Mouse anococcygeus muscle: sexual dimorphism and responsiveness to sex hormones

1997 ◽  
Vol 152 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Fukazawa ◽  
T Iguchi ◽  
H A Bern
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Oestrogen Receptor ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
Neonatal Exposure ◽  
Thin Sheets ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Anococcygeus Muscle ◽  
Icr Mice

Abstract The anococcygeus muscle (AcM) is one of a pair of thin sheets of smooth muscle inserting on the rectum, having a tendinous origin largely on sacral vertebrae. The cross-sectional area of AcM in the juxtarectal region in 90-day-old male mice was significantly larger than that in females of three strains: BALB/cCrgl, ICR/Jcl and C57BL/Tw. The AcM area in female mice showed strain differences: BALB/c>ICR>C57BL. Five daily injections of testosterone into newborn ICR mice from the day of birth significantly increased the areas of AcM in both sexes at 30 days of age, but five daily injections of oestradiol-17β (OE) decreased them. The AcM area in 60-day-old ICR male mice castrated at 30 days of age was significantly smaller than in intact males, and that in ovariectomized females was significantly larger than in intact females. In both sexes, implantation of a testosterone pellet (12 mg) into gonadectomized mice on the day of gonadectomy stimulated the growth of AcM, and implantation of an OE pellet (12 mg) inhibited the growth of AcM. The AcM in both ICR and C57BL strains showed positive androgen receptor and oestrogen receptor immunostaining at 15 days. Female ICR mice exposed neonatally to diethylstilboestrol (DES) had significantly larger AcM than controls; ovariectomy at 30 days of age did not change the AcM area in 60-day-old DES-exposed mice. However, male mice exposed neonatally to DES had significantly smaller AcM than controls; castration at 30 days of age nullified this inhibition. These results suggest that both androgen and oestrogen play an important role in sexual dimorphism of the mouse AcM. Neonatal exposure to DES (but not to oestradiol) had an irreversible stimulatory effect on the AcM area in female mice. Journal of Endocrinology (1997) 152, 229–237

scholarly journals Gonadal Steroids Negatively Modulate Oxidative Stress in CBA/Ca Female Mice Infected withP. bergheiANKA

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Néstor Aarón Mosqueda-Romo ◽  
Ana Laura Rodríguez-Morales ◽  
Fidel Orlando Buendía-González ◽  
Margarita Aguilar-Sánchez ◽  
Jorge Morales-Montor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Oxidative Stress Response ◽  
Gonadal Steroids ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Female Mice

We decreased the level of gonadal steroids in female and male mice by gonadectomy. We infected these mice withP. bergheiANKA and observed the subsequent impact on the oxidative stress response. Intact females developed lower levels of parasitaemia and lost weight faster than intact males. Gonadectomised female mice displayed increased levels of parasitaemia, increased body mass, and increased anaemia compared with their male counterparts. In addition, gonadectomised females exhibited lower specific catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activities in their blood and spleen tissues compared with gonadectomised males. To further study the oxidative stress response inP. bergheiANKA-infected gonadectomised mice, nitric oxide levels were assessed in the blood and spleen, and MDA levels were assessed in the spleen. Intact, sham-operated, and gonadectomised female mice exhibited higher levels of nitric oxide in the blood and spleen compared with male mice. MDA levels were higher in all of the female groups. Finally, gonadectomy significantly increased the oxidative stress levels in females but not in males. These data suggest that differential oxidative stress is influenced by oestrogens that may contribute to sexual dimorphism in malaria.

Downregulation of AQP2 expression in the kidney of polydipsic STR/N mice

2006 ◽  
Vol 290 (2) ◽  
pp. F478-F485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiko Tsumura ◽  
Xuefei Li ◽  
Kwartarini Murdiastuti ◽  
Most. Nahid Parvin ◽  
Tetsuya Akamatsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Mrna Level ◽  
Water Channel ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Mrna Transcription ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Icr Mice ◽  
Collecting Tubule ◽  
Concentration Of Urine

Aquaporin-2 (AQP2) is responsible for the concentration of urine in the kidney collecting tubule under the regulation of vasopressin. The mRNA level of this water channel in polydipsic STR/N mice was extremely reduced compared with that in normal ICR mice. In male mice, reduction of the AQP2 mRNA level was not evident at 3 wk of age, at which time water intake was not increased. At 10 wk of age, however, the AQP2 mRNA level was reduced to 10% of that in control mice, whereas water intake was increased by 36%. At 44 wk, the water intake became five times that of the control ICR mice, and the AQP2 mRNA level in these polydipsic mice was only ∼5% of control. Similar changes were observed in the AQP2 protein level, suggesting that the mRNA level of AQP2 reflects the protein level of AQP2. These inverse changes in the AQP2 mRNA level and water intake were also evident in female mice. The data imply that polydipsia in STR/N mice may have affected AQP2 mRNA transcription in the kidney, resulting in reduced AQP2 expression, which would contribute to a reduction in overretention of water.

