High Risk of the Formation of Milky White Rice Kernels in Cultivars with Higher Potential Grain Growth Rate under Elevated Temperatures

ABSTRACTPolycrystallization mechanism of a fully lamellar microstructure during aging at 1473 and 1273 K has been examined using Ti-48Al-8Nb fully lamellar single crystal, which consists mostly of γ/γ interfaces (variant, perfect-twin and pseudo-twin boundaries). After a certain period of aging, a few γ grains are formed within the lamellae and the lamellar microstructure collapses rapidly to become a γ grained microstructure at both temperatures. An EBSP analysis for aged sample revealed that most of the grains follow the orientation of variant domains in the lamellar microstructure. A kinetic analysis of the grain growth during aging revealed that the activation enthalpy of the growth rate is estimated to be 390 kJ/mol, which is very close to that for volume diffusion coefficient of Al and Nb in γ-TiAl. Based on the results, it is concluded that the formation of the grains is attributed to coarsening of variant domains within the lamellar plates and coalescence of the same variant domains across the lamellae, leading to a γ grained microstructure following the orientation of variant domains. These reactions also make the number of the variant domains decrease during aging, which remains only two variant domains with perfect-twin relationship.

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The threshold energy for atom displacement in fcc metals

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100175788 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

pp. 530-531

Author(s):

Wilfried Sigle ◽

Matthias Hohenstein ◽

Alfred Seeger

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Elevated Temperatures ◽

Threshold Energy ◽

Dislocation Loops ◽

Absolute Minimum ◽

Voltage Electron ◽

Atom Displacement ◽

Electron Microscopes ◽

Fcc Metal

Prolonged electron irradiation of metals at elevated temperatures usually leads to the formation of large interstitial-type dislocation loops. The growth rate of the loops is proportional to the total cross-section for atom displacement,which is implicitly connected with the threshold energy for atom displacement, Ed . Thus, by measuring the growth rate as a function of the electron energy and the orientation of the specimen with respect to the electron beam, the anisotropy of Ed can be determined rather precisely. We have performed such experiments in situ in high-voltage electron microscopes on Ag and Au at 473K as a function of the orientation and on Au as a function of temperature at several fixed orientations.Whereas in Ag minima of Ed are found close to <100>,<110>, and <210> (13-18eV), (Fig.1) atom displacement in Au requires least energy along <100>(15-19eV) (Fig.2). Au is thus the first fcc metal in which the absolute minimum of the threshold energy has been established not to lie in or close to the <110> direction.

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A Model of Wheat Grain Growth and Its Applications to Different Temperature and Carbon Dioxide Levels

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/pp9950843 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 22 (5) ◽

pp. 843 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

YP Wang ◽

RM Gifford

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Grain Growth ◽

Temperature Response ◽

Rate Sensitivity ◽

Temperature Sensitive ◽

Potential Growth ◽

Carbon Supply ◽

The Difference ◽

Carbon Dioxide Levels ◽

Kernel Growth

Kernel growth after anthesis is simulated as a function of the potential kernel growth rate, current photosynthate production and mobilisation of stored reserves. The potential growth rate of the kernel is simulated as two temperature-sensitive processes, cell production and cell growth. The difference between the potential and actual growth rates of the kernel depends on the carbon supply to the free space of the kernel endosperm, while the carbon supply is itself affected by the actual kernel growth rate. Sensitivity analysis showed that the growth rate of the grain per plant is most sensitive to the potential growth rate of the kernel and number of kernels per plant. This model is able to simulate the observed rates of grain growth and leaf senescence from anthesis to physiological maturity for wheat plants grown in two CO2 concentrations. The simulated temperature response of grain growth agrees well with the experimenal observations.

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Endogenous hormonal content during grain development in hexaploid and tetraploid wheat

Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.3329/bjar.v33i3.1608 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 493-502 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Sridhar Gutam ◽

