Inheritance of Glyphosate Resistance in Hairy Fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) from California

Weed Science ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miki Okada ◽  
Marie Jasieniuk
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Glyphosate Resistance ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Backcross Population ◽  
Resistant Parent ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Locus Model ◽  
Hairy Fleabane

Inheritance of glyphosate resistance was investigated in hairy fleabane populations from California as part of providing the information needed to predict and manage resistance and to gain insight into resistance mechanism (or mechanisms) present in the populations. Three glyphosate-resistant individuals grown from seed collected from distinct sites near Fresno, CA, were crossed to individuals from the same susceptible population to create reciprocal F1populations. A single individual from each of the F1populations was used to create a backcross population with a susceptible maternal parent, and an F2population. Based on dose response analyses, reciprocal F1populations were not statistically different from each other, more similar to the resistant parent, and statistically different from the susceptible parent, consistent with nuclear control of the trait and dominance to incomplete dominance of resistance over susceptibility in all three crosses. Glyphosate resistance in two of the three crosses segregated in the backcross and the F2populations as a single-locus trait. In the remaining cross, the resistant parent had approximately half the resistance level as the other two resistant parents, and the segregation of glyphosate resistance in backcross and F2populations conformed to a two-locus model with resistance alleles acting additively and at least two copies of the allele required for expression of resistance. This two-locus model of the segregation of glyphosate resistance has not been reported previously. Variation in the pattern of inheritance and the level of resistance indicate that multiple resistance mechanisms may be present in hairy fleabane populations in California.

Confirmation and Resistance Mechanisms in Glyphosate-Resistant Common Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) in Arkansas

Weed Science ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 567-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad E. Brewer ◽  
Lawrence R. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Glyphosate Resistance ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Target Site ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Common Ragweed

Greenhouse studies were established in Fayetteville, AR, to investigate glyphosate resistance in Arkansas common ragweed populations. Common ragweed seed were collected from plants in Pope and Jackson counties in Arkansas. Plants grown from seed were sprayed with one of seven glyphosate rates. Populations in Pope and Jackson counties were 21-fold and 10-fold more tolerant to glyphosate, respectively, than a known susceptible population. Based on14C-glyphosate absorption and translocation studies, reduced glyphosate absorption or translocation was not the resistance mechanism in Arkansas glyphosate-resistant common ragweed. Shikimate accumulation did not differ among the known susceptible and the two resistant populations at 3 d after treatment (DAT). However, by 5 DAT, shikimate accumulation in the two resistant populations was lower than the known susceptible population. Data indicate that glyphosate-resistant common ragweed is present in at least two locations in Arkansas, and the resistance mechanism is not an insensitive target site or reduced glyphosate absorption or translocation.

scholarly journals New Case of False-Star-Grass (Chloris distichophylla) Population Evolving Glyphosate Resistance

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 377 ◽  
Author(s):  
José G. Vázquez-García ◽  
Sajedeh Golmohammadzadeh ◽  
Candelario Palma-Bautista ◽  
Antonia M. Rojano-Delgado ◽  
José A. Domínguez-Valenzuela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Shikimic Acid ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Glyphosate Resistance ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
First Case

Chloris distichophylla, suspected of glyphosate resistance (GR), was collected from areas of soybean cultivation in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. A comparison was made with a susceptible population (GS) to evaluate the resistance level, mechanisms involved, and control alternatives. Glyphosate doses required to reduce the dry weight (GR50) or cause a mortality rate of 50% (LD50) were around 5.1–3 times greater in the GR population than in the GS population. The shikimic acid accumulation was around 6.2-fold greater in GS plants than in GR plants. No metabolized glyphosate was found in either GR or GS plants. Both populations did not differ in the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) basal activity or in vitro inhibition of EPSPS activity by glyphosate (I50). The maximum glyphosate absorption was observed at 96 hours after treatment (HAT), which was twofold higher in the GS plants than in the GR plants. This confirms the first case of glyphosate resistance in C. distichophylla. In addition, at 96 HAT, the GS plants translocated more 14C-glyphosate than the GR ones. The best options for the chemical control of both C. distichophylla populations were clethodim, quizalofop, paraquat, glufosinate, tembotrione, diuron, and atrazine. The first case of glyphosate resistance in C. distichophylla was due to impaired uptake and translocation. Chemical control using multiple herbicides with different modes of action (MOA) could be a tool used for integrated weed management (IWM) programs.

scholarly journals The Triple Amino Acid Substitution TAP-IVS in the EPSPS Gene Confers High Glyphosate Resistance to the Superweed Amaranthus hybridus

