Black Greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus), Gray Rabbitbrush (Ericameria nauseosa), and Perennial Grass Response to Chlorsulfuron and Metsulfuron

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen F. Enloe ◽  
Andrew Kniss ◽  
Mark Ferrell ◽  
Jordana Lafantasie ◽  
Steven D. Aagard
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Plants ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Visual Control ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Vegetative Cover ◽  
Sarcobatus Vermiculatus ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
The Impact

AbstractBlack greasewood (greasewood) and gray rabbitbrush are important shrub components of several plant communities throughout western North America. Land managers may view these species differently depending on their goals. Greasewood and gray rabbitbrush shrub communities may be invaded by several invasive plants including Russian knapweed, perennial pepperweed, hoary cress, halogeton, and several annual mustards. Metsulfuron and chlorsulfuron are commonly used for controlling these and other invasive plants, but little is known regarding their impacts on greasewood and gray rabbitbrush. Our objective was to quantify the impact of these herbicides on greasewood and gray rabbitbrush communities from both an efficacy and nontarget impact perspective. Field studies were established in the spring of 2004 and repeated twice in 2005 near Laramie, WY, in a pasture with mixed stands of greasewood and gray rabbitbrush. Treatments included metsulfuron applied at 21, 42, 63, 84, 126, and 168 g ai/ha (0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.8 and 2.4 oz ai/A), chlorsulfuron applied at 52, 105, and 157 g ai/ha (0.75, 1.5 and 2.25 oz ai/A), and an untreated control. All treatments contained methylated seed oil at 2% v/v. Treatments were applied in mid-June to 3.3 by 9-m (10 by 30 ft) plots with a handheld broadcast sprayer delivering 187 L/ha (20 gal/ac) in a randomized complete block, with three blocks per study. Plots were sampled 12 and 24 mo after treatment (MAT), utilizing visual control estimates and point frame sampling for vegetative cover of greasewood, gray rabbitbrush, perennial grasses, and bare ground. Metsulfuron at 42 g/ha and chlorsulfuron at 105 g/ha provided > 75% visual control of greasewood 24 MAT. For gray rabbitbrush, metsulfuron at 63 g/ha provided approximately 60% control 24 MAT, while chlorsulfuron provided negligible control at any rate. These results suggest differential impacts of these herbicides on greasewood and gray rabbitbrush, and provide land managers with a decision tool for noxious and invasive weed control when managing for or against greasewood and gray rabbitbrush.

scholarly journals Observed Effects of Warm Season Perennial Grass Agriculture on Resident Mammal Species

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
David D. Leimbach ◽  
Gregg J. Marcello
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
First Year ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Population Numbers

<p>This study focused on the observed impact of switching from a corn / soybean agricultural rotation to the planting of warm season perennial grasses for use in biomass agriculture, as well as the subsequent effects on resident mammal populations. We trapped two parcels of land planted in warm season perennial grasses between September 2011 and October 2013 in order to obtain a census of the mammal populations residing upon the property and to determine the impact (if any) of the change in agriculture. During the first year of the study, a seemingly inhospitable (urban) agricultural area revealed a diverse population of inhabitants. The second year of trapping resulted in the capture of 2 new species (total of 7 species captured) and the noticeable absence of 1 species; a distinct shift in mammal populations had been observed. There was an inverse relationship between the population increase of <em>Peromyscus maniculatus</em> during 2012 and the decline in the population of <em>Peromyscus leucopus. </em>When a Chi-square test was run (<em>P</em>&lt;0.05), the hypothesis of competitive exclusion appeared to be supported. In the third year, population numbers of <em>Peromyscus</em> <em>maniculatus</em> had also plummeted. We observed that warm season perennial grass monoculture had an adverse impact on resident mammal species.</p>

scholarly journals Root Growth of Two Perennial Grass Types and Musk Thistle (Carduus nutans) in Temperate Grasslands of North America

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengchou Han ◽  
Stephen L. Young
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Second Year

