THE DISTRIBUTION OF EGGS AND EMBRYOS BETWEEN SIDES IN THE MOUSE

1963 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANNE McLAREN
Keyword(s):  
Normal Level ◽  
Ovulation Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Single Female ◽  
Normal Limits ◽  
Unexpected Consequence ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
The Right

SUMMARY The variance of the distribution of eggs and embryos between left and right sides was analysed in mice. Little or no departure from the variance of a binomial distribution was detected for eggs, whether ovulation was spontaneous or induced, and whether the mean number of eggs shed was within normal limits or was raised well above the normal level. As pregnancy advanced, the distribution of embryos between sides became slightly more equal than the binomial, as a result of pre- and post-implantational mortality. In pigs, the tendency towards equalization was much stronger owing to migration of embryos between the two uterine horns. The right side tended to be reproductively superior to the left in mice, in respect both of ovulation rate and survival of embryos. The correlation between left and right sides was negative after spontaneous ovulation, and after induced ovulation with a dose of hormone such that ovulation rate remained within normal limits. If, on the other hand, ovulation rate was raised above the normal level, a positive correlation between sides was found. These correlations arose not from any departures from binomiality in the distribution between sides, but from the level of variation between females in the total number of eggs or embryos. The condition for no correlation between sides is that the variance of total number should be equal to the mean. Positive correlations arise from inflation of this variance, a not unexpected consequence of increasing the mean ovulation rate above its physiological norm. Negative correlations imply that the variation between females is less than the variation between the two ovaries of a single female. In other words, the limit to the number of eggs shed operates on the female as a whole, and not on each ovary independently. The physiological implications of this finding are discussed.

Postnatal Development of a Left-Right Atrial Pressure Gradient

1956 ◽  
Vol 186 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. van Harreveld ◽  
F. E. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Left Ventricle ◽  
Pressure Gradient ◽  
Left Atrium ◽  
Postnatal Development ◽  
Right Atrial ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Equal Thickness

The mean left and right atrial pressures were measured in six groups of 10 kittens each. One group was examined between the 12th and 24th hour after birth, one group after 3 days, after 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month and 2 months. The left and right atrial pressures were almost equal in the first group. With age an increasing left to right pressure gradient developed. In the oldest group the pressure in the left atrium was almost twice as great as in the right. Parallel with the pressure gradient a difference developed in the wall thicknesses of the left and right ventricles. At birth the ventricular walls were of about equal thickness; at age 2 months the left ventricle wall was more than twice as thick as the right. The relationship between ventricle wall thicknesses and atrial pressures is discussed.

Ovulation rate and survival of fertilized ova in Merino ewes selected for and against multiple births

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 851 ◽  
Author(s):  
AO Trounson ◽  
NW Moore
Keyword(s):  
Ovulation Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Multiple Births ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Selection Group ◽  
Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotrophin

Peppin Merino ewes selected for (T group) and against (0 group) multiple births over a number of generations were used in an experiment designed to study the effect of selection on ovulation rate, response to exogenous gonadotrophin (1300 i.u. pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin—PMSG), and their ability to support one or more embryos of their own or the other group. Fertilized eggs, collected following treatment of donors with PMSG, were transferred within and between groups at a rate of one and three per recipient. Recipients were not treated with PMSG. The mean ovulation rates of T and 0 recipients were 2.03 and 1.13, and the mean ovulatory response to PMSG of T ewes was almost 50 % greater than that of O ewes (4.76 v. 3.29 corpora lutea). The survival to birth of transferred eggs was affected by both the selection group of the egg and the selection group of the recipient, and by the number of eggs transferred. More O than T recipients lambed (77 % v. 45 %); and within O recipients, intergroup transfers were more successful than intragroup transfers (94 % v. 54% ewes lambed). A similar but not significant difference was observed in T group recipients (54% v. 38% lambed). Where three eggs were transferred, neither the selection group of the recipient nor that of the egg had any effect upon the incidence of multiple births. It is concluded that selection has operated primarily on ovulation rate, and there was some evidence of heterosis in intergroup transfers.

scholarly journals Growth-Related Differences in Maximum Laterotrusion and Retrusion between Children and Adults

2009 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia A. Reicheneder ◽  
Peter Proff ◽  
Uwe Baumert ◽  
Tomas Gedrange
Keyword(s):  
Temporomandibular Joint ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Adult Group ◽  
Population Based Study ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right