scholarly journals Sex differences in lymphoid follicles in COPD airways

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Tam ◽  
Naoya Tanabe ◽  
Andrew Churg ◽  
Joanne L. Wright ◽  
James C. Hogg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Smoke Exposure ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Lymphoid Aggregate ◽  
Lymphoid Follicles ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Female Sex Hormones ◽  
Lymphoid Aggregates

Abstract Background Female smokers have increased risk for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) compared with male smokers who have a similar history of cigarette smoke exposure. Tertiary lymphoid follicles are often found in the lungs of patients with severe COPD but sex-related differences have not been previously investigated. We determined the impact of female sex hormones on chronic cigarette smoke-induced expression of lymphoid aggregates in mice with COPD-like pathologies. Methods Lymphoid aggregate counts, total aggregate cross-sectional area and foamy macrophage counts were determined morphometrically in male, female, and ovariectomized mice exposed to air or cigarette smoke for 6 months. B-cell activating factor (BAFF) protein expression and markers of oxidative stress were evaluated in mouse lung tissues by immunofluorescence staining and gene expression analyses. Quantitative histology was performed on lung tissue sections of human COPD lungs to evaluate follicle formation. Results Lymphoid follicle and foamy macrophage counts as well as the total follicle cross-sectional area were differentially increased in lung tissues of female mice compared to male mice, and these differences were abolished by ovariectomy. These lymphoid aggregates were positive for CD45, CD20, CD21 and BAFF expression. Differential increases in Mmp12 and Cxcl2 gene expression correlated with an increase in foamy macrophages in parenchymal tissues of female but not male mice after smoke exposure. Parenchymal tissues from female mice failed to induce antioxidant-related genes in response to smoke exposure, and this effect was restored by ovariectomy. 3-nitrotyrosine, a stable marker of oxidative stress, positively correlated with Mmp12 and Cxcl2 gene expression. Hydrogen peroxide induced BAFF protein in mouse macrophage cell line. In human lung tissues, female smokers with severe COPD demonstrated increased numbers of lymphoid follicles compared with males. Conclusions Chronic smoke exposure increases the risk of lymphoid aggregate formation in female mice compared with male mice, which is mediated female sex hormones and BAFF expression in an oxidative environment.

GENETIC VARIATION IN ADRENAL WEIGHT: STRAIN DIFFERENCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ADRENAL GLANDS OF MICE

1968 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. M. Badr ◽  
J. G. M. Shire ◽  
S. G. Spickett
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
Transition Phase ◽  
Adrenal Weight ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Cba Mice ◽  
Two Phases

ABSTRACT The growth in weight of the adrenal gland has been followed in three normal strains of mice: A/Cam, CBA/FaCam, and Peru. CBA mice have the heaviest adrenals and A mice the lightest. Female mice have larger adrenals than male mice in all three strains. This sex-difference is significant in Peru mice before puberty and becomes more pronounced in all three strains as development proceeds. Adrenal weight bears a linear relation to body weight in the female mice. The heaviest adrenals, relative to body weight, are found in Peru females and the lightest in A females. The relative growth of the adrenals of male mice can be divided into two phases; an early, rapid, one, and a slower, later, one. The ranking of the strains according to the relative weight of the adrenals is different in the two phases. Peru mice have the heaviest adrenals during the first phase while those of CBA mice are the heaviest in the second. The two phases of growth are separated by a transition phase. An absolute fall in adrenal weight occurs during the transition phase in Peru males, but not in A or CBA males. Histological observations show that degeneration of the X zone coincides with the transition phase in all three strains. The three strains differ in the age and body weight at which X zone regression takes place in male mice.

scholarly journals Sexual Dimorphism in the Control of Amebic Liver Abscess in a Mouse Model of Disease

2006 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannelore Lotter ◽  
Thomas Jacobs ◽  
Iris Gaworski ◽  
Egbert Tannich
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Liver Abscess ◽  
Cytokine Production ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Nkt Cells ◽  
Amebic Liver Abscess ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Ifn Γ

