Role of the Ascorbate–Glutathione Cycle in Paraquat Tolerance of Rice

Weed Science ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tai-You Tseng ◽  
Jen-Fu Ou ◽  
Ching-Yuh Wang
Keyword(s):  
Glutathione Reductase ◽  
Reduced Form ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tolerant Line ◽  
Paraquat Tolerance ◽  
Tolerant Mutant ◽  
Leaf Segments ◽  
Glutathione Cycle ◽  
Mutant Lines

Out of 1,343 mutant lines of rice mutated by sodium azide from the parental Japonica-type variety ‘Tainung 67’ (TNG67), a paraquat-susceptible line 1192 and a paraquat-tolerant line 72 were selected using whole seedlings at the four-leaf stage and leaf segments at the tillering stage as test materials. Further selection from progenies of these two mutant lines yielded the susceptible 1192-11 (S) and tolerant 72-16 (T), which were studied herein. Chlorophyll fluorescence, electrolyte leakage, and lipid peroxidation were measured for leaf segments of rice following treatment with 0.1 mM paraquat. A comparison of these responses among the three rice lines (TNG67, 72-16, and 1192-11), revealed a higher tolerance to paraquat in the tolerant mutant line 72-16 and the parental variety TNG67 than in the susceptible mutant 1192-11. Analysis of the antioxidative system in paraquat-treated leaf segments showed that the reduced form of glutathione (GSH) and the ratio of GSH to total glutathione increased by 3.5-fold within 6 h after treatment (HAT) and up to 5-fold 9 HAT in the T line, as compared with the S line. In view of the high activities of both dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and glutathione reductase (GR) in paraquat-treated leaves of TNG67 and the T line, the antioxidative effect of the ascorbate–glutathione cycle is hereby proposed to play an essential role in paraquat tolerance of rice. Pretreatment of rice segments with spermine enhanced DHAR and GR activities as well as paraquat tolerance of the S line. These results suggest that the activity of ascorbate–glutathione cycle induced by spermine is involved in rice tolerance to this herbicide. Although kinetics studies showed no significant difference among the three rice lines in paraquat inhibition of GR, a lower affinity of enzyme to substrate (Km) in TNG67 and the T line and a higher maximal reaction rate (Vmax) in the T line for the oxidized glutathione substrate (GSSG) were detected. These observations further implicate the importance of glutathione reductase in paraquat tolerance of rice.

scholarly journals Antioxidant Profile of Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Fruits Containing Diverse Levels of Capsaicinoids

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
José M. Palma ◽  
Fátima Terán ◽  
Alba Contreras-Ruiz ◽  
Marta Rodríguez-Ruiz ◽  
Francisco J Corpas
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Glutathione Reductase ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Sweet Pepper ◽  
Activity Profile ◽  
Antioxidant Profile ◽  
Ripening Stages ◽  
Enzymatic Systems ◽  
Glutathione Cycle

Capsicum is the genus where a number of species and varieties have pungent features due to the exclusive content of capsaicinoids such as capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin. In this work, the main enzymatic and non-enzymatic systems in pepper fruits from four varieties with different pungent capacity has been investigated at two ripening stages. Thus, a sweet pepper variety (Melchor) from California type fruits, and three autochthonous Spanish varieties were used, including Piquillo, Padrón and Alegría riojana. The capsaicinoids contents were determined in pericarp and placenta from fruits showing that these phenyl-propanoids were mainly localized in placenta. The activity profile of catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD, total and isoenzymatic), the enzymes of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle (AGC) and four NADP-dehydrogenases indicate that some interaction with the capsaicinoid metabolism seems to occur. Among the results obtained on enzymatic antioxidant, the role of an Fe-SOD and the glutathione reductase from the AGC is highlighted. Additionally, it was found that ascorbate and glutathione content were higher in those pepper fruits which displayed the greater contents of capsacinoids. Taken together, all these data indicate that antioxidants may contribute to preserve capsaicinoids metabolism to maintain their functionality in a framework where NADPH is perhaps playing an essential role.

scholarly journals The role of glutathione reductase in maintaining human granulocyte function and sensitivity to exogenous H2O2

Blood ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 493-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
HJ Cohen ◽  
EH Tape ◽  
J Novak ◽  
ME Chovaniec ◽  
P Liegey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glutathione Reductase ◽  
Dependent Inhibition ◽  
Dose Dependent Inhibition ◽  
Glutathione Cycle ◽  
Granulocyte Function ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Generating System ◽  
Shape Changes ◽  
Exogenous H2o2