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 2396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria J. García ◽  
Candelario Palma-Bautista ◽  
Antonia M. Rojano-Delgado ◽  
Enzo Bracamonte ◽  
João Portugal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Substitution ◽  
Glyphosate Resistance ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Triple Mutant ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Amaranthus Hybridus ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Epsps Gene ◽  
Wide Range

The introduction of glyphosate-resistant (GR) crops revolutionized weed management; however, the improper use of this technology has selected for a wide range of weeds resistant to glyphosate, referred to as superweeds. We characterized the high glyphosate resistance level of an Amaranthus hybridus population (GRH)—a superweed collected in a GR-soybean field from Cordoba, Argentina—as well as the resistance mechanisms that govern it in comparison to a susceptible population (GSH). The GRH population was 100.6 times more resistant than the GSH population. Reduced absorption and metabolism of glyphosate, as well as gene duplication of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) or its overexpression did not contribute to this resistance. However, GSH plants translocated at least 10% more 14C-glyphosate to the rest of the plant and roots than GRH plants at 9 h after treatment. In addition, a novel triple amino acid substitution from TAP (wild type, GSH) to IVS (triple mutant, GRH) was identified in the EPSPS gene of the GRH. The nucleotide substitutions consisted of ATA102, GTC103 and TCA106 instead of ACA102, GCG103, and CCA106, respectively. The hydrogen bond distances between Gly-101 and Arg-105 positions increased from 2.89 Å (wild type) to 2.93 Å (triple-mutant) according to the EPSPS structural modeling. These results support that the high level of glyphosate resistance of the GRH A. hybridus population was mainly governed by the triple mutation TAP-IVS found of the EPSPS target site, but the impaired translocation of herbicide also contributed in this resistance.

Evolved Resistance to Glyphosate in Junglerice (Echinochloa colona) from the Tropical Ord River Region in Australia

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 480-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd A. Gaines ◽  
Andrew Cripps ◽  
Stephen B. Powles
Keyword(s):  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Glyphosate Resistance ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Perennial Crop ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
River Region ◽  
Resistant Population ◽  
Chemical Fallow

The objective of this study was to determine whether a junglerice population from the tropical Ord River region of northwest Australia was glyphosate resistant, and whether alternative herbicides labeled for junglerice control were still effective. Seed samples collected from the field site were initially screened with glyphosate in the glasshouse, and surviving individuals were self-pollinated for subsequent glyphosate dose-response studies. Glyphosate resistance was confirmed, as the suspected resistant population was found to be 8.6-fold more resistant to glyphosate than a susceptible population based on survival (LD50of 3.72 kg ha−1), and 5.6-fold more resistant based on biomass reduction (GR50of 1.16 kg ha−1). The glyphosate-resistant population was susceptible to label-recommended doses of all other herbicides assessed, including three acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) –inhibiting herbicides (fluazifop-P, haloxyfop, and sethoxydim), two acetolactate synthase (ALS) –inhibiting herbicides (imazamox and sulfometuron), paraquat, and glufosinate. Glyphosate resistance has previously evolved in numerous species found in glyphosate-resistant cropping systems, no-till chemical fallow, fence line, and perennial crop situations. Here we report the evolution of glyphosate resistance in a cropping system that included annual tillage. The evolution of glyphosate resistance in junglerice from a tropical cropping system further demonstrates the need for improved glyphosate stewardship practices globally.

Inheritance of glyphosate resistance in several populations of rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) from Australia

Weed Science ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (02) ◽  
pp. 212-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela M. Wakelin ◽  
Christopher Preston
Keyword(s):  
Single Gene ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Nuclear Genome ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Glyphosate Resistance ◽  
Resistant Parent ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Filial Generation ◽  
Rigid Ryegrass

In Australia, glyphosate resistance has been observed in rigid ryegrass in several states including New South Wales (NSW) and South Australia (SA). Several populations of glyphosate-resistant rigid ryegrass were analyzed for the inheritance of glyphosate resistance. Eight glyphosate-resistant populations were crossed to the same susceptible population to create first filial generation (F1) families. Individuals from the F1families were subsequently treated with glyphosate. The response to glyphosate of F1families from all eight crosses was more similar to the resistant parent than the susceptible parent. Within crosses, dose responses of reciprocal F1families were not significantly different from each other, indicating glyphosate resistance is encoded on the nuclear genome in all eight populations. The level of dominance observed in dose–response experiments ranged from partial to total within the herbicide doses tested. F1individuals from five of the populations were crossed with susceptible (S) individuals to create backcross (BC) populations. Most of the families from these BC populations segregated in a manner consistent with a single gene controlling glyphosate resistance. These results indicate that resistance is inherited as a single dominant allele in four out of the five glyphosate-resistant rigid ryegrass populations. Such information is vital in the development of management strategies for glyphosate resistance in Australia.