ABSTRACT Amebic liver abscess (ALA) is the most common extraintestinal manifestation of human infection by the enteric protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. In contrast to intestinal infection, ALA greatly predominates in males but is rare in females. Since humans are the only relevant host for E. histolytica, experimental studies concerning this sexual dimorphism have been hampered by the lack of a suitable animal model. By serial liver passage of cultured E. histolytica trophozoites in gerbils and mice, we generated amebae which reproducibly induce ALA in C57BL/6 mice. Interestingly, all animals developed ALA, but the time courses of abscess formation differed significantly between the genders. Female mice were able to clear the infection within 3 days, whereas in male mice the parasite could be recovered for at least 14 days. Accordingly, male mice showed a prolonged time of recovery from ALA. Immunohistology of abscesses revealed that polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages were the dominant infiltrates, but in addition, γ,δ-T cells, NK cells, and natural killer T (NKT) cells were also present at early times during abscess development, whereas conventional α,β-T cells appeared later, when female mice had already cleared the parasite. Interestingly, male and female mice differed in early cytokine production in response to ameba infection. Enzyme-linked immunospot assays performed with spleen cells of infected animals revealed significantly higher numbers of interleukin-4-producing cells in male mice but significantly higher numbers of gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-producing cells in female mice. Early IFN-γ production and the presence of functional NKT cells were found to be important for the control of hepatic amebiasis as application of an IFN-γ-neutralizing monoclonal antibody or the use of NKT knockout mice (Vα14iNKT, Jα 18−/−) dramatically increased the size of ALA in female mice. In addition, E. histolytica trophozoites could be reisolated from liver abscesses of Jα18−/− mice on day 7 postinfection, when wild-type mice had already cleared the parasite. These data suggest that the sexual dimorphism in the control of ALA is due to gender-specific differences in early cytokine production mediated at least in part by NKT cells in response to E. histolytica infection of the liver.

scholarly journals Arginase II Plays a Central Role in the Sexual Dimorphism of Arginine Metabolism in C57BL/6 Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 150 (12) ◽  
pp. 3133-3140
Author(s):  
Mahmoud A Mohammad ◽  
Inka C Didelija ◽  
Juan C Marini
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Arginase Activity ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Synthesis Rate ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Arginine Metabolism ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Arginase Ii ◽  
Endogenous Synthesis

ABSTRACT Background Sex differences in plasma concentration of arginine and arginase activity of different tissues have been reported in mice. In addition, male but not female C57BL/6 mice have a dietary arginine requirement for growth. Objective The goal of this research was to test the hypothesis that arginase II is a key factor in the sexual dimorphism of arginine metabolism. Methods Young adult male and female wild type (WT), and heterozygous and arginase II knockout mice on a C57BL/6 background mice were infused with labeled citrulline, arginine, ornithine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine to determine the rates of appearance and interconversion of these amino acids. Tissue arginase activity was measured in the liver, heart, jejunum, kidney, pancreas, and spleen with an arginine radioisotope. The effect of genotype, sex, and their interaction was tested. Results Female mice produced ∼36% more citrulline than their male littermates, which translated into a greater arginine endogenous synthesis, flux, and plasma concentration (42, 6, and 27%, respectively; P < 0.001). Female mice also had a greater phenylalanine flux (10%) indicating a greater rate of whole protein breakdown; however, they had a lower protein synthesis rate than males (18%; P < 0.001). The ablation of arginase II reduced the production of citrulline and the de novo synthesis of arginine in females and increased the rate of appearance of arginine and plasma arginine concentration in male mice (16 and 22%, respectively; P < 0.001). No effect of arginase II deletion, however, was observed for whole-body protein kinetics. Arginase II activity was present in the pancreas, kidney, jejunum, and spleen; WT females had a ∼2-fold greater renal arginase activity than their WT counterparts. Conclusions A clear sexual dimorphism exists in the endogenous synthesis of arginine and its disposal. Female mice have a greater arginine availability than their male littermates. The ablation of arginase II increases arginine availability in male mice.

scholarly journals Phenotypic Sexual Dimorphism in Response to Dietary Fat Manipulation in C57BL/6J Mice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Casimiro ◽  
Natalie D. Stull ◽  
Sarah A. Tersey ◽  
Raghavendra Mirmira
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Mice

