emad Rokni ◽  
Wei Zhou ◽  
Hongliang Qi ◽  
Rui Sun ◽  
...  

Abstract This work assesses the evolution of acid gases from raw and torrefied biomass (distiller’s dried grains with solubles and rice husk) combustion in conventional (air) and simulated oxy-combustion (oxygen/carbon dioxide) environments. Emphasis was placed on the latter, as oxy-combustion of renewable or waste biomass, coupled with carbon capture and utilization or sequestration, could be a benefit toward mitigating global warming. The oxy-combustion environments were set to 21%O2/79%CO2 and 30%O2/70%CO2. Results revealed that combustion of either raw or torrefied biomass generated CO2 emissions that were lower in 21%O2/79%CO2 than at 30%O2/70%CO2, whereas CO emissions exhibited the opposite trend. Emissions of CO from combustion in air were drastically lower than those in the two oxy-combustion environments and those in 21%O2/79%CO2 were the highest. Emissions of NO followed the same trend as those of CO2, while HCN emissions followed the same trend as those of CO. Emissions of NO were higher than those of HCN. The emissions of SO2 were lower in oxy-combustion than in air combustion. Moreover, combustion of torrefied biomass generated higher CO2 and NO, comparable CO and SO2, and lower HCN emissions than combustion of raw biomass. Out of the three conditions tested in this study, oxy-combustion of biomass, either in the raw and torrefied state, attained the highest combustion effectiveness and caused the lowest CO, HCN, and SO2 emissions when the gas composition was 30%O2/70%CO2.


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