The Making of Ramblers 186 and 187

PMLA ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 575-580
Author(s):  
Arthur Sherbo
Keyword(s):  
Large Body ◽  
Samuel Johnson ◽  
Full Knowledge ◽  
Selection Of

In 1734 Edward Cave, founder of the Gentleman's Magazine, received a pseudonymous letter whose writer made a number of suggestions for the improvement of the magazine. The writer, “S. Smith,” was a young man named Samuel Johnson who, four years later, was to take over duties which made him virtually the editor of the Gentleman's Magazine until 1745. During the period from 1738 to 1745, then, Johnson may be assumed to have had full knowledge of all contributions to the magazine as well as no little voice in the selection of those thought worthy of publication. Possibly the implications of this fact have not been fully realized. Johnson probably read most of the contributions with the critical eye of an editor and, I suppose it proper to conjecture, re-read or glanced over the periodical upon its monthly appearances. In short, one can assume Johnson's close familiarity with much of the contents of the Gentleman's Magazine for a number of years, and it is not surprising in view of his remarkable memory that he should sometimes fall back upon this large body of material, consciously or unconsciously, in his own writings. I hope to demonstrate here one such use of the contents of the magazine that led to the writing of Ramblers 186 and 187.

scholarly journals Are trade-offs between flexibility and efficiency in systematic conservation planning avoidable ?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrine Drira ◽  
Frida Ben Rais Lasram ◽  
Tarek Hattab ◽  
Yunne Jai Shin ◽  
Amel Ben Rejeb Jenhani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conservation Planning ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Efficient Solutions ◽  
Reserve Selection ◽  
Systematic Conservation Planning ◽  
Distribution Models ◽  
Precise Control ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Selection Framework ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractSpecies distribution models (SDMs) have been proposed as a way to provide robust inference about species-specific sites suitabilities, and have been increasingly used in systematic conservation planning (SCP) applications. However, despite the fact that the use of SDMs in SCP may raise some potential issues, conservation studies have overlooked to assess the implications of SDMs uncertainties. The integration of these uncertainties in conservation solutions requires the development of a reserve-selection approach based on a suitable optimization algorithm. A large body of research has shown that exact optimization algorithms give very precise control over the gap to optimality of conservation solutions. However, their major shortcoming is that they generate a single binary and indivisible solution. Therefore, they provide no flexibility in the implementation of conservation solutions by stakeholders. On the other hand, heuristic decision-support systems provide large amounts of sub-optimal solutions, and therefore more flexibility. This flexibility arises from the availability of many alternative and sub-optimal conservation solutions. The two principles of efficiency and flexibility are implicitly linked in conservation applications, with the most mathematically efficient solutions being inflexible and the flexible solutions provided by heuristics suffering sub-optimality. In order to avoid the trade-offs between flexibility and efficiency in systematic conservation planning, we propose in this paper a new reserve-selection framework based on mathematical programming optimization combined with a post-selection of SDM outputs. This approach leads to a reserve-selection framework that might provide flexibility while simultaneously addressing efficiency and representativeness of conservation solutions and the adequacy of conservation targets. To exemplify the approach we a nalyzed an experimental design crossing pre- and post-selection of SDM outputs versus heuristics and exact mathematical optimizations. We used the Mediterranean Sea as a biogeographical template for our analyses, integrating the outputs of 8 SDM techniques for 438 fishes species.

From Geordie Ridley to Viz: popular literature in Tyneside English

2000 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan C. Beal
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Regional Identity ◽  
Popular Literature ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
Standard English ◽  
Local Identity ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
The Face ◽  
Selection Of

The existence of a large body of literature in the Tyneside and Northumbrian dialects, dating from the late 18th century and continuing to the present day, testifies to a strong and enduring sense of regional identity closely associated with an acute sense of the differences between these dialects and Standard English/RP. Although much of this literature is conservative in nature and conservationist in intent, more recent examples in the local and popular press attempt to represent the salient features of the modern urban dialect (Geordie).This article examines extracts from a selection of texts, dating from George (Geordie) Ridley’s The Blaydon Races (1862) to cartoons in the Newcastle local newspaper, The Evening Chronicle(1996-7) and from Viz comic (1998). In the texts examined, semi-phonetic spelling is used to represent features of the Geordie accent. This article demonstrates that, whilst some features of the traditional dialect have been dropped by the more recent writers, others, such as the monophthongal/u:/in words such as ‘ town’, ‘brown’, spelt <toon, broon> are retained, notably in lexical items having referents which are closely bound up with local identity. Features found only in 20th-century texts often indicate very localized shibboleths, distinguishing Geordies from ‘Makkems’ (citizens of Sunderland, about 15 miles south-east of Newcastle).Recent sociolinguistic research points to a tendency for supra-local norms to replace the more traditional forms indicated by the spellings in dialect literature. This article argues that the prominence of local forms in dialect literature may represent an assertion of local identity in the face of the perceived threat of cultural and linguistic homogenization.

scholarly journals A Phylogenetic Perspective on the Evolution of Chromatic Ultraviolet Plumage Coloration in Grackles and Allies (Icteridae)