Abstract Background:Obesity and the metabolic syndrome are increasingly prevalent in society and their complications and response to treatment exhibit sexual dimorphism. Mouse models of high fat diet-induced obesity are commonly used for both mechanistic and therapeutic studies of metabolic disease and diabetes. However, the inclusion of female mammals in obesity research has not been a common practice, and has resulted in a paucity of data regarding the effect of sex on metabolic parameters and its applicability to humans. Methods:Here we analyzed male and female C57BL/6J mice beginning at 4 weeks of age that were placed on a low-fat diet (LFD, 10% calories from fat), a Western Diet (WD, 45% calories from fat), or a high fat diet (HFD, 60% calories from fat). Assessments of body composition, glucose homeostasis, insulin production, and energy metabolism, as well as histological analyses of pancreata were performed. Results:Both male and female C57BL/6J mice had similar increases in total percent body weight gain with both WD and HFD compared to LFD, however, male mice gained weight earlier upon HFD or WD feeding compared to female mice. Male mice exhibited a decrease in both food consumption and activity with either WD or HFD compared to LFD, whereas female mice did not exhibit any differences in food intake and minimal changes in locomotor activity on any diet. Glucose tolerance tests performed at 4, 12 and 20 weeks of dietary intervention revealed impaired glucose tolerance that was worse in male mice compared to females. Furthermore, male mice exhibited an increase in pancreatic β cell area as well as reduced insulin sensitivity after HFD feeding compared to WD or LFD, whereas female mice did not. Conclusions:Male and female C57BL/6J mice exhibited strikingly different responses in weight, food consumption, locomotor activity, and β cell adaptation upon dietary manipulation, with the latter exhibiting less striking phenotypic changes. We conclude that the nature of these responses emphasizes the need to contextualize studies of obesity pathophysiology and treatment with respect to sex.

Oestrogen Receptor α in the Heart is Critical for Protection Against Systemic Obesity in Female Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. S123
Author(s):  
Y. Tham ◽  
B. Bernardo ◽  
L. Woon ◽  
S. Yildiz ◽  
C. Tai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oestrogen Receptor ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Oestrogen Receptor Α

scholarly journals Differences in acidosis-stimulated renal ammonia metabolism in the male and female kidney

2019 ◽  
Vol 317 (4) ◽  
pp. F890-F905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Autumn N. Harris ◽  
Hyun-Wook Lee ◽  
Lijuan Fang ◽  
Jill W. Verlander ◽  
I. David Weiner
Keyword(s):  
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase ◽  
Collecting Duct ◽  
Ammonia Excretion ◽  
Volume Density ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Ammonia Metabolism ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Predominant Component ◽  
Acid Load ◽  
Acid Loading

Renal ammonia excretion is a critical component of acid-base homeostasis, and changes in ammonia excretion are the predominant component of increased net acid excretion in response to metabolic acidosis. We recently reported substantial sex-dependent differences in basal ammonia metabolism that correlate with sex-dependent differences in renal structure and expression of key proteins involved in ammonia metabolism. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of sex on the renal ammonia response to an exogenous acid load. We studied 4-mo-old C57BL/6 mice. Ammonia excretion, which was less in male mice under basal conditions, increased in response to acid loading to a greater extent in male mice, such that maximal ammonia excretion did not differ between the sexes. Fundamental structural sex differences in the nonacid-loaded kidney persisted after acid loading, with less cortical proximal tubule volume density in the female kidney than in the male kidney, whereas collecting duct volume density was greater in the female kidney. To further investigate sex-dependent differences in the response to acid loading, we examined the expression of proteins involved in ammonia metabolism. The change in expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and Rh family B glycoprotein with acid loading was greater in male mice than in female mice, whereas Na+-K+-2Cl– cotransporter and inner stripe of the outer medulla intercalated cell Rh family C glycoprotein expression were significantly greater in female mice than in male mice. There was no significant sex difference in glutamine synthetase, Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 3, or electrogenic Na+-bicarbonate cotransporter 1 variant A protein expression in response to acid loading. We conclude that substantial sex-dependent differences in the renal ammonia response to acid loading enable a similar maximum ammonia excretion response.

THE EFFECTS OF SPECIES, STRAIN AND SEX IN THYMOLYTIC TESTS OF BETAMETHASONE, DEXAMETHASONE AND OTHER STEROIDS

1962 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. ATKINSON ◽  
M. A. PRATT ◽  
E. G. TOMICH
Keyword(s):  
Route Of Administration ◽  
Relative Potency ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Betamethasone And Dexamethasone

SUMMARY Cortisol, prednisolone phosphate and the free alcohols and 21-phosphates of betamethasone and dexamethasone have been compared for thymolytic activity by the oral and subcutaneous routes in both sexes of two strains of rats and two strains of mice. The relative potency of betamethasone and dexamethasone differed with the route of administration and the sex, strain and species of animal employed. In female mice of the A2G strain, betamethasone was as potent as dexamethasone; in male mice of this strain, and in both sexes of GFF mice, WAG rats and PVG rats, betamethasone was much less potent than dexamethasone.

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