Abstract Objective: To test the null hypothesis that there are no differences between children and adults in maximum laterotrusion and maximum retrusion on the right and left sides. Materials and Methods: This population-based study included 81 randomly selected children between the ages of 6 and 10 years and 67 adults. Kinematic variables were measured with the ultrasonic JMA-System for registration. Results: The mean maximum laterotrusion of the children's group (10.6 ± 1.5 mm on the left, 11.0 ± 1.7 mm on the right) was significantly smaller than that of the adult group (11.7 ± 2.0 mm on the left, 12.2 ± 1.7 mm on the right). The maximum laterotrusion of the children's group corresponded to about 90% on the left and right sides of that of the adult group. The mean maximum retrusion of the children's group was significantly bigger than that of the adult group. There, the adult values corresponded to 66.7% on the left and 50% on the right side of the children's values. No significant difference in maximum laterotrusion and retrusion was noted on the right and left sides, and no significant differences according to gender specificities were observed in either group. Conclusions: The hypothesis is rejected. In development of the temporomandibular joint, maximum laterotrusion on the right and left sides increases significantly with age, and maximum retrusion decreases significantly with age.

Short-term undernutrition and prenatal mortality in young and mature Merino ewes

1975 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Mackenzie ◽  
T. N. Edey
Keyword(s):  
Ovulation Rate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Cycle Lengths ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Right

SUMMARYPrenatal mortality was examined in 74 primiparous Merino ewes which, after hand mating to fertile rams on the second oestrus following synchronization, were allocated to two groups. One group of 38 ewes was confined to yards and restricted to approximately 30% of their maintenance requirement for 14 days while the other group of 36 remained at pasture. The degree and timing of prenatal loss was assessed by corpora lutea counts, pregnancy diagnosis about day 40, returns to service and lambing records.The mean ovulation rate was 1·06 and the 19-day non-return rate was 87·8%. Pregnancy failed in a higher proportion of the underfed ewes (45·0%) than in the control ewes (30·8%) but this difference did not reach significance. Of the ewes returning to service, significantly more did so with cycles longer than 19 days in the underfed group (9/12) than in the control group (2/8), indicating that in the latter stages, the treatment may have been detrimental to embryo survival.In a second experiment, ovulation rate and prenatal mortality, assessed as in the first experiment, were studied in 85 mature Merino ewes subjected to the following nutritional treatments: HH, control; HL, 30% submaintenance feeding for 14 days following mating; LH, 15% submaintenance feeding for 7 days prior to mating; LL, both submaintenance treatments.Acute undernutrition prior to mating (LH) had no effect on ovulation rate or prenatal mortality. Ovulation rates were low over all groups (mean 1·09) and thus precluded any valid examination of ovulation rate and body weight relationships. The right ovary was significantly more active in producing ova than the left in all groups (P < 0·05). Although ova wastage was apparently higher in. the post-mating undernutrition groups (HL, 44%; LL, 48%; LH, 50%) than in the control group (HH, 35%), the differences were not significant. An increased incidence of extended (> 19 days) first-return cycle lengths in group LL provided some evidence of induced prenatal mortality.In so far as the experiments can be considered together, they indicate that if body weights are comparable, primiparous 1½-year-old ewes are not necessarily more susceptible than mature ewes to prenatal mortality induced by severe short-term undernutrition.

Implementasi Metode Penalaran CBR dalam Mengidentifikasi Gejala Awal Penyakit Jantung menggunakan Algoritma Sorensen Coeffient

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 306
Author(s):  
Vicky Agnes Arundy ◽  
Iskandar Fitri ◽  
Eri Mardiani
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Expert System ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
The Other ◽  
Case Based Reasoning ◽  
Control Heart ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right ◽  
Case Based

Heart disease is a condition when the heart is experiencing a disorder. The forms of disturbance that are experienced are usually various. Usually there is a disturbance in the blood vessels of the heart, heart rate, heart cover, or congenital problems. The heart itself is a muscle consisting of four chambers. That is, the first two rooms are located at the top, the atrium (foyer) to the left and right. Then the other two rooms are at the bottom, namely the right and left ventricles. To provide information on how to diagnose the type of disease and how to control heart disease, an application of an expert system that can represent someone who is an expert in their field is needed to provide solutions to this disease problem using the Case-Based Reasoning method with the Sorensen Coeffient approach. The result of this research is the creation of an expert system for diagnosing heart disease using the Case-Based Reasoning method with the Sorensen Coeffient approach which is able to provide solutions to heart disease.Keywords:CBR, Expert system, Heart Disease, Method Sorensen Coeffient.