Abstract Human granulocytes (polymorphonuclear leukocytes, PMN) produce H2O2 and other reactive oxygen species while undergoing phagocytosis. To examine the role of the glutathione cycle in metabolizing H2O2, we incubated PMN with 1,3-bis (2-chloroethyl) nitrosourea (BCNU). Incubation of PMN with BCNU results in a dose-dependent inhibition of PMN glutathione reductase (GRED), with 50% inhibition occurring at approximately 2 micrograms/mL BCNU. PMN hexose monophosphate shunt activity stimulated with an exogenous H2O2-generating system was inhibited only when the GRED activity was reduced to less than 30% of control. BCNU-treated cells contained lower levels of reduced sulfhydryls and reduced glutathione, which decreased even more in the presence of an exogenous H2O2-generating system. The effect of BCNU and exogenous H2O2 on various aspects of phagocytosis were examined. Exposure of BCNU-treated PMN to an H2O2-generating system resulted in an inhibition of chemotactic peptide-induced shape changes and degranulation. The ability of BCNU-treated cells to produce O2- was diminished only when the PMN were incubated with an H2O2-generating system in the presence of cyanide. Ingestion of opsonized bacteria by BCNU-treated PMN was unaffected by incubation in an H2O2-generating system even in the presence of cyanide. We conclude that PMN GRED is inhibited by BCNU, the ability of PMN to metabolize H2O2 is affected only when GRED is reduced more than 70%, this inhibition affects the glutathione content of these cells, and some, but not all of the phagocytic functions of GRED-inhibited PMN are inhibited after exposure to an H2O2-generating system.

Comparative Effects of Paraquat on Antioxidant Components and Scavenging Enzymes in Kwangkyo and Hood Soybean

1993 ◽  
Vol 48 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 385-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangho Kim ◽  
Kriton K. Hatzios
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Glutathione Reductase ◽  
Hydroxyl Radicals ◽  
Methanesulfonic Acid ◽  
Reduced Form ◽  
Trifoliate Leaf ◽  
Glutathione Cycle ◽  
Scavenging Enzymes ◽  
Soybean Leaves

The effect of p araquaton hydroxyl radical production , glutathione and ascorbate content, and glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase activities was assayed in the tolerant “Kwangkyo” and the susceptible “ Hood ” cultivars of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Seedlings of both cultivars at the fully expanded first trifoliate leaf stage were treated with paraquat at 0, 1, 10, 100, 500, and 1000 μᴍ. The in vivo generation of hydroxyl radicals was estimated by measuring methanesulfonic acid (MSA ) produced in soybean leaves treated with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO ) and paraquat. The levels of paraquat-induced production of hydroxyl radicals were similar in Kwangkyo and Hood soybean. Ascorbate levels in the two cultivars were comparable and were reduced by paraquat treatment. Total glutathione levels were similar in both cultivars, but Kwangkyo had more glutathione in the reduced form than Hood. Treatment with low concentrations of paraquat enhanced oxidized glutathione levels in Hood. At high concentrations, paraquat decreased the levels of total and reduced glutathione in both cultivars. The endogenous activities of glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase were similar in Kwangkyo and Hood soybean. Treatment with selected concentrations of paraquat enhanced the activity of these enzymes in trifoliates of the tolerant Kwangkyo. Overall, the results of this study do not suggest a strong involvement of components of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle in the observed tolerance of Kwangkyo soybean to the herbicide paraquat.

scholarly journals Antioxidant Profile of Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Fruits Containing Diverse Levels of Capsaicinoids

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 878 ◽  
Author(s):  
José M. Palma ◽  
Fátima Terán ◽  
Alba Contreras-Ruiz ◽  
Marta Rodríguez-Ruiz ◽  
Francisco J. Corpas
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Glutathione Reductase ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Sweet Pepper ◽  
Enzymatic Antioxidants ◽  
Antioxidant Profile ◽  
Ripening Stages ◽  
Enzymatic Systems ◽  
Glutathione Cycle

Capsicum is the genus where a number of species and varieties have pungent features due to the exclusive content of capsaicinoids such as capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin. In this work, the main enzymatic and non-enzymatic systems in pepper fruits from four varieties with different pungent capacity have been investigated at two ripening stages. Thus, a sweet pepper variety (Melchor) from California-type fruits and three autochthonous Spanish varieties which have different pungency levels were used, including Piquillo, Padrón and Alegría riojana. The capsaicinoids contents were determined in the pericarp and placenta from fruits, showing that these phenyl-propanoids were mainly localized in placenta. The activity profiles of catalase, total and isoenzymatic superoxide dismutase (SOD), the enzymes of the ascorbate–glutathione cycle (AGC) and four NADP-dehydrogenases indicate that some interaction with capsaicinoid metabolism seems to occur. Among the results obtained on enzymatic antioxidants, the role of Fe-SOD and the glutathione reductase from the AGC is highlighted. Additionally, it was found that ascorbate and glutathione contents were higher in those pepper fruits which displayed the greater contents of capsaicinoids. Taken together, all these data indicate that antioxidants may contribute to preserve capsaicinoids metabolism to maintain their functionality in a framework where NADPH is perhaps playing an essential role.