Virendra Nath ◽

GC Srivastava

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Acetic Acid ◽

Abscisic Acid ◽

Gibberellic Acid ◽

Grain Growth ◽

Indole Acetic Acid ◽

Tetraploid Wheat ◽

Weight Basis ◽

Ploidy Levels ◽

Hormonal Content

A pot experiment was conducted in the rabi (post rainy) seasons of 2001 and 2002 to study the genotypic differences in grain growth rate and endogenous hormonal content in the developing grains of hexaploid and tetraploid wheat. The endogenous hormonal contents of grains in both the ploidy levels had changed in sequence. At 5 days after anthesis (DAA), gibberellic acid (GA3); at 15 DAA (rapid growth phase), indole-acetic acid (IAA); at 25 DAA (dough stage), abscisic acid (ABA) were maximum. At 35 DAA, all the endogenous hormonal level decreased and among the hormones, ABA was highest followed by IAA and GA3. Hexaploids recorded higher concentrations of endogenous hormones (13.38% IAA, 17.89% GA3, and 14.7% ABA) on fresh weight basis and resulted in higher seed weight (56.99 mg/grain) and grain growth rate (0.009 g/g/day) compared to tetraploids (49.08 mg/grain; 0.008 g/g/day) on dry weight basis by better mobilization of photosynthates during grain filling. Key Words: Grain growth rate, hormones, indole-acetic acid, gibberellic acid, abscisic acid. doi:10.3329/bjar.v33i3.1608 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 33(3) : 493-502, September 2008

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A Simple Statistical Theory for Grain Growth in Materials.

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-209-251 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 209 ◽

Author(s):

P. Mulheran ◽

J.H. Harding

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Monte Carlo ◽

Statistical Theory ◽

Stochastic Model ◽

Grain Growth ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Monte Carlo Procedure ◽

Short Time ◽

2D And 3D ◽

Good Agreement

A Monte Carlo procedure has been used to study the ordering of both two and three dimensional (2d and 3d) Potts Hamiltonians, further to the work of Anderson et al. For the 3d lattice, the short time growth rate is found to be much slower than previously reported, though the simulated microstructure is in agreement with the earlier studies. We propose a new stochastic model that gives good agreement with the simulations.

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Effect of Rare Earth (RE) La on Solid Solution of Second Phase Particle and Austenite Grain Growth in Steel Containing High Niobium

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.2869 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 189-193 ◽

pp. 2869-2874 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Wen Zhong Song ◽

Qi Fang ◽

Hui Ping Ren ◽

Zi Li Jin ◽

Hui Chang

Keyword(s):

Solid Solution ◽

Growth Rate ◽

Rare Earth ◽

Grain Growth ◽

Phase Particle ◽

Solution Temperature ◽

Second Phase ◽

Austenite Grain ◽

Austenite Grain Growth ◽

Soaking Temperature

The solid solution of the second phase particle and austenite grain growth behavior of the high niobium-containing RE steel was studied by mathematical calculation and extraction replica technique. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of Rare Earth La on austenite grain growth and propose an empirical equation for predicting the austenite grain size of RE steel. Austenite grain grows in an exponential law with the increase of heating temperature, while approximately in a parabolic law with the increase of holding time. Results show that the RE steel has good anti-coarsening ability at elevated temperatures. When soaking temperature is lower than 1250°C , AGS and growth rate are small for high niobium steel, but soaking temperature is lower than 1220°C , AGS and growth rate are small for RE steel. RE La can promote solid solution of second-phase particles Nb(C, N), the solution temperature decrease 30°C than high niobium steel.

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Factors Influencing the Rate and Duration of Grain Filling in Wheat

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/pp9770785 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 4 (5) ◽

pp. 785 ◽

Cited By ~ 158

Author(s):

I Sofield ◽

LT Evans ◽

MG Cook ◽

IF Wardlaw

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Grain Growth ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Close Relation ◽

Grain Number ◽

Lag Period ◽

The Difference ◽

Leaf Photosynthetic Rate

Controlled-environment conditions were used to examine the effects of cultivar and of temperature and illuminance after anthesis on grain setting and on the duration and rate of grain growth. After an initial lag period, which did not differ greatly between cultivars, grain dry weight increased linearly under most conditions until final grain weight was approached. Growth rate per grain depended on floret position within the ear, varied between cultivars (those with larger grains at maturity having a faster rate), and increased with rise in temperature. With cultivars in which grain number per ear was markedly affected by illuminance, light had relatively little effect on growth rate per grain. With those in which grain number was less affected by illuminance, growth rate per grain was highly responsive to it, especially in the more distal florets. In both cases there was a close relation between leaf photosynthetic rate as influenced by illuminance, the rate of grain growth per ear, and final grain yield per ear. The duration of linear grain growth, on the other hand, was scarcely influenced by illuminance, but was greatly reduced as temperature rose, with pronounced effects on grain yield per ear. Cultivars differed to some extent in their duration of linear growth, but these differences accounted for less of the difference in final weight per grain than did those in rate of grain growth. Under most conditions the cessation of grain growth did not appear to be due to lack of assimilates.