scholarly journals Tomato Bacterial Spot Resistance Derived from PI 114490; Inheritance of Resistance to Race T2 and Relationship across Three Pathogen Races

2003 ◽  
Vol 128 (5) ◽  
pp. 698-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.W. Scott ◽  
D.M. Francis ◽  
S.A. Miller ◽  
G.C. Somodi ◽  
J.B. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bacterial Spot ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Narrow Sense Heritability ◽  
Backcross Population ◽  
Locus Model ◽  
Bacterial Spot Resistance ◽  
Inbred Backcross

Crosses were made between tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) inbreds susceptible to races T2 and T3 of bacterial spot (Xanthomonas vesicatoria and Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, respectively) and accession PI 114490 with resistance to races T1, T2, and T3. Resistance to race T2 was analyzed using the parents, F1, and F2 generations from one of the crosses. The F1 was intermediate between the parents for disease severity suggesting additive gene action. The segregation of F2 progeny fit a two-locus model (χ2 = 0.96, P = 0.9-0.5) where four resistance alleles are required for a high resistance level, two or three resistance alleles provide intermediate resistance, and zero or one resistance allele results in susceptibility. The narrow sense heritability of resistance to T2 strains was estimated to be 0.37 ± 0.1 based on F2 to F3 parent-offspring regression. A second cross was developed into an inbred backcross (IBC) population to facilitate multilocation replicated testing with multiple races. Segregation for T2 resistance in the inbred backcross population also suggested control was by two loci, lending support to the two-locus model hypothesized based on the F2 segregation. To determine if the same loci conferred resistance to the other races, selections for race T2 resistance were made in the F2 and F3 generations and for race T3 resistance in the F2 through F4 generations. Six T3 selections (F5), 13 T2 selections (F4's that diverged from seven F2 selections), and control lines were then evaluated for disease severity to races T1, T2, and T3 over two seasons. Linear correlations were used to estimate the efficiency of selecting for resistance to multiple races based on a disease nursery inoculated with a single race. Race T1 and race T2 disease severities were correlated (r ≥ 0.80, P< 0.001) within and between years while neither was correlated to race T3 either year. These results suggest that selecting for race T2 resistance in progeny derived from crosses to PI 114490 would be an effective strategy to obtain resistance to both race T1 and T2 in the populations tested. In contrast, selection for race T3 or T2 will be less likely to result in lines with resistance to the other race. PI 114490 had less resistance to T3 than to T2 or T1. Independent segregation of T2 and T3 resistance from the IBC population derived from PI 114490 suggests that T3 resistance is not controlled by the same genes as T2 resistance, supporting the linear correlation data.

DISTRIBUSI DAN IDENTIFIKASI POPULASI SINTRONG (Crossocephalum crepidiodes.Benth) RESISTEN PARAKUAT PADA LAHAN JAGUNG (Zea mays) DI KABUPATEN DAIRI

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-161
Author(s):  
Berton Sianturi
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
High Resistance ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Recommended Dose ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Susceptible Populations

Crassocephalum crepidioides on Cornfields in Dairi Regency had been reported tobecome more difficult to control using paraquat. The objective of the research was todetermine the characteristics and the distribution of C.crepidioides resistant to paraquatin cornfields. The experiment was carried out in two steps, the first step was screeningthe population of C. crepidioides with paraquat at the recommended dose, and the secondstep, dose-response experiment for the resistance level of C. crepidioides population withdose 0, 76, 152, 304,5, 609, 1218, and 2436 g.ai /ha. In the first step experiment, paraquatdichloride was applied at 280 g.ai/ha. The treatments were arranged in a randomized blockdesign with 3 replication. The second step experiment was that the resistant populationsconfirmed in the first experiment were sprayed for their dose-response. The treatmentswere arranged in a randomized complete block design (CRBD). The results showed thatof 30 populations of C. crepidiodes, 19 populations (63.3%) were categorized to beresistant with the mortality ranging from 10.84% to 52.08%, and 11 populations (36.7%),was categorized as high resistance with mortality of 0% to 9.21%. The level ofresistance (R/S) of R-C25, R-C27, and R-C30 populations of C. crepidioides were 12,3,14,86, and 24,83 times consecutively, compared with the susceptible population. Thenumber of C. crepidioides chlorophyl leaves in susceptible populations was significantlylower than that of a resistant populations.

scholarly journals Environmental cues affecting horseweed (Conyza canadensis) growth type and their sensitivity to glyphosate