AbstractRoot architecture of prairie grasslands, which depends on plant phenology and edaphic conditions, strongly influences susceptibility to invasion by nonindigenous plant species. Field studies were conducted to compare in situ root growth patterns of warm-season (WS) and cool-season (CS) perennial grasses and musk thistle during a 2-yr period that included a drought in the second year. In 2 yr, CS grasses had the highest amount of roots (1,296 m roots m−2 [395 ft roots ft−2]) across shallow (0 to 28 cm [0 to 11 in.]), medium (28 to 56 cm), and deep (56 to 98 cm) depths with 65% occurring in the shallow depths. However, roots of WS grasses were always greater at deeper depths compared to roots of CS grasses. The amount of new roots in CS grasses was statistically different in 2011 (F2,43 = 33.3, P < 0.0001) at all depths for vegetative (April to May), inflorescence (June), and dormant (July to November) stages. In 2012, the amount of new roots in CS and WS grasses was statistically different (F2,60 = 81.7, P < 0.0001 and F2,37 = 8.0, P = 0.0013), respectively, for vegetative (April to May), inflorescence (May to June), and dormant (June to November) stages. For both years, the amount of new roots in the CS grasses showed an interaction between the three growth stages and three soil depths (F2,62 = 33.3, P < 0.0001 [2011]; F4,60 = 18.6, P < 0.0001 [2012]). From germination to senescence, the total amount of musk thistle roots was 298 m roots m−2, which was less than the CS (1,296 m roots m−2) and WS (655 m roots m−2) grasses. The largest proportion of new musk thistle roots (61%) (F2,42 = 40.4, P < 0.0001) occurred during the bolting stage (April to June) of the second year. These results show the difference in root distribution of two grass types and the niches that are created underground by extraneous conditions (e.g., drought) in WS grass stands that may contribute to the establishment of musk thistle, an invasive plant species in many North American regions.

Field studies of the effects of pre-sowing weed control and time of sowing on tropical perennial grass establishment, North-West Slopes, New South Wales

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 182 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Lodge ◽  
M. A. Brennan ◽  
S. Harden
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
New South ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
North West ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Plant Frequency

Two separate experiments on the North-West Slopes of New South Wales investigated: (1) the effects of differing lengths of pre-sowing weed control (2 years, 1 year, and 3–4 months in the spring immediately before sowing) on the soil seed density of liverseed grass (Urochloa panicoides) from November 2005 to November 2007 and its seedling density at establishment (December 2007), as well as on subsequent herbage mass and plant frequency of this species and Panicum coloratum var. makarikariense cv. Bambatsi (Expt 1); and (2) the effects of cultivar, time of sowing (November 2006, January 2007, and March 2007), and defoliation in the autumn after sowing, on the over-wintering ability of 5 tropical perennial grasses (Expt 2). The cultivars sown in Expt 2 were Bambatsi, Dichanthium aristatum cv. Floren, Chloris gayana cv. Katambora, Digitaria eriantha var. eriantha cv. Premier, and Bothriochloa bladhii var. glabra cv. Swann. At sowing (November 2007), liverseed grass seed and seedling densities in Expt 1 were lowest (P < 0.05) in the 2-year pre-sowing weed control treatment (15 and 13/m2, respectively), and the subsequent herbage mass of Bambatsi (January and October 2008) was highest (P < 0.05) in this treatment. In Expt 2, 59 frosts occurred in 2007, and Floren, Bambatsi, and Swann sown in March of that year over-wintered poorly and had lower (P < 0.05) herbage mass and plant frequency in the following spring compared with the other sowing times. These differences were also evident in autumn and spring 2008, up to 23 months after sowing.

scholarly journals Native Perennial Grasses in Highway Medians: Pre- and Postplant Techniques for Establishment in a Mediterranean Climate

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 368-375
Author(s):  
Stephen L. Young ◽  
Victor P. Claassen
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Species Selection ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Grass Establishment ◽  
Grass Growth ◽  
Native Perennial Grass

AbstractWithin highway rights-of-way, native perennial grasses provide desirable services to support natural and human constructed ecosystems. However, native perennial grass establishment in annual grass dominated roadsides of semiarid and Mediterranean climates of the western United States requires specific cultural and chemical management treatments to control weeds. In 2004, field studies were conducted in Sacramento Valley, California to determine the effect of herbicide, disc cultivation, and species selection on native perennial grass establishment and annual weed persistence. Perennial grass species mixes common to drier and wetter upland areas in northern California were drill seeded at two sites (I-5 North and I-5 South) that had been burned in 2003 and received weed control (i.e., herbicide, cultivation, mowing) in spring 2004. Herbicides were the most important treatments for native perennial grass establishment and weed reduction. Native perennial grass species persistence was largely unaffected by cultivation or native plant accessions at these sites. Native perennial grass density increased at I-5 North in the second year of growth (2006) resulting in a plant density totaled across all herbicide regimes of 3.9 plants m−1 compared to 2.5 plants m−1 at I-5 South. Vigorous native perennial grass growth in the more fertile and less droughty soils of I-5 North helped to limit annual weeds through competition, which is anticipated to reduce the need for chemical and mechanical control in years following early establishment.