The Auk ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muir D. Eaton
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Plumage Coloration ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Evolutionary Force ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Phylogenetic Perspective ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Museum Study ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Plumage traits have been studied intensely for more than a century, especially bright and exaggerated plumage. A large body of evidence across a range of avian taxa supports sexual selection as a major evolutionary force acting on plumage colors. The discovery of ultraviolet (UV) coloration in avian plumage resulted in the extension of sexual selection hypotheses to explain the evolution of potential UV plumage traits. However, there have been no comparative evolutionary studies elucidating the origin of UV signals in birds. Here, I used a comparative phylogenetic approach to investigate the evolution of chromatic UV plumage colors in the grackles-and-allies clade of the New World blackbirds (Icteridae). On the basis of reflectance data collected from museum study skins, I have determined that UV plumage signals have evolved multiple times from an ancestral condition that lacked UV plumage signals, with very few unambiguous reversals. Although UV plumage has evolved in both males and females, there have been significantly more evolutionary changes in male UV plumage characters. Concentrated changes tests and correlations of independent contrasts reveal evidence for sexual selection of some male UV plumage characters, as well as an increase in UV plumage coloration for species found in open habitats. These results support the use of objective assessments of avian colors (i.e. spectrophotometry) to properly interpret patterns of plumage evolution generally, and they suggest the need for behavioral studies on the function of chromatic UV signals in several blackbird species. Una Perspectiva Filogenética sobre la Evolución de la Coloración Ultravioleta en los Changos y Chamones (Icteridae)

scholarly journals Shortest, Fastest, and Foremost Broadcast in Dynamic Networks

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (04) ◽  
pp. 499-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnaud Casteigts ◽  
Paola Flocchini ◽  
Bernard Mans ◽  
Nicola Santoro
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Networks ◽  
Network Evolution ◽  
Recurrence Time ◽  
Dynamic Graphs ◽  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
Minimum Duration ◽  
Full Knowledge ◽  
Distinct Features ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Selection Of

Highly dynamic networks rarely offer end-to-end connectivity at a given time. Yet, connectivity in these networks can be established over time and space, based on temporal analogues of multi-hop paths (also called journeys). Attempting to optimize the selection of the journeys in these networks naturally leads to the study of three cases: shortest (minimum hop), fastest (minimum duration), and foremost (earliest arrival) journeys. Efficient centralized algorithms exists to compute all cases, when the full knowledge of the network evolution is given. In this paper, we study the distributed counterparts of these problems, i.e. shortest, fastest, and foremost broadcast with termination detection (TDB), with minimal knowledge on the topology. We show that the feasibility of each of these problems requires distinct features on the evolution, through identifying three classes of dynamic graphs wherein the problems become gradually feasible: graphs in which the re-appearance of edges is recurrent (class [Formula: see text]), bounded-recurrent ([Formula: see text]), or periodic ([Formula: see text]), together with specific knowledge that are respectively n (the number of nodes), Δ (a bound on the recurrence time), and p (the period). In these classes it is not required that all pairs of nodes get in contact — only that the overall footprint of the graph is connected over time. Our results, together with the strict inclusion between [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text], implies a feasibility order among the three variants of the problem, i.e. TDB[foremost] requires weaker assumptions on the topology dynamics than TDB[shortest], which itself requires less than TDB[fastest]. Reversely, these differences in feasibility imply that the computational powers of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] also form a strict hierarchy.

Constraints on the agentless passive

1983 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Judith Weiner ◽  
William Labov
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Study ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Spontaneous Speech ◽  
English Speakers ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Crucial Question ◽  
The Social ◽  
Selection Of

This paper is a quantitative study of the factors that determine the selection of passive constructions over active ones by English speakers. By examining a large body of passives used in spontaneous speech, together with the sentences that show an opposing choice, we are able to throw light on the crucial question of which syntactic and which semantic features of the environment act to constrain the choice and whether syntactic or semantic factors predominate in this case. In the course of the analysis, we will also have something to say about the social factors that have been reported to determine the use of the passive.

The Society of Antiquaries in War-Time

1942 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
South West ◽  
Full Knowledge ◽  
Rare Books ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
South West England

The Council, being of opinion that the Fellows should have a full knowledge of the conditions under which the Society is carrying on its work at the present time, has authorized the following statement.The first concern has been for the safety of the Society's possessions.Thirteen thousand five hundred books, weighing about thirty-four tons, have been removed from Burlington House to twenty-five country repositories in Wales, south-west England, the northwest Midlands, the Chilterns, and elsewhere. The remaining books at Burlington House have been stacked and protected as far as is possible against fire. Those selected for evacuation were valuable manuscripts and rare books, topographical works, periodicals (English and foreign), with special reference to their usefulness and the difficulty of replacing them. The Library Index of about 500,000 cards, the Indexes of Lantern Slides and of Prints and Drawings, as well as a selection of the Society's stock of early publications, have also been removed.

