PERMANENT ISOLATION OF THE ADENOHYPOPHYSIS FROM HYPOTHALAMIC CONTROL IN RATS WITH DIABETES INSIPIDUS

1964 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-NP
Author(s):  
G. C. KENNEDY ◽  
R. A. PARKER
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Insipidus ◽  
Median Eminence ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Aldehyde Fuchsin ◽  
Thyroid Uptake ◽  
Electrolytic Lesions ◽  
Cytological Changes ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Portal Veins

SUMMARY Electrolytic lesions in the posterior part of the median eminence of rats caused diabetes insipidus, and aldehyde-fuchsin-positive material disappeared from the infundibular process but not from the hypothalamus. The lesions were consistently followed by infarction of the central pars distalis and depression of the thyroid uptake of radioactive iodine, but the effects on the gonads and adrenal cortex were very variable. Chronic adrenal atrophy occurred in some females in association with recurrent pseudopregnancy, atrophic but hyperluteinized ovaries, and cytological changes in the pituitary similar to those in ectopic grafts. After a short post-operative period of pseudopregnancy other rats recovered normal cycles and had, in general, adrenals of normal weight; their pituitaries resembled ectopic grafts returned to the median eminence. It is suggested that the difference between the two groups of rats with chronic lesions depended on the permanence or otherwise of the damage to the long portal veins. No evidence could be found of a separate corticotrophin-releasing mechanism in the median eminence, nor of any dependence of the secretion of corticotrophin on the release of vasopressin.

HYPOTHALAMIC CONTROL OF PITUITARY GONADOTROPHINS

1961 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. GALE ◽  
S. M. McCANN
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Insipidus ◽  
Median Eminence ◽  
Oestrogen Therapy ◽  
Milk Ejection ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Tuber Cinereum ◽  
Severe Diabetes ◽  
Hypothalamic Control ◽  
Electrolytic Lesions ◽  
Experienced Difficulty

SUMMARY Impairments in gestation, parturition, and milk ejection were produced when electrolytic lesions were placed in the median eminence of the tuber cinereum of pregnant rats at various stages of gestation. Thus, uterine implantation of ova was blocked in 65% of rats following placement of lesions on day 1 of gestation, and implantation of ova was induced in these animals by administration of oestrogen. When lesions localized to the caudal median eminence were placed on days 4–9, implantation was not blocked but abortion-resorption resulted in 90% of cases. Replacement studies during pregnancy in rats with lesions in the caudal median eminence suggest that (1) all aborting rats were deficient in gonadotrophins necessary for secretion of oestrogen, and (2) half of them were deficient in luteotrophin as well. (That is, luteotrophin had no replacement value, while oestrogen therapy permitted maintenance of gestation in 54% of cases, and oestrogen plus progesterone allowed 100% to remain pregnant.) In rats receiving lesions on days 7–9 and maintaining gestation to term, 32% of those with severe diabetes insipidus experienced difficulty during delivery. Placement of lesions after day 13 impaired neither gestation nor parturition. The observation that most rats with lesions were able to deliver their litters normally but were unable to eject milk following suckling stimuli suggests that oxytocin is not essential for parturition in this species. Most of the rats with lesions failed to resume oestrous cycles; of the few showing return of normal or irregular cycles, the majority failed to mate.

PLASMA CORTICOSTERONE IN RATS WITH EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES INSIPIDUS

1963 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. KENNEDY ◽  
H. S. LIPSCOMB ◽  
P. HAGUE
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Insipidus ◽  
Median Eminence ◽  
Experimental Diabetes ◽  
Plasma Corticosterone ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Ether Anaesthesia ◽  
Electrolytic Lesions ◽  
The Mean

SUMMARY Electrolytic lesions were produced in the median eminence in a series of rats; the resultant diabetes insipidus varied in severity over the whole range expected from this type of operation, and no part of the median eminence was spared. Plasma corticosterone was estimated both under resting conditions and after ether anaesthesia, and at different intervals after the induction of polyuria. Although the levels under both conditions were variable, the variability was not correlated with the severity of the polyuria, and the mean values were in the normal range.