RELATION BETWEEN THYROID FUNCTION AND SERUM LEVELS OF LONG-ACTING THYROID STIMULATOR

1975 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Davis ◽  
L. J. Hipkin ◽  
V. K. Summers ◽  
T. M. D. Gimlette
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Normal Level ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
The Other ◽  
Causative Role ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
Normal Controls

ABSTRACT Bioassays of long-acting thyroid stimulator (LATS) were performed in three groups of subjects: in normal controls, in thyrotoxic patients before and serially after 131I treatment, and in patients with hypopituitarism. Of the untreated thyrotoxic patients, 27.7 % had raised serum LATS levels initially. There was no correlation between the relapse rate after 131I therapy and the initial or subsequent LATS titres: in particular, thyrotoxicosis sometimes recurred after an initially high LATS titre had fallen into the normal range. The distribution of the results of LATS assays in the hypopituitary patients was significantly different from that in the normal subjects; 4 out of 27 hypopituitary patients had LATS levels above the normal range, although they had no thyroxicosis. On the other hand, the majority of the patients with hypopituitarism, 19 out of 27, had LATS titres below the mean normal level, possibly due to deficiency of a substance we have termed pseudo LATS. These results raise doubts about a direct causative role for LATS in most cases of thyrotoxicosis.

Xiphoid Lower-Sternotomy Approach for Multivessel Revascularization of the Left Internal Mammary Artery to the Left Anterior Descending Artery and Right Internal Mammary Artery Inflow to the Other Vessels

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Federico Benetti ◽  
Sotirios Prapas ◽  
Ernesto Angeletti ◽  
Jose Luis Ameriso ◽  
Eduardo Cicalle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Mammary Artery ◽  
Distal Part ◽  
Left Internal Mammary Artery ◽  
The Other ◽  
Invasive Technique ◽  
Complete Revascularization ◽  
Internal Mammary ◽  
Technical Details ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right

Background: We describe the technical details and the preliminary results of a new surgical approach for multivessel disease that involves using a lower T sternotomy, grafting of the left internal mammary artery (LIMA) to the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) and use of the right internal mammary artery (RIMA) as inflow to the other vessels.Operative Technique: The sternotomy was made from the xiphoid up to the fourth intercostal space and then was continued transversally (T incision). The LIMA was harvested for a length of approximately 8 cm, with preservation of the distal part. The vein was simultaneously taken from the leg. The RIMA was dissected for a length of approximately 5 cm, and the distal part was occluded. Then, 3 mg/kg heparin was given. The anastomosis between the vein and the RIMA was performed. The distal venous anastomoses were done either singly or sequentially. The anterior or posterior route was chosen according to the patient's anatomy. The LIMA was then anastomosed to the LAD. One drain was placed. The sternum was closed with 4 wires, 2 for the T incision and 2 for the sternum.Results: Between September and December 2008, 9 patients underwent their operations with this technique. The mean age was 60 years (range, 55-68 years). The mean number of grafts was 2.8. The mean hospital stay was 5.2 days. Operative mortality was 0%. All patients were reevaluated with 16-slice multislice computed tomography, and all grafts were patent. At the 3-month follow-up, all patients were alive and free of symptoms.Conclusion: This minimally invasive technique is a useful alternative for complete revascularization. The sternal mammary supply and the upper part of the sternum are preserved.

Bias for the Left Visual Field in Rapid Serial Visual Presentation: Effects of Additional Salient Cues Suggest a Critical Role of Attention

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamila Śmigasiewicz ◽  
Dariusz Asanowicz ◽  
Nicole Westphal ◽  
Rolf Verleger
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Left Visual Field ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early Posterior Negativity ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right