scholarly journals Selection of lamb size and early pregnancy in Soay sheep (Ovies aries)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria João Janeiro ◽  
Jonathan M. Henshaw ◽  
Josephine M. Pemberton ◽  
Jill G. Pilkington ◽  
Michael B. Morrissey
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Ovis Aries ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Soay Sheep ◽  
Ewe Lamb ◽  
Slow Evolution ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractThe paradox of stasis – the unexpectedly slow evolution of heritable traits under direct selection – has been widely documented in the last few decades. This paradox is often particularly acute for body size, which is often heritable and where positive associations of size and fitness are frequently identified, but constraints to the evolution of larger body sizes are often not obvious. Here, we identify a trade-off between survival and size-dependent reproduction in Soay sheep (Ovis aries), contributes to selection against large body size. Using recently developed theory on non-linear developmental systems, then decompose total selection of ewe lamb mass along different causal paths to fitness. Larger lambs are more likely to become pregnant, which has a large viability cost. After controlling for this pathway, however, the association between lamb mass and subsequent lifetime fitness is positive. Thus this trade-off does not fully explain stasis of size in tis population, but it does substantially reduce the strength of positive directional selection of size that would otherwise occur. While selection currently favours reduced probability of early pregnancy, largely irrespective of body size, it is likely that the occurrence of early pregnancy could result from adaptation to conditions during a recent period during which population density was much lower.

scholarly journals Exploring the fitness benefits of genome reduction in Escherichia coli by a selection-driven approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktor Vernyik ◽  
Ildikó Karcagi ◽  
Edit Tímár ◽  
István Nagy ◽  
Ádám Györkei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Genome Reduction ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Bacterial Genomes ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Full Knowledge ◽  
Fitness Benefits ◽  
Genomic Regions ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractArtificial simplification of bacterial genomes is thought to have the potential to yield cells with reduced complexity, enhanced genetic stability, and improved cellular economy. Of these goals, economical gains, supposedly due to the elimination of superfluous genetic material, and manifested in elevated growth parameters in selected niches, have not yet been convincingly achieved. This failure might stem from limitations of the targeted genome reduction approach that assumes full knowledge of gene functions and interactions, and allows only a limited number of reduction trajectories to interrogate. To explore the potential fitness benefits of genome reduction, we generated successive random deletions in E. coli by a novel, selection-driven, iterative streamlining process. The approach allows the exploration of multiple streamlining trajectories, and growth periods inherent in the procedure ensure selection of the fittest variants of the population. By generating single- and multiple-deletion strains and reconstructing the deletions in the parental genetic background, we showed that favourable deletions can be obtained and accumulated by the procedure. The most reduced multiple-deletion strain, obtained in five deletion cycles (2.5% genome reduction), outcompeted the wild-type, and showed elevated biomass yield. The spectrum of advantageous deletions, however, affecting only a few genomic regions, appears to be limited.

Alpha-fetoprotein for Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Transplant Selection

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (02) ◽  
pp. 163-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franco Trevisani ◽  
Francesca Garuti ◽  
Andrea Neri
Keyword(s):  
Large Body ◽  
Tumor Burden ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Dynamic Variable ◽  
Clinical Value ◽  
Cancer Occurrence ◽  
Patients At Risk ◽  
Asymptomatic Stage ◽  
Hcc Recurrence ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractReliable biomarkers are of great clinical value in predicting cancer occurrence/recurrence, anticipating its detection at an asymptomatic stage, supporting the radiological diagnosis, stratifying patients for prognosis and proper therapy, and measuring the response to treatment. Despite the plethora of biomarkers proposed for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the first one identified, α-fetoprotein (AFP), remains the most utilized. This article reviews the lights and shadows of AFP as a surveillance test for patients at risk of HCC, and as a diagnostic test for those with chronic liver disease and a suspected hepatic mass. Moreover, the article scrutinizes the large body of evidence supporting the prognostic relevance of AFP in patients undergoing both curative and palliative treatment of HCC and the growing importance attributed to this biomarker (as a static or a dynamic variable) in the selection of potential candidates for liver transplantation. In fact, the inclusion of AFP among transplant criteria would improve the ability of identifying poor candidates due to an unacceptable risk of HCC recurrence regardless of tumor burden, and of adopting flexible morphological selection criteria.

scholarly journals Language selection contributes to intrusion errors in speaking: Evidence from picture naming

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 788-800
Author(s):  
Xiaochen Zheng ◽  
Ardi Roelofs ◽  
Kristin Lemhöfer
Keyword(s):  
Large Body ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Conceptual Level ◽  
Language Selection ◽  
Intrusion Errors ◽  
Conversational Language ◽  
The Right ◽  
Word Selection ◽  
Language Context ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractBilinguals usually select the right language to speak for the particular context they are in, but sometimes the nontarget language intrudes. Despite a large body of research into language selection and language control, it remains unclear where intrusion errors originate from. These errors may be due to incorrect selection of the nontarget language at the conceptual level, or be a consequence of erroneous word selection (despite correct language selection) at the lexical level. We examined the former possibility in two language switching experiments using a manipulation that supposedly affects language selection on the conceptual level, namely whether the conversational language context was associated with the target language (congruent) or with the alternative language (incongruent) on a trial. Both experiments showed that language intrusion errors occurred more often in incongruent than in congruent contexts, providing converging evidence that language selection during concept preparation is one driving force behind language intrusion.

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