scholarly journals The role of glutathione reductase in maintaining human granulocyte function and sensitivity to exogenous H2O2

Blood ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 493-500
Author(s):  
HJ Cohen ◽  
EH Tape ◽  
J Novak ◽  
ME Chovaniec ◽  
P Liegey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glutathione Reductase ◽  
Dependent Inhibition ◽  
Dose Dependent Inhibition ◽  
Glutathione Cycle ◽  
Granulocyte Function ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Generating System ◽  
Shape Changes ◽  
Exogenous H2o2

Human granulocytes (polymorphonuclear leukocytes, PMN) produce H2O2 and other reactive oxygen species while undergoing phagocytosis. To examine the role of the glutathione cycle in metabolizing H2O2, we incubated PMN with 1,3-bis (2-chloroethyl) nitrosourea (BCNU). Incubation of PMN with BCNU results in a dose-dependent inhibition of PMN glutathione reductase (GRED), with 50% inhibition occurring at approximately 2 micrograms/mL BCNU. PMN hexose monophosphate shunt activity stimulated with an exogenous H2O2-generating system was inhibited only when the GRED activity was reduced to less than 30% of control. BCNU-treated cells contained lower levels of reduced sulfhydryls and reduced glutathione, which decreased even more in the presence of an exogenous H2O2-generating system. The effect of BCNU and exogenous H2O2 on various aspects of phagocytosis were examined. Exposure of BCNU-treated PMN to an H2O2-generating system resulted in an inhibition of chemotactic peptide-induced shape changes and degranulation. The ability of BCNU-treated cells to produce O2- was diminished only when the PMN were incubated with an H2O2-generating system in the presence of cyanide. Ingestion of opsonized bacteria by BCNU-treated PMN was unaffected by incubation in an H2O2-generating system even in the presence of cyanide. We conclude that PMN GRED is inhibited by BCNU, the ability of PMN to metabolize H2O2 is affected only when GRED is reduced more than 70%, this inhibition affects the glutathione content of these cells, and some, but not all of the phagocytic functions of GRED-inhibited PMN are inhibited after exposure to an H2O2-generating system.

Role of Teachers in Building the Concept of Sustainable Development: Success or Failure

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayaz Muhammad Khan ◽  
Amber Jamshaid ◽  
Tayyibah Roohi ◽  
Amna Ramzan
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
School Teachers ◽  
Primary School Teachers ◽  
Primary Level ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Role Of Teachers ◽  
Major Factors

Sustainable Development (SD) is a rich, challenging and thought-provoking construct in social sciences. The main purpose of this paper was to identify and explore the role played by primary school teachers in building up the idea of sustainable development (SD) among students. This paper was intended to identify that how a teacher can successfully execute the concept of SD by influencing students’ minds at the primary level. Quantitative survey technique were utilized for data collection. All the primary school teachers of Lahore division comprised the population of the study. Through multistage sampling technique, 352 primary school teachers were selected as participants of the study. A self-developed SD questionnaire incorporating four major factors (teachers’ awareness, pedagogy, curricular and co-curricular activities) with Cronbach’s alpha value = .93 was used to measure the role of teachers in building the sustainability concept among students at primary level. The results indicated a significant mean score difference among SD scores of teachers, sector wise (private and public). Furthermore, the results also reconnoitered the significant difference (p=.04) between the mean scores of female and male teachers in building up the SD concept in students’ minds.

Effectiveness Of Toilet Training Education On Mother's Behavior And Toddler Age Toilet Training Ability (18-36 Months)

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-55
Author(s):  
Hafiko Andresni ◽  
Zahtamal Zahtamal ◽  
Winda Septiani ◽  
Mitra Mitra ◽  
Lita Lita
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
T Test ◽  
The Body ◽  
Toilet Training ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Maternal Knowledge ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Significant Difference

