GENETIC VARIATION IN ADRENAL WEIGHT: STRAIN DIFFERENCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ADRENAL GLANDS OF MICE

1968 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. M. Badr ◽  
J. G. M. Shire ◽  
S. G. Spickett
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
Transition Phase ◽  
Adrenal Weight ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Cba Mice ◽  
Two Phases

ABSTRACT The growth in weight of the adrenal gland has been followed in three normal strains of mice: A/Cam, CBA/FaCam, and Peru. CBA mice have the heaviest adrenals and A mice the lightest. Female mice have larger adrenals than male mice in all three strains. This sex-difference is significant in Peru mice before puberty and becomes more pronounced in all three strains as development proceeds. Adrenal weight bears a linear relation to body weight in the female mice. The heaviest adrenals, relative to body weight, are found in Peru females and the lightest in A females. The relative growth of the adrenals of male mice can be divided into two phases; an early, rapid, one, and a slower, later, one. The ranking of the strains according to the relative weight of the adrenals is different in the two phases. Peru mice have the heaviest adrenals during the first phase while those of CBA mice are the heaviest in the second. The two phases of growth are separated by a transition phase. An absolute fall in adrenal weight occurs during the transition phase in Peru males, but not in A or CBA males. Histological observations show that degeneration of the X zone coincides with the transition phase in all three strains. The three strains differ in the age and body weight at which X zone regression takes place in male mice.

scholarly journals NPY Deficiency Prevents Postmenopausal Adiposity by Augmenting Estradiol-Mediated Browning

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 1042-1049
Author(s):  
Seongjoon Park ◽  
Erkhembayar Nayantai ◽  
Toshimitsu Komatsu ◽  
Hiroko Hayashi ◽  
Ryoichi Mori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fat Metabolism ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Promising Target ◽  
Intracellular Mechanism

Abstract The orexigenic hormone neuropeptide Y (NPY) plays a pivotal role in the peripheral regulation of fat metabolism. However, the mechanisms underlying the effects of sex on NPY function have not been extensively analyzed. In this study, we examined the effects of NPY deficiency on fat metabolism in male and female mice. Body weight was slightly decreased, whereas white adipose tissue (WAT) mass was significantly decreased as the thermogenic program was upregulated in NPY-/- female mice compared with that in wild-type mice; these factors were not altered in response to NPY deficiency in male mice. Moreover, lack of NPY resulted in an increase in luteinizing hormone (LH) expression in the pituitary gland, with concomitant activation of the estradiol-mediated thermogenic program in inguinal WAT, and alleviated age-related modification of adiposity in female mice. Taken together, these data revealed a novel intracellular mechanism of NPY in the regulation of fat metabolism and highlighted the sexual dimorphism of NPY as a promising target for drug development to reduce postmenopausal adiposity.

scholarly journals Administration of Saccharin to Neonatal Mice Influences Body Composition of Adult Males and Reduces Body Weight of Females

Endocrinology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 155 (4) ◽  
pp. 1313-1326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian D. Parlee ◽  
Becky R. Simon ◽  
Erica L. Scheller ◽  
Emilyn U. Alejandro ◽  
Brian S. Learman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Male Body ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Trabecular Bone Mass ◽  
High Concentrations

Nutritional or pharmacological perturbations during perinatal growth can cause persistent effects on the function of white adipose tissue, altering susceptibility to obesity later in life. Previous studies have established that saccharin, a nonnutritive sweetener, inhibits lipolysis in mature adipocytes and stimulates adipogenesis. Thus, the current study tested whether neonatal exposure to saccharin via maternal lactation increased susceptibility of mice to diet-induced obesity. Saccharin decreased body weight of female mice beginning postnatal week 3. Decreased liver weights on week 14 corroborated this diminished body weight. Initially, saccharin also reduced male mouse body weight. By week 5, weights transiently rebounded above controls, and by week 14, male body weights did not differ. Body composition analysis revealed that saccharin increased lean and decreased fat mass of male mice, the latter due to decreased adipocyte size and epididymal, perirenal, and sc adipose weights. A mild improvement in glucose tolerance without a change in insulin sensitivity or secretion aligned with this leaner phenotype. Interestingly, microcomputed tomography analysis indicated that saccharin also increased cortical and trabecular bone mass of male mice and modified cortical bone alone in female mice. A modest increase in circulating testosterone may contribute to the leaner phenotype in male mice. Accordingly, the current study established a developmental period in which saccharin at high concentrations reduces adiposity and increases lean and bone mass in male mice while decreasing generalized growth in female mice.