Effects of Perennial Biomass Grasses on Soil Quality in Bath, Ontario

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaitlin Stansfield
Keyword(s):  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Bioenergy Crops ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
The Impact

Perennial grasses have the potential to be important bioenergy crops, as they are fast-growing and produce large amounts of biomass.  They can also help improve soil quality (e.g. soil organic matter) when established on marginal lands or degraded soils.  In collaboration with Lafarge Cement, who are interested in replacing coal with biomass energy, I tested the impact of perennial grasses on soil quality in Bath, ON.  I studied soil samples collected in 2015 from three replicates of perennial grass species and one replicate of native vegetation (as a control) established by Queen’s faculty and students in 2009. The three perennial grass species used were switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), and big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii). Soil carbon and nitrogen content were higher under switchgrass in the 0-10 cm layer, but otherwise did not differ by species. Both carbon and nitrogen levels declined with depth. Isotopic data suggests a replacement of original soil carbon with carbon derived from the C4 grasses. These data will be compared with data collected prior to grass establishment to see whether the grasses have altered soil quality and/or enhanced soil carbon. My research will show how management of perennial grasses can be used to enhance the climate benefits of replacing fossil fuels with perennial grass biofuel crops and provide insights into the comprehensive climate and soil quality benefits of using these crops to replace fossil fuels in the manufacturing of cement.

Root growth, appearance and disappearance in perennial grasses: Effects of the timing of water stress with or without defoliation

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 539-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Flemmer ◽  
C. A. Busso ◽  
O. A. Fernandez ◽  
T. Montani
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Phenological Stage ◽  
Semiarid Environments ◽  
Tussock Grasses ◽  
Different Levels

The effects of early and late defoliations were evaluated under different levels of soil water content on root growth, appearance and disappearance in Stipa clarazii Ball. S. tenuis Phil., and S. gynerioides Phil. Field studies were conducted in 1995. 1996 and early 1997. Stipa clarazii and S. tenuis are two important palatable perennial tussock grasses in temperate, semiarid rangelands of central Argentina. where S. gynerioides is one of the most abundant, unpalatable perennial grass species. We hypothesized that (1) root growth is reduced after defoliation at any phenological stage in S. clarazii and S. tenuis in comparison to undefoliated controls, (2) root growth. and root appearance and disappearance in all three species decrease as plant water stress increases, and (3) root growth associated with water stress in S. clarazii and S. tenuis is reduced comparatively less when plants are water-stressed earlier than later, or for a longer period of time during the growing season. Our results led us to reject hypothesis 1 and to accept hypotheses 2 and 3. Maintenance of root growth after defoliation in S. clarazii and S. tenuis would allow these species a greater soil exploration and resource finding to sustain regrowth in their native, semiarid environments. Key words: Root growth, appearance and disappearance, perennial grasses, water stress, defoliation, Stipa species

Control of Invasive Weeds with Prescribed Burning

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 535-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Ditomaso ◽  
Matthew L. Brooks ◽  
Edith B. Allen ◽  
Ralph Minnich ◽  
Peter M. Rice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Soil Biology ◽  
Garlic Mustard ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
The Impact

Prescribed burning has primarily been used as a tool for the control of invasive late-season annual broadleaf and grass species, particularly yellow starthistle, medusahead, barb goatgrass, and several bromes. However, timely burning of a few invasive biennial broadleaves (e.g., sweetclover and garlic mustard), perennial grasses (e.g., bluegrasses and smooth brome), and woody species (e.g., brooms and Chinese tallow tree) also has been successful. In many cases, the effectiveness of prescribed burning can be enhanced when incorporated into an integrated vegetation management program. Although there are some excellent examples of successful use of prescribed burning for the control of invasive species, a limited number of species have been evaluated. In addition, few studies have measured the impact of prescribed burning on the long-term changes in plant communities, impacts to endangered plant species, effects on wildlife and insect populations, and alterations in soil biology, including nutrition, mycorrhizae, and hydrology. In this review, we evaluate the current state of knowledge on prescribed burning as a tool for invasive weed management.

Integrating Herbicide Use and Perennial Grass Revegetation to Suppress Weeds in Noncrop Areas

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rob G. Wilson ◽  
Steve B. Orloff ◽  
Donald L. Lancaster ◽  
Donald W. Kirby ◽  
Harry L. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Grass Cover ◽  
Weed Cover ◽  
Grass Establishment ◽  
Herbicide Use ◽  
The Impact

AbstractNoncropland such as levees, roadsides, field borders, fencerows, and wildlife areas are vulnerable to weed invasion. Many sites have undergone frequent human disturbance, such as manipulation from surrounding land uses, and lack competitive, desirable vegetation. This study addressed the importance of revegetation in an integrated weed management program including revegetation for noncrop areas. The study evaluated 14 cool-season perennial grasses (seven native species and eight introduced species) for their establishment, vigor, and ability to suppress weeds. It also evaluated the impact of herbicides on weed control and grass establishment. Treatments were applied at three noncrop sites in Northeast California that were heavily infested with weeds. Chemical weed control during the year of seeding and the following year was critical for perennial grass establishment. Weed cover was greater than 50% whereas average seeded grass cover was less than 6% in untreated plots at all sites 2 yr after seeding. In contrast, average seeded grass cover at all sites was 22 to 31% 2 yr after seeding for treatments where herbicide use resulted in wide-spectrum weed control and grass safety. Increasing perennial grass cover decreased total weed cover across perennial grass species 1and 2 yr after seeding. Individual grass species' cover differed among sites. Two introduced grasses (tall wheatgrass and crested wheatgrass) and three native grasses (western wheatgrass, bluebunch wheatgrass, and thickspike wheatgrass) showed broad adaptation and had > 20% cover at all sites 2 yr after seeding. In herbicide-treated plots, these grasses reduced total weed cover by 43 to 98% compared to unseeded plots 2 yr after seeding.