Alterations in food and water intake after hypothalamic lesions in the rat

1962 ◽  
Vol 203 (2) ◽  
pp. 366-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland W. Smith ◽  
S. M. McCann
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Diabetes Insipidus ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Lateral Hypothalamus ◽  
Group Water ◽  
Electrolytic Lesions ◽  
Food And Water Intake ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Observation Period

Electrolytic lesions in the lateral hypothalamus produced aphagia and adipsia. One rat remained adipsic until sacrifice 283 days after operation; 11 rats with lesions continued to drink water while refusing ground laboratory chow. This effect lasted until sacrifice, 8–13 days postlesions, suggesting that areas regulating water and food intake are separable. Lesions designed to induce diabetes insipidus were produced in rats in which variable renal water loss had been eliminated by prior nephrectomy. Rats with lesions drank significantly more than nephrectomized controls during the 2-day observation period. The experiment was repeated, but food was withheld and controls were subjected to sham hypothalamic operation. In this group water intake was greater and weight loss less in rats with lesions than in sham-operated controls, though the difference was less than that in the presence of food. Although the difference in water intake was small, the results suggest that destruction of an inhibitory drinking center may contribute to polydipsia in diabetes insipidus. Water intake may be stimulated by lateral and inhibited by medial areas in the hypothalamus.

THE EFFECT OF HYPOTHALAMIC LESIONS ON REPRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY IN SHEEP

1967 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. RADFORD
Keyword(s):  
Median Eminence ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
Mammillary Body ◽  
Optic Chiasma ◽  
Hypothalamic Lesions ◽  
Apparent Change ◽  
Electrolytic Lesions ◽  
Releasing Factors ◽  
Bilateral Lesions ◽  
Made In

SUMMARY Electrolytic lesions were made in the hypothalamus of 41 Merino ewes which were subsequently observed for 2–16 months. Ovarian inactivity resulted from bilateral medial and ventral lesions placed immediately posterior to the optic chiasma (four ewes) or immediately anterior to the mammillary body (five ewes). Failure to show oestrus while apparently still ovulating regularly was a feature in another four ewes in which bilateral medial and ventral lesions were placed between the sites already described. Small bilateral lesions in these ventral regions led initially to ovarian inactivity, but final re-establishment of apparently normal reproductive activity in three ewes. Bilateral lesions in regions other than those described above resulted in no apparent change in reproductive activity (eight ewes). Similarly, unilateral or asymmetrical lesions in the remaining 17 ewes failed to affect their reproductive activity. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that in sheep a region of the median eminence responsible for the production of gonadotrophin-releasing factors requires neural inputs traversing both anterior and posterior hypothalamic areas.

scholarly journals The reproducibility of subjective appetite scores

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 517-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Raben ◽  
ANNA TAGLIABUE ◽  
Arne Astrup
Keyword(s):  
Visual Analogue Scale ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Analogue Scale ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Random Noise ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Vas Scores ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mean Differences

Although subjective appetite scores are widely used, studies on the reproducibility of this method are scarce. In the present study nine healthy, normal weight, young men recorded their subjective appetite sensations before and during 5 h after two different test meals A and B. The subjects tested each meal twice and in randomized order. Visual analogue scale (VAS) scores, 10 cm in length, were used to assess hunger, satiety, fullness, prospective food consumption and palatability of the meals. Plasma glucose and lactate concentrations were determined concomitantly. The repeatability was investigated for fasting values, Δ-mean 5 h and mean 5 h values, Δ-peak/nadir and peak/nadir values. Although the profiles of the postprandial responses were similar, the coefficients of repeatability (CR = 2SD) on the mean differences were large, ranging from 2·86 to 5.24 cm for fasting scores, 1·36 to 1·88 cm for mean scores, 2·98 to 5·42 cm for Δ-mean scores, and 3·16 to 6·44 cm for peak and Δ-peak scores. For palatability ratings the CK values varied more, ranging from 2·38 (taste) to 8·70 cm (aftertaste). Part of the difference in satiety ratings could be explained by the differences in palatability ratings. However, the low reproducibility may also be caused by a conditioned satiation or hunger due to the subjects' prior experience of the meals and therefore not just be a reflection of random noise. It is likely, however, that the variation in appetite ratings is due both to methodological day-to-day variation and to biological day-to-day variation in subjective appetite sensations.

scholarly journals 520 Weight-based vs. BSA-based Fluid Resuscitation Predictions in Pediatric Burn Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S107-S107
Author(s):  
Jan V Stevens ◽  
Nina Prieto ◽  
Elika Ridelman ◽  
Justin D Klein ◽  
Christina M Shanti
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Fluid Resuscitation ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Overweight Children ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Post Injury ◽  
Pediatric Burns ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Parkland Formula ◽  
Total Fluid