ABSTRACT Toilet training is an effort to train children to be able to control and urinate (BAK) and defecate (BAB). Toilet training is one of the main tasks of children at toddler age. Toilet training is one of the main tasks of children in toddler age which is very important to be done to create independence in children in controlling BAK and BAB and children know the parts of the body and their functions. Data in 2012 shows that ± 60% of parents do not teach toilet training to children from an early age. The aim of the study was to find out the effectiveness of toilet training education on maternal behavior and toilet skills in toddler age training (18-36 months). The study was conducted in July-August 2018. This type of quantitative research used the design of the Quasy pretest and posttest experiment with non-equivalent control group design. Samples were 36 mothers and 36 children with purposive sampling technique. Data analysis used Paired t test, Wilcoxon test, Man-Whitney test an Independent t test. The results showed that toilet training education through lecture methods, modules and maze games was more effective than toilet training education through lecture and leaflet methods on children's knowledge and abilities. Conversely, for the role of mothers in supervision there is no significant difference in effectiveness. Health education is recommended in health promotion programs to increase maternal knowledge, the role of mothers and the ability of toilet training children independently. Keywords: Toilet training, Lecture method, Module, Maze game, Leaflet, Knowledge, Role of mother, Children's ability.

SUBLINGUAL VITAMIN D3 DRUG THERAPY IN VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY PATIENTS AT PRAVARA RURAL HOSPITAL

2019 ◽  
pp. 18-20
Author(s):  
Sanjeeva Kumar Goud T ◽  
Rahul Kunkulol
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Vitamin D3 ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Serum Vitamin D ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After

The present study was aimed to study the effect of Sublingual Vitamin D3 on Serum Vitamin D level in Vitamin D deficiency patients. This was a cross-sectional and interventional study. All the Vitamin D deficiency patients of age 18-60years and either gender, willing to participate in the study were included. Patients who had greater than 20 ng/ml were excluded from the study. The total number of participants in our study was 200, out of these 111 males and 89 females, the mean age in our study was 51.07 ± 7.39Yrs. All volunteers were given sublingual vitamin D3 (60,000IU) in six doses every fifteen days of follow up for 3 months. The subject’s serum 25(OH)D levels were estimated before and after the treatment of sublingual vitamin D3. There was a statistically significant difference in serum vitamin D3 level before 16.61±6.71 ng/ml and after 35.80±7.80 ng/ml after treatment with Sublingual Vitamin D3. Six doses of 60,000IU of Vitamin D3 sublingual route having improved the role of serum 25(OH)D levels in the treatment of Vitamin D3 deficiency patients.Keywords: Vitamin D3; Sublingual route

Comparison of 18F-FDG and 67Ga-citrate in sarcoidosis imaging

2008 ◽  
Vol 47 (01) ◽  
pp. 18-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Wehrschuetz ◽  
B. Bisail ◽  
M. Woltsche ◽  
T. Schwarz ◽  
H. Lanz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fdg Pet ◽  
Complete Agreement ◽  
Pet Tracer ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Kappa Value ◽  
18F Fdg ◽  
Primary Assessment ◽  
67Ga Citrate

SummaryAim: 67Ga citrate has been used long and successfully to diagnose and stage sarcoidosis. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) has been suggested as a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for sarcoidosis imaging. This study aimed to analyze possible advantages of 18F-FDG-PET over 67Ga citrate scintigraphy during the primary assessment of patients with sarcoidosis. Patients and methods: Twentyfour patients (11 men, 13 women, aged 52 years ±12.4) with histologically proven sarcoidosis were investigated with 18F-FDG and 67Ga citrate. Equipment included a fullring PET scanner (ECAT EXACT HR+, Siemens/CTI, Knoxville TN, USA) and a double-headed gamma camera (ECAM, Siemens, Illinois, USA) for scintigraphy. The mean time difference between the two studies was 6.5 days (range: 5–8 days). Results: There was a significant difference in the detection of pulmonary and nonpulmonary sarcoidosis lesions between planar 67Ga citrate scans and 18F-FDG-PET images (<0.0021). A total of 64 lesions were detected with 67Ga citrate scans in the thorax and elsewhere with a mean of 2.6 lesions (4%) per patient, while 85 lesions were found with 18F-FDG-PET, with a mean of 3.5 lesions (4.1%) per patient. There was complete agreement between 18F-FDG and 67Ga citrate in thoracic manifestations in four (16.6%) patients, and in non-thoracic manifestations in five (20.8%) patients. The interobserver variability showed a kappa value of 0.79. Conclusion: 67Ga citrate and 18F-FDG are useful tracers for diagnostic evaluation of thoracic sarcoidosis. 18F-FDG seems to be more suitable for imaging the mediastinum, the bi-hilar lymph nodes, the posterior regions of the lungs and non-thoracic lesions. Further prospective studies are needed to clarify the role of both tracers in early diagnosis and staging of sarcoidosis, and to resolve questions concerning medical treatment and follow-up.

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