The yield of perennial grass stands on drained organic soils of Steppe

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (90) ◽  
pp. 92-97
Author(s):  
I.T. Slusar ◽  
V.A. Serbenyuk ◽  
A.N. Gera ◽  
A.P. Solyanik ◽  
A.A. Tarasenko
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Sulphate ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Cobalt Sulfate ◽  
The Impact

Research on the impact of the introduction of micro fertilizers and growth promoters on a background of mineral fertilizer and without N90R45К120 spent on old peat in shallow carbonate floodplain r.Supiy, Yahotyn Kyiv region. Power peat horizon about 60-70 cm, 7,4-7,6 pH of the aqueous extract, stupas schedule 56-60%, density 0,49-0,52 assembly soil, total nitrogen content (%) - 1.9; gross forms of phosphorus - 0,4, potassium 0.2, 20% lime. In experiments studying biological rehoplant, radustym, Biolan, emistim, Jets, humisol, plantafol, radyfarm and micronutrients: copper, boric acid, manganese sulphate, zinc sulphate, potassium humates. Treatment drugs conducted in the spring by spraying mixtures. Space research area of 60 m2, three-time repetition. It is established that the use of growth stimulants and micronutrients in the background N90R45К120 provided the highest yield mixtures of years, against making BIOLan - 9.9 t / ha Radyfarmu - 9.6 t / ha Radostymu 9.3 t / ha dry weight. In areas for making other preparations were intermediate yield growth rates - 0.5 - 2.0 t / ha dry weight. Also good gains herbage yields obtained by making all kinds of micronutrients and growth stimulants in the background without making makrodobryv which was within 5.3 - 6.9 t / ha to control without fertilization - 4.5 t / ha dry weight. In deep peat copper fertilizer (25 kg / ha of copper sulphate or 5 kg / ha pirytnoho cinders) in all zones should be making every 3-4 years, and zinc, cobalt and molybdenum advisable to make time for the growing season, spring, by foliar application in such numbers: ammonium molibdenovokyslyy - 0.3 kg / ha; cobalt sulfate - 3 kg / ha zinc sulphate 0.5 kg / ha or placers these salts should be mixed with major fertilizer.

scholarly journals Reproduction and biomarker responses of Eisenia fetida after exposure to imidacloprid in biochar-amended soil

Biochar ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ngitheni Winnie-Kate Nyoka ◽  
Ozekeke Ogbeide ◽  
Patricks Voua Otomo
Keyword(s):  
Eisenia Fetida ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Pesticide Pollution ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Amended Soil

AbstractTerrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are increasingly threatened by pesticide pollution resulting from extensive use of pesticides, and due to the lack of regulatory measures in the developing world, there is a need for affordable means to lessen environmental effects. This study aimed to investigate the impact of biochar amendment on the toxicity of imidacloprid to life-cycle parameters and biomarker responses of the earthworm Eisenia fetida. E. fetida was exposed to 10% biochar-amended and non-amended OECD artificial soils spiked with 0, 0.75, 1.5, 2.25 and 3 mg imidacloprid/kg for 28 days. An LC50 of 2.7 mg/kg was only computed in the non-amended soil but not in the biochar-amended soil due to insignificant mortality. The EC50 calculated in the non-amended soil (0.92 mg/kg) for reproduction (fertility) was lower than the one computed in the biochar amended (0.98 mg/kg), indicating a decrease in toxicity in the biochar-amended substrate. Significant weight loss was observed at the two highest imidacloprid treatments in the non-amended soil and only at the highest treatment in the biochar-amended substrate, further highlighting the beneficial effects of biochar. Catalase activity decreased significantly at the two highest concentrations of non-amended soil. Yet, in the amended soil, the activity remained high, especially in the highest concentration, where it was significantly higher than the controls. This indicated more severe oxidative stress in the absence of biochar. In all non-amended treatments, there was a significant acetylcholinesterase inhibition, while lower inhibition percentages were observed in the biochar-amended soil. In most endpoints, the addition of biochar alleviated the toxic effects of imidacloprid, which shows that biochar has the potential to be useful in soil remediation. However, there is still a need for field studies to identify the most effective application rate of biochar for land application.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document