Abstract Introduction Current practice for major pediatric burns includes fluid resuscitation using formulas that estimate fluid requirements based on weight and/or body surface area (BSA) along with percent total burn surface area (TBSA). Adult studies have shown that these formulas can cause fluid overload in obese patients and increase risk of complications. These findings have not been validated in pediatric patients. This study aims to evaluate whether a weight-based resuscitation formula increases the risk of complications in obese children following burn injuries and compares fluid estimates to those that incorporate BSA. Methods A retrospective review was conducted on 110 children (≤ 18 years old) admitted to an ABA-verified urban pediatric burn center from October 2008 to May 2020. Patients had ≥15% TBSA, were resuscitated with the weight-based Parkland formula, and had fluids titrated to urine output every two hours (1 ml/kg/hr if ≤ 30kg; 0.5 ml/kg/hr if > 30kg). Demographics, burn type, and TBSA were collected on admission. BSA-based Galveston and BSA-incorporated Cincinnati formula resuscitation predictions were also calculated. Output and input volumes were collected at 8h and 24h post-injury. Complications were collected throughout the hospital stay. Patients were classified into CDC-defined weight groups based on percentile ranges. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS Statistics version 10.0. Results This study included 11 underweight, 60 normal weight, 18 overweight, and 21 obese children. Our patients had a mean age-based weight CDC percentile of 62.2%, and mean TBSA of 25.4%. Predicted resuscitation volumes increased as CDC percentile increased for all three formulas (p=0.033, 0.092, 0.038), however there were no significant differences between overweight and obese children. Total fluid administered was higher as CDC percentile increased (p=0.023). However, overweight children received more total fluid than obese children. The difference between total fluids given and Galveston predicted resuscitation volumes were significant across all groups (p=0.042); however, the difference using the Parkland and Cincinnati formulas were not statistically significant. There were more children in the normal weight group who developed complications compared to other groups, but these findings were not significant. Conclusions The Parkland formula tended to underpredict fluid needs in the underweight, normal weight, and overweight children, and it overpredicted fluid needs for the obese. Further research is needed to determine the value of weight-based vs BSA-based or incorporated formulas in terms of their risk of complications.

scholarly journals Clinical syndromes of compression and surgical transection of the pituitary stalk

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-13
Author(s):  
Ludmila I. Astafyeva ◽  
Boris A. Kadashev ◽  
Pavel L. Kalinin ◽  
Maxim A. Kutin ◽  
Irina S. Klochkova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Adenoma ◽  
Diabetes Insipidus ◽  
Tumor Resection ◽  
Pituitary Stalk ◽  
Endocrine Disorders ◽  
Free T4 ◽  
Clinical Syndromes ◽  
Hypothalamic Nuclei ◽  
Dopamine Transport ◽  
The Difference

Background. The pituitary stalk (PS) is an anatomical structure consisting of the portal vessel system and axons of the hypothalamic nuclei terminating in the posterior pituitary lobe. Surgical injury or compression (by a tumor or another space-occupying process) of the PS can lead to hypopituitarism, diabetes insipidus, and hyperprolactinemia. However, the literature lacks studies on the extent of these disorders depending on PS injury or compression in clinical practice. Aim. The study aim was to investigate pre- and postoperative endocrine disorders in patients with chiasmo-sellar region (CSR) tumors and the PS compressed and preserved or involuntarily transected during neurosurgery. Material and methods. The PS compressed before surgery was preserved in 82 patients (41 patients with non-functioning endosuprasellar adenoma and 41 — with suprasellar meningioma). The PS was transected during transcranial surgery in 57 patients (46 patients with pituitary stalk craniopharyngioma and 11 patients with non-functioning endosupresellar pituitary adenoma). All patients underwent blood tests for prolactin (PRL), TSH, LH, FSH, free T4, cortisol, testosterone, or estradiol levels before and 6 months after surgery. Results. Hyperprolactinemia was detected in 37.4% of patients with CSR tumors compressing the PS. Elimination of PS compression led to normalization of the PRL level in most patients and was not accompanied by worsening of hypopituitarism symptoms. Transection of the PS resulted in panhypopituitarism in 100% of patients and diabetes insipidus in 93% of cases. There was no evidence of hyperprolactinemia in 58.7% of patients with craniopharyngiomas and 81.9% of patients with non-functioning pituitary adenomas. Conclusion. Given the difference in symptoms, we distinguished two syndromes: PS compression syndrome and PS transection syndrome. Syndrome of PS compression by a CSR tumor was characterized mainly by hyperprolactinemia (37.4% of cases); elimination of PS compression due to tumor resection led to normalization of the PRL level in most patients and was not accompanied by worsening of hypopituitarism symptoms. Syndrome of surgical PS transection in patients with craniopharyngioma (CP) and non-functioning pituitary adenoma (NFPA) manifested as panhypopituitarism in all patients and as permanent diabetes insipidus in most of them. The causes for the absence of hyperprolactinemia in many patients with the transected PS require further research. We can not exclude both adenohypophysis ischemia (due to its impaired blood supply) with partial or complete atrophy of lactotrophic cells and pituitary revascularization with restoration of dopamine transport.