scholarly journals CTRP12 ablation differentially affects energy expenditure, body weight, and insulin sensitivity in male and female mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 319 (1) ◽  
pp. E146-E162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Y. Tan ◽  
Xia Lei ◽  
Hannah C. Little ◽  
Susana Rodriguez ◽  
Dylan C. Sarver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Homozygous Deletion ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Female Mice

Secreted hormones facilitate tissue cross talk to maintain energy balance. We previously described C1q/TNF-related protein 12 (CTRP12) as a novel metabolic hormone. Gain-of-function and partial-deficiency mouse models have highlighted important roles for this fat-derived adipokine in modulating systemic metabolism. Whether CTRP12 is essential and required for metabolic homeostasis is unknown. We show here that homozygous deletion of Ctrp12 gene results in sexually dimorphic phenotypes. Under basal conditions, complete loss of CTRP12 had little impact on male mice, whereas it decreased body weight (driven by reduced lean mass and liver weight) and improved insulin sensitivity in female mice. When challenged with a high-fat diet, Ctrp12 knockout (KO) male mice had decreased energy expenditure, increased weight gain and adiposity, elevated serum TNFα level, and reduced insulin sensitivity. In contrast, female KO mice had reduced weight gain and liver weight. The expression of lipid synthesis and catabolism genes, as well as profibrotic, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and oxidative stress genes were largely unaffected in the adipose tissue of Ctrp12 KO male mice. Despite greater adiposity and insulin resistance, Ctrp12 KO male mice fed an obesogenic diet had lower circulating triglyceride and free fatty acid levels. In contrast, lipid profiles of the leaner female KO mice were not different from those of WT controls. These data suggest that CTRP12 contributes to whole body energy metabolism in genotype-, diet-, and sex-dependent manners, underscoring complex gene-environment interactions influencing metabolic outcomes.

Sex-specific effects of neonatal oral sucrose treatment on growth and liver choline and glucocorticoid metabolism in adulthood

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia Yamilka Ramírez-Contreras ◽  
Arya E Mehran ◽  
Melody Salehzadeh ◽  
Ei-Xia Mussai ◽  
Joshua W Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Oral Sucrose

Hospitalized preterm infants experience painful medical procedures. Oral sucrose is the non‑pharmacological standard of care for minor procedural pain relief. Infants are treated with numerous doses of sucrose, raising concerns about potential long-term effects. The objective of this study was to determine the long‑term effects of neonatal oral sucrose treatment on growth and liver metabolism in a mouse model. Neonatal female and male mice were randomly assigned to one of two oral treatments (n=7‑10 mice/group/sex): sterile water or sucrose. Pups were treated 10 times/day for the first six days of life with 0.2mg/g body weight of respective treatments (24% solution; 1‑4μl/dose) to mimic what is given to preterm infants. Mice were weaned at age 3 weeks onto a control diet and fed until age 16 weeks. Sucrose-treated female and male mice gained less weight during the treatment period and were smaller at weaning than water-treated mice (p≤0.05); no effect of sucrose treatment on body weight was observed at adulthood. However, adult sucrose-treated female mice had smaller tibias and lower serum insulin-like growth factor-1 than adult water-treated female mice (p≤0.05); these effects were not observed in males. Lower liver S-adenosylmethionine, phosphocholine, and glycerophosphocholine were observed in adult sucrose-treated compared to water-treated female and male mice (p≤0.05). Sucrose-treated female, but not male, mice had lower liver free choline and higher liver betaine compared to water-treated female mice (p<0.01). Our findings suggest that repeated neonatal sucrose treatment has long-term sex-specific effects on growth and liver methionine and choline metabolism.