Weed Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-35
Author(s):  
John A. Schramski ◽  
Christy L. Sprague ◽  
Eric L. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Glyphosate Resistance ◽  
Single Parent ◽  
Environmental Cues ◽  
Conyza Canadensis ◽  
Growth Type ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Water Imbibition ◽  
Growth Types ◽  
Winter Annual

Abstract Horseweed [Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist] is a facultative winter annual weed that can emerge from March to November in Michigan. Fall emerging C. canadensis overwinters as a rosette, while spring emerging C. canadensis skips the rosette stage and immediately grows upright upon emergence. In Michigan, primary emergence recently shifted from fall to spring/summer and therefore from a rosette to an upright growth type. Growth chamber experiments were conducted to determine 1) whether both C. canadensis growth types could originate from a single parent and 2) if common environmental cues can influence growth type. Variations in temperature, photoperiod, competition, shading, and soil moisture only resulted in the rosette growth type in four C. canadensis populations originating from seed collected from a single parent of the upright growth type. However, a vernalization period of four weeks following water imbibition, but prior to germination, resulted in the upright growth type. Dose-response experiments were conducted to determine whether glyphosate sensitivity differed between C. canadensis growth types generated from a single parent of the upright growth type. Upright type C. canadensis from known glyphosate-resistant populations ISB-18 and MSU-18 were four and three-fold less sensitive to glyphosate than their rosette siblings, respectively. Interestingly, differences in glyphosate sensitivity was not observed between growth types from the susceptible population. These results suggest that while C. canadensis populations shift from winter to summer annual lifecycles, concurrent increases in glyphosate resistance could occur.

Lack of Cross-Resistance of Paraquat-Resistant Hairy Fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) to Other Toxic Oxygen Generators Indicates Enzymatic Protection is Not the Resistance Mechanism

Weed Science ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin C. Vaughn ◽  
Martin A. Vaughan ◽  
Patrick Camilleri
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Oxygen Generator ◽  
Conyza Bonariensis ◽  
Singlet Oxygen Generator ◽  
Chlorophyll Bleaching ◽  
Direct Measures ◽  
Hairy Fleabane

Cross-resistance of the paraquat-resistant (R) hairy fleabane to other compounds that accept electrons from photosystem I (PSI) or produce toxic oxygen species was determined by chlorophyll loss, electron microscopy, and chlorophyll fluorescence suppression. Although the R bioype is approximately 100 x more resistant to paraquat than the susceptible (S) biotype based upon the assays for tissue damage, little or no cross-resistance was observed to a number of other PSI electron acceptors, including the bipyridilium herbicide morfamquat. A low level of resistance (approximately 10-fold) was noted to diquat and the singlet oxygen generator rose bengal. As measured by chlorophyll fluorescence suppression, the R biotype was about 100-fold resistant to paraquat, but only 10-fold resistant to diquat, and exhibited no resistance to morfamquat. Because differences observed with this protocol are direct measures of the ability of the herbicide to reach the active site and the results correlate with the level of resistance observed by chlorophyll bleaching or electron microscopy, these data suggest that compartmentalization is the major factor in paraquat resistance in hairy fleabane.

Frost Reduces Clethodim Efficacy in Clethodim-Resistant Rigid Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) Populations

Weed Science ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupinder Kaur Saini ◽  
Jenna Malone ◽  
Christopher Preston ◽  
Gurjeet S. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Coenzyme A ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Acetyl Coenzyme A ◽  
Survival Percentage ◽  
Rigid Ryegrass ◽  
Acetyl Coenzyme A Carboxylase

Rigid ryegrass, an important annual weed species in cropping regions of southern Australia, has evolved resistance to 11 major groups of herbicides. Dose–response studies were conducted to determine response of three clethodim-resistant populations and one clethodim-susceptible population of rigid ryegrass to three different frost treatments (−2 C). Clethodim-resistant and -susceptible plants were exposed to frost in a frost chamber from 4:00 P.M. to 8:00 A.M. for three nights before or after clethodim application and were compared with plants not exposed to frost. A reduction in the level of clethodim efficacy was observed in resistant populations when plants were exposed to frost for three nights before or after clethodim application. In the highly resistant populations, the survival percentage and LD50were higher when plants were exposed to frost before clethodim application compared with frost after clethodim application. However, frost treatment did not influence clethodim efficacy of the susceptible population. Sequencing of the acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) gene of the three resistant populations identified three known mutations at positions 1781, 2041, and 2078. However, most individuals in the highly resistant populations did not contain any known mutation in ACCase, suggesting the resistance mechanism was a nontarget site. The effect of frost on clethodim efficacy in resistant plants may be an outcome of the interaction between frost and the clethodim resistance mechanism(s) present.

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