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Microbial community composition is linked to Sphagnum acclimation to warming

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-13734 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tatjana Živković ◽

Alyssa A Carell ◽

Gustaf Granath ◽

Mats B Nilsson ◽

Manuel Helbig ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Host Plant ◽

Climate Warming ◽

Elevated Temperatures ◽

Critical Role ◽

Temperature Acclimation ◽

Microbial Interactions ◽

Germ Free ◽

Wide Range ◽

Thermal Origin

Peatlands store about third of the terrestrial carbon (C) and exert long-term climate cooling. Dominant plant genera in acidic peatlands, Sphagnum mosses, are main contributors to net primary productivity. Through associative relationships with diverse microbial organisms (microbiome), Sphagnum mosses control major biogeochemical processes, namely uptake, storage and potential release of carbon and nitrogen. Climate warming is expected to negatively impact C accumulation in peatlands and alter nutrient cycling, however Sphagnum-dominated peatland resilience to climate warming may depend on Sphagnum-microbiome associations. The ability of the microbiome to rapidly acclimatize to warming may aid Sphagnum exposed to elevated temperatures through host-microbiome acquired thermotolerance. We investigated the role of the microbiome on Sphagnum&#8217;s ability to acclimate to elevated temperatures using a microbiome-transfer approach to test: a) whether the thermal origin of the microbiome influences acclimation of Sphagnum growth and b) if microbial benefits to Sphagnum growth depend on donor Sphagnum species.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Using a full-factorial design, microbiomes were separated from Sphagnum &#8220;donor&#8221; species from four different peatlands across a wide range of thermal environments (11.4-27&#176;C). The microbiomes were transferred onto germ-free &#8220;recipient&#8221; Sphagnum species in the laboratory and exposed to a range of experimental temperatures (8.5 &#8211; 26.5&#176;C) for growth analysis over 4 weeks.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Normalized growth rates were maximized for plants that received a microbiome from a matched &#8220;donor&#8221; and with a similar origin temperature (&#916;Ttreatment-origin: 0.3&#177;0.9&#176;C [&#177;standard error], p = 0.73). For non-matched &#8220;donor-recipient&#8221; Sphagnum pairs, &#916;Ttreatment-origin was slightly negative with -4.1&#177;2.1&#176;C (p = 0.06). The largest growth rate of the &#8220;recipient&#8221; was measured when grown with a microbiome from a matching &#8220;donor&#8221; Sphagnum species and was 252% and 48% larger than the maximum growth rate of the germ-free Sphagnum and the non-matched &#8220;donor-recipient&#8221; Sphagnum pairs, respectively.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Our results suggest that the composition of the Sphagnum microbiome plays a critical role in host plant temperature acclimation. We found that microbially-provided benefits to the host plant were most pronounced when: 1) the thermal origin of the microbiome is similar to experimental temperatures, and 2) when donor and recipient Sphagnum species are the same. Together, these results suggest that Sphagnum temperature acclimation can be modulated, in part, by microbial interactions and may potentially play a role in peatland resilience to climate warming.

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Grain Growth Rate in SnO2 Ceramics Doped with Varying Ratios of Nb2O5/CoO

Progress in Powder Metallurgy - Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/0-87849-419-7.533 ◽

2007 ◽

pp. 533-536

Author(s):

Dong Gyu Chang ◽

Joon Hyung Lee ◽

Jeong Joo Kim

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Grain Growth

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Effect of Composition on the Growth of Single Crystals of (1−x)(Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3-xSrTiO3 by Solid State Crystal Growth

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma12152357 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (15) ◽

pp. 2357 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Le ◽

Fisher ◽

Moon

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Crystal Growth ◽

Solid State ◽

Single Crystal ◽

Single Crystals ◽

Grain Growth ◽

Ceramic Powder ◽

Single Crystal Growth ◽

Crystal Growth Rate ◽

Mixed Control

The (1−x)(Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3-xSrTiO3 (NBT-100xST) system is a possible lead-free candidate for actuator applications because of its excellent strain vs. electric field behaviour. Use of single crystals instead of polycrystalline ceramics may lead to further improvement in piezoelectric properties but work on single crystal growth in this system is limited. In particular, the effect of composition on single crystal growth has yet to be studied. In this work, single crystals of (NBT-100xST) with x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.20 were grown using the method of Solid State Crystal Growth. [001]-oriented SrTiO3 single crystal seeds were embedded in (NBT-100xST) ceramic powder, which was then pressed to form pellets and sintered at 1200 °C for 5 min–50 h. Single crystal growth rate, matrix grain growth rate and sample microstructure were examined using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The results indicate that the highest single crystal growth rate was obtained at x = 0.20. The mixed control theory of grain growth is used to explain the single crystal and matrix grain growth behaviour.

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