Mouse anococcygeus muscle: sexual dimorphism and responsiveness to sex hormones

1997 ◽  
Vol 152 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Fukazawa ◽  
T Iguchi ◽  
H A Bern
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Oestrogen Receptor ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
Neonatal Exposure ◽  
Thin Sheets ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Anococcygeus Muscle ◽  
Icr Mice

Abstract The anococcygeus muscle (AcM) is one of a pair of thin sheets of smooth muscle inserting on the rectum, having a tendinous origin largely on sacral vertebrae. The cross-sectional area of AcM in the juxtarectal region in 90-day-old male mice was significantly larger than that in females of three strains: BALB/cCrgl, ICR/Jcl and C57BL/Tw. The AcM area in female mice showed strain differences: BALB/c>ICR>C57BL. Five daily injections of testosterone into newborn ICR mice from the day of birth significantly increased the areas of AcM in both sexes at 30 days of age, but five daily injections of oestradiol-17β (OE) decreased them. The AcM area in 60-day-old ICR male mice castrated at 30 days of age was significantly smaller than in intact males, and that in ovariectomized females was significantly larger than in intact females. In both sexes, implantation of a testosterone pellet (12 mg) into gonadectomized mice on the day of gonadectomy stimulated the growth of AcM, and implantation of an OE pellet (12 mg) inhibited the growth of AcM. The AcM in both ICR and C57BL strains showed positive androgen receptor and oestrogen receptor immunostaining at 15 days. Female ICR mice exposed neonatally to diethylstilboestrol (DES) had significantly larger AcM than controls; ovariectomy at 30 days of age did not change the AcM area in 60-day-old DES-exposed mice. However, male mice exposed neonatally to DES had significantly smaller AcM than controls; castration at 30 days of age nullified this inhibition. These results suggest that both androgen and oestrogen play an important role in sexual dimorphism of the mouse AcM. Neonatal exposure to DES (but not to oestradiol) had an irreversible stimulatory effect on the AcM area in female mice. Journal of Endocrinology (1997) 152, 229–237

scholarly journals Sex-Dependent Effects of 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone on Metabolic Health Are Associated with Alterations in the Host Gut Microbiome

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 637
Author(s):  
Priyanka Sharma ◽  
Guojun Wu ◽  
Deeptha Kumaraswamy ◽  
Natalie Burchat ◽  
Hong Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Lipid Accumulation ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Adipose Tissue Inflammation ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Hepatic Lipid Accumulation

7,8-Dihydroxyflavone (DHF) is a naturally occurring flavonoid that has been reported to protect against a variety of pathologies. Chronic administration of DHF prevents high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity in female, but not male, mice. However, the mechanisms underlying this sexual dimorphism have not been elucidated. We have discovered that oral DHF supplementation significantly attenuates fat mass, hepatic lipid accumulation, and adipose tissue inflammation in female mice. In contrast, male mice were not protected from adiposity, and had a paradoxical worsening of hepatic lipid accumulation and adipose tissue inflammation upon DHF supplementation. Consistent with these sexually dimorphic effects on body weight and metabolic health, 7,8-DHF induced early and stable remodeling of the female intestinal microbiome. DHF supplementation significantly increased gut microbial diversity, and suppressed potentially detrimental bacteria, particularly Desulfovibrionaceae, which are pro-inflammatory and positively associated with obesity and inflammation. Changes in the female gut microbiome preceded alterations in body weights, and in silico analyses indicated that these early microbial changes were highly predictive of subsequent weight gain in female mice. While some alterations in the intestinal microbiome were also observed in male DHF-supplemented mice, these changes were distinct from those in females and, importantly, were not predictive of subsequent body weight changes in male animals. The temporality of microbial changes preceding alterations in body weight in female mice suggests a role for the gut microbiome in mediating the sexually dimorphic effects of DHF on body weight. Given the significant clinical interest in this flavonoid across a wide range of pathologies, further elucidation of these sexually dimorphic effects will aid the development of effective clinical therapies.