Everyday experience suggests that people are equally aware of stimuli in both hemifields. However, when two streams of stimuli are rapidly presented left and right, the second target (T2) is better identified in the left hemifield than in the right hemifield. This left visual field (LVF) advantage may result from differences between hemifields in attracting attention. Therefore, we introduced a visual cue shortly before T2 onset to draw attention to one stream. Thus, to identify T2, attention was correctly positioned with valid cues but had to be redirected to the other stream with invalid ones. If the LVF advantage is caused by differences between hemifields in attracting attention, invalid cues should increase, and valid cues should reduce the LVF advantage as compared with neutral cues. This prediction was confirmed. ERP analysis revealed that cues evoked an early posterior negativity, confirming that attention was attracted by the cue. This negativity was earlier with cues in the LVF, which suggests that responses to salient events are faster in the right hemisphere than in the left hemisphere. Valid cues speeded up, and invalid cues delayed T2-evoked N2pc; in addition, valid cues enlarged T2-evoked P3. After N2pc, right-side T2 evoked more sustained contralateral negativity than left T2, least long-lasting after valid cues. Difficulties in identifying invalidly cued right T2 were reflected in prematurely ending P3 waveforms. Overall, these data provide evidence that the LVF advantage is because of different abilities of the hemispheres in shifting attention to relevant events in their contralateral hemifield.

scholarly journals The Brain-Heart Connection: Frontal Cortex and Left Ventricle Angiotensinase Activities in Control and Captopril-Treated Hypertensive Rats—A Bilateral Study

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana B. Segarra ◽  
Isabel Prieto ◽  
Inmaculada Banegas ◽  
Ana B. Villarejo ◽  
Rosemary Wangensteen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Left Ventricle ◽  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

The model ofneurovisceral integrationsuggests that the frontal cortex (FC) and the cardiovascular function are reciprocally and asymmetrically connected. We analyzed several angiotensinase activities in the heart left ventricle (VT) of control and captopril-treated SHR, and we search for a relationship between these activities and those determined in the left and right FC. Captopril was administered in drinking water for 4 weeks. Samples from the left VT and from the left and right FC were obtained. Soluble and membrane-bound enzymatic activities were measured fluorometrically using arylamides as substrates. The weight of heart significantly decreased after treatment with captopril, mainly, due to the reduction of the left VT weight. In the VT, no differences for soluble activities were observed between control and treated SHR. In contrast, a generalized significant reduction was observed for membrane-bound activities. The most significant correlations between FC and VT were observed in the right FC of the captopril-treated group. The other correlations, right FC versus VT and left FC versus VT in controls and left FC versus VT in the captopril group, were few and low. These results confirm that the connection between FC and cardiovascular system is asymmetrically organized.

Participation of the superior ovarian nerve in the regulation of compensatory ovarian hypertrophy: the effects of its section performed on each day of the oestrous cycle

1994 ◽  
Vol 140 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Chávez ◽  
R Domínguez
Keyword(s):  
Left Ovary ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Ovulation Rate ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Superior Ovarian Nerve ◽  
Neural Information ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right

Abstract The effects were analysed of section of the superior ovarian nerve on compensatory ovulation and ovarian hypertrophy, in adult rats with the left or right ovaries extirpated during the oestrous cycle and autopsied 6 or 20 days later. Rats with hemiovariectomy or hemiovariectomy plus denervation recovered their oestrous cyclicity between 2 and 3 days after surgery. Six days after hemiovariectomy 14 out of 17 rats ovulated on the expected day of oestrus. All the animals were hemiovariectomized on the day of pro-oestrus. The mean ± s.e.m. number of ova shed was similar to the group of animals with both ovaries (7·8 ± 1·2 vs 9·5 ± 0·2 Compensatory ovarian hypertrophy was observed in the right ovary when left hemiovariectomy was performed on day 2 of dioestrus or pro-oestrus; similar results were observed in the left ovary when the right one was extirpated at oestrus or pro-oestrus. Section of the right superior ovarian nerve in left-hemiovariectomized rats caused a reduction in ovulation rate and number of ova released. Compensatory ovarian hypertrophy was modified in the opposite way by unilateral section of the superior ovarian nerve to the in situ ovary depending on the day of the cycle when hemiovariectomy was performed. Twenty days after treatment, ovulation rate, compensatory ovulation and ovarian hypertrophy were similar in both left- or right-hemiovariectomized rats. Compensatory ovarian hypertrophy increased in all animals with section of the superior ovarian nerve, except when hemiovariectomy was carried out at oestrus or the left ovary was extirpated on day 1 of dioestrus. The results suggest that modulation of compensatory ovarian hypertrophy by neural information arriving at the ovary by way of the superior ovarian nerve varies during the oestrous cycle. Journal of Endocrinology (1994) 140, 197–201

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