Plasma Nesfatin-1 Level in Obese Patients after Acupuncture: A Randomised Controlled Trial

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongfang Guo ◽  
Mingqing Xing ◽  
Wenjuan Sun ◽  
Xiaoyan Yuan ◽  
Hongyan Dai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Control ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Diet Group ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Obese Adults ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
The Relationship

Background Nesfatin-1 is an anorexigenic hormone suggested to regulate obesity. Objective To investigate the relationship between nesfatin-1 level and anthropometric and metabolic parameters in obese patients, and examine the change in plasma nesfatin-1 level after acupuncture treatment. Methods 64 obese adult patients without diabetes and 58 normal weight control subjects were enrolled in this study. The obese patients were randomly divided into an acupuncture plus diet group (n=32) and a diet only group (n=32). Measurements were repeated after 45 days. Results Body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumferences, serum insulin, lipoprotein and insulin resistance measures were significantly higher, and plasma nesfatin-1 level was significantly lower, in obese patients than in normal weight controls. In addition, negative correlations were found between plasma nesfatin-1 level and BMI, waist and hip circumferences. Weight reduction in participants after acupuncture and diet restriction was 7.0% and 4.3%, respectively. Plasma nesfatin-1 level increased from 2.75±1.16 to 3.44±1.28 ng/mL and from 2.86±1.07 to 3.23±1.06 ng/mL in acupuncture and diet groups, respectively; the difference was significant, p<0.05. Conclusions Plasma nesfatin-1 level is reduced in obese adults, and is increased after acupuncture. The beneficial effect of acupuncture on obesity is associated with increased plasma nesfatin-1 level.

Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors Among 18- to 49-Year-Old Women: A Comparative Study

2020 ◽  
pp. 0272684X2097383
Author(s):  
Seda Göger ◽  
Dilek Cingil
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Counseling Services ◽  
Lifestyle Behaviors ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
The Difference

Introduction The prevalence of obesity has become a remarkable public health concern in a global extent. This study aimed to examine the difference between the healthy lifestyle behaviors of women with normal weight and those who are obese. Method This comparative descriptive study included a total of 302 women aged 18–49 years. Results According to regression analysis; duration of education (β = −0.154), (age (β = 0.376), presence of obese individuals in the family (β = 0.177) and HLSBS II scores (β = −0.115) were the factors that affected the BMI. The predictive value of these variables was 34.1%. Discussion A significant difference was found between women with normal weight and obese women in terms of several sub-dimensions and overall HLSBS II score. We recommend that healthcare staff should design training and counseling services to improve the health behaviors of overweight and obese women.

scholarly journals The influence of an applied standard test method on a measurement of concrete stabilized secant modulus of elasticity

2018 ◽  
Vol 163 ◽  
pp. 07001
Author(s):  
Lucyna Domagała ◽  
Justyna Dobrowolska
Keyword(s):  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Lightweight Aggregate ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Hardened Concrete ◽  
Secant Modulus ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Standard Test Method ◽  
The Difference

The paper focuses on the influence of the standard test method applied to determine the concrete stabilized secant modulus on a specified value. The new European Standard EN 12390-13 for testing hardened concrete accepts two methods (A and B) for the determination of the secant modulus of elasticity in compression. The aim of the research was to establish how different testing procedures affect a measured value of modulus of elasticity. Four structural concrete series: two lightweight aggregate concretes and two normal-weight ones were subject to tests of moduli of elasticity determined by both standard methods, as well as compressive strength and density. The carried out tests revealed that the procedure of testing modulus of elasticity influenced a measured value. Method A led to higher values of modulus in relation to Method B, irrespective of concrete density and strength. Nevertheless, a certain relationship between the concrete structure homogeneity and the difference in results of moduli determined by both methods may be observed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document