scholarly journals Age-related changes of malondialdehyde, body weight and organ weight in male mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Ika Fidianingsih ◽  
Dwi Nur Ahsani
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Serum Free ◽  
Organ Weights ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Experimental Animal Study ◽  
Age Related Changes

Introduction<br />Aging is characterized by gradual impairment in all physiological functions. Increases in free radicals and changes in organ morphology occur with aging. The purpose of this study was to determine age-related changes in serum free radicals, body weight, organ weights, and relative organ weights in male mice. <br /><br />Methods<br />An experimental animal study was performed on 25 male mice (Mus musculus), which were randomized into 5 groups according to age at termination, i.e. 12 (group K1), 24 (K2), 32 (K3), 40 (K4) and 48 weeks (K5), respectively. Retro-orbital venous blood was taken for examination of malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. After termination, liver, heart, kidneys, testes, brain, thymus and spleen were weighed using an analytical balance. ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis tests were used to analyze the data, with p&lt;0.05 being considered significant. <br /><br />Results<br />Significant changes were found with age in serum MDA level (p=0.000), body weight (p=0.000), and weights of all organs except thymus (p&gt;0.05) (liver p=0.023, heart p=0.000, kidneys p=0.002, testes p=0.000, brain p=0.012 and spleen p=0.006). Significant changes in relative weight of brain (p=0.001) and spleen (p=0.049) were also found with age. <br /><br />Conclusion<br />This study demonstrated increases in serum MDA levels, body weight, and weights of the liver, heart, kidneys, testes, brain and spleen with age. Peak increases in weights of kidneys and thymus were found earlier than those in MDA levels and weights of other organs.

scholarly journals The induction of obesity in rodents by means of monosodium glutamate

1976 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Bunyan ◽  
Elspeth A. Murrell ◽  
P. P. Shah
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Monosodium Glutamate ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Fat Pad ◽  
Newborn Mice ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Gold Thioglucose ◽  
Male And Female Rats

1. Monosodium glutamate (MSG) was administered by various methods to mice and rats of various ages and the incidence of obesity was later measured.2. Newborn mice were injected subcutaneously with 3 mg MSG/g body-weight at 1, 2, 3, 6, 7 and 8 d of age; 16% died before weaning. Of the survivors, 90% or more became markedly obese. Mean carcass lipid content was increased by about 120% in both sexes at 20–30 weeks of age. In male mice, MSG treatment increased body-weight and epididymal fat pad weight, and greatly decreased adrenaline-stimulated lipolysis in isolated fat cells. Body-weight of females was not increased significantly. Food intake was not increased in either sex from weeks 13 to 15. Blood glucose level was not generally increased by MSG but some of the male mice had abnormally high values.3. Obesity was not detected in the offspring of female mice that had received 100 g MSG/kg diet, either from 3 weeks before mating until weaning, or from the 14th day of pregnancy until weaning.4. Intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg MSG/g body-weight (in two doses) at weaning increased carcass lipid content in female mice by 34% by 23 weeks of age, but female rats were not affected.5. The addition of 20 g MSG/l to the drinking-water from weaning onwards did not increase carcass lipid content in female rats or mice.6. The addition of 20 g MSG/kg diet from weaning onwards did not alter body-weight or carcass lipid content in male and female rats by 14 weeks of age.7. The obesity induced in mice by MSG was not associated with hyperphagia, unlike genetic obesity and obesity induced by gold thioglucose (GTG).8. All types of mouse studied, obese and lean, had essentially the same linear relationship between carcass water content and carcass lipid content.9. Although MSG-obese mice could not readily be differentiated from normal mice by the increase in body-weight, which was only about 10% compared to 50–120% for genetic and GTG-induced obesity, the proposed schedule of injections in the newborn was almost 100% reliable in inducing a high extent of adiposity.

scholarly journals Sex-Specific Difference in Adipose Tissue and Blood Pressure in a New Mouse Model Expressing Human Soluble Prorenin Receptor in Adipocytes

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 56-56
Author(s):  
Kellea Nichols ◽  
Audrey Poupeau ◽  
Eva Gatineau ◽  
Gertrude Arthur ◽  
Ming Gong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Soluble Form ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Prorenin Receptor ◽  
Body Weights

Abstract Objectives Sex differences exist in obesity associated with cardiovascular disease; however, underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. Previous studies from our laboratory demonstrated that the prorenin receptor (PRR) and its soluble form (sPRR) contribute to adipogenesis and blood pressure control. The present study aimed to determine whether adipose-sPRR stimulated obesity is associated with hypertension and whether it is sex-dependent. Methods Transgenic mice on the C57BL/6 J background were generated expressing the human form of the soluble prorenin receptor (HsPRR) in a Cre-inducible manner. Male mice expressing Cre recombinase under the control of the adiponectin promotor were bred to heterozygote HsPRR/+ female mice to generate mice over-secreting sPRR (adi-HsPRR) and control littermate mice (CTL). The secretion of sPRR in the media doubled in primary adipocytes of adi-HsPRR mice compared to control mice (sPRR. CTL: 3729 ± 805 pg/ml; adi-HsPRR: 6170 ± 1237 pg/ml, P &lt; 0.05) validating the mouse model. Male (CTL = 4; adi-HsPRR = 8) and female mice (CTL = 10; adi-HsPRR = 10) were fed a low-fat (LF) diet or a high-fat diet (HF) for 20 weeks. Body weight was assessed weekly and EchoMRI was examined monthly. Results After 20 weeks on LF diet, adi-HsPRR male mice gained significantly more weight than CTL male mice (CTL: 25.1 ± 0.8 g; adi-HsPRR: 29.0 ± 0.8 g P &lt; 0.05), whereas no significant differences in body weights were observed in female mice. The body composition revealed a significant increase of fat mass, specifically in the epidydimal fat (CTL: 0.35 ± 0.04 g; adi-HsPRR: 0.61 ± 0.07 g, P &lt; 0.05), and lean mass of HsPRR male mice compared to CTL male mice. In contrast, female mice exhibited similar body weights (CTL: 20.6 ± 0.3 g; adi-HsPRR: 20.4 ± 0.4 g) and there was no differences of fat mass or lean mass between CTL and adi-HsPRR female mice. The sex-specific mechanism of sPRR on adipogenesis and blood pressure (by radiotelemetry) with LF and HF diet is currently under investigation. Conclusions Overall, sPRR stimulated body weight gain and fat mass expansion in male mice but not in female mice suggesting that female mice are protected from sPRR induced-hypertrophic effect. Funding Sources R01_HL142969–01 Yiannikouris, PI 07/15/2018–06/30/2022 NIH/NHLBI Title: The role of soluble prorenin receptor in hypertension associated with obesity Role: Ph.D Graduate Student.

scholarly journals Impact of formate supplementation on body weight and plasma amino acids

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep Dhayade ◽  
Matthias Pietzke ◽  
Robert Wiesheu ◽  
Jacqueline Tait-Mulder ◽  
Dimitris Athineos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Sodium Formate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
The Impact

AbstractCurrent nutritional recommendations are focused on energy, fat, carbohydrate, protein and vitamins. Less attention has been paid to the nutritional demand of one-carbon units for nucleotide and methionine synthesis. Here we investigate the impact of sodium formate supplementation as a nutritional intervention to increase the dietary intake of one-carbon units. A cohort of six female and six male mice received 125 mM sodium formate in the drinking water for three months. A control group of another six female and six male mice was also followed up for the same period of time. Tail vein blood samples were collected once a month and profiled with a haematology Analyser. At the end of the study blood and tissues were collected for metabolomics analysis and immune cell sorting. Formate supplementation has no significant physiological effect on male mice. Formate supplementation has no significant effect on the immune cell counts during the intervention or at the end of the study in either gender. In female mice however, the body weight and spleen wet-weight were significantly increased by formate supplementation, while the blood plasma levels of amino acids were decreased. Formate supplementation also increased the frequency of probiotic bacteria in the stools of female mice. We conclude that formate supplementation induces physiological changes in female mice.

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