scholarly journals Improving the pilot selection process by using eye-tracking tools

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Slaviša Ivan Vlačić ◽  
Aleksandar Zdravko Knežević ◽  
Saptarshi Mandal ◽  
Sanja Rođenkov ◽  
Panos Vitsas
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Psychological Testing ◽  
Visual Response ◽  
Visual Behavior ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Tracking Device ◽  
Pilot Selection

This paper improves the understanding of the use of eye-tracking tools in the pilot selection process.  Research of eye movement and attention distribution of candidate pilots may provide the capability for visual behavior prediction in more demanding flight training phases. The research included psychological testing, flight screening of subjects and their achievements in a flight simulator in combination with an eye-tracking device. Participants were divided into three categories: high performance, average performance, and low performance and separately regarded through psychological testing results and flight screening results. An eye-tracking device tracked visual behavior of subjects through the scope and speed of visual perception. The number of fixations and revisits recorded during the simulated visual flight conditions measured the difference in visual response between subjects. Comparison of results showed a positive correlation with psychological test results. Correlation with flight screening selection was not confirmed. We used the new network-based approach with three target importance measures to overcome the shortcomings of traditional eye movement metrics. The results of the adopted network approach presented in the form of graphs and analysis of normalized importance measures showed that it was possible to extract specific saccade strategy for each participant. Discovered differences between them positively detected week ones. In this way, Eye-tracking tools can potentially improve the pilot selection process and complement other tests and assessment methods.

scholarly journals A Fast and Effective System for Analysis of Optokinetic Waveforms with a Low-Cost Eye Tracking Device

Healthcare ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Chong-Bin Tsai ◽  
Wei-Yu Hung ◽  
Wei-Yen Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Slow Phase ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Effective System ◽  
Tracking Device ◽  
Traditional Approaches

Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) is an involuntary eye movement induced by motion of a large proportion of the visual field. It consists of a “slow phase (SP)” with eye movements in the same direction as the movement of the pattern and a “fast phase (FP)” with saccadic eye movements in the opposite direction. Study of OKN can reveal valuable information in ophthalmology, neurology and psychology. However, the current commercially available high-resolution and research-grade eye tracker is usually expensive. Methods & Results: We developed a novel fast and effective system combined with a low-cost eye tracking device to accurately quantitatively measure OKN eye movement. Conclusions: The experimental results indicate that the proposed method achieves fast and promising results in comparisons with several traditional approaches.

Determining Gaze Behavior Patterns in On-Screen Testing

2020 ◽  
pp. 073563312097861
Author(s):  
Marko Pejić ◽  
Goran Savić ◽  
Milan Segedinac
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Behavior Pattern ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Software System ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Presentation Methods ◽  
Tracking Device

This study proposes a software system for determining gaze patterns in on-screen testing. The system applies machine learning techniques to eye-movement data obtained from an eye-tracking device to categorize students according to their gaze behavior pattern while solving an on-screen test. These patterns are determined by converting eye movement coordinates into a sequence of regions of interest. The proposed software system extracts features from the sequence and performs clustering that groups students by their gaze pattern. To determine gaze patterns, the system contains components for communicating with an eye-tracking device, collecting and preprocessing students’ gaze data, and visualizing data using different presentation methods. This study presents a methodology to determine gaze patterns and the implementation details of the proposed software. The research was evaluated by determining the gaze patterns of 51 undergraduate students who took a general knowledge test containing 20 questions. This study aims to provide a software infrastructure that can use students’ gaze patterns as an additional indicator of their reading behaviors and their processing attention or difficulty, among other factors.

scholarly journals Novel Method for Rapid Assessment of Cognitive Impairment Using High-Performance Eye-Tracking Technology

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akane Oyama ◽  
Shuko Takeda ◽  
Yuki Ito ◽  
Tsuneo Nakajima ◽  
Yoichi Takami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Cognitive Assessment ◽  
Neuropsychological Tests ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Screening Tools ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Tracking Device ◽  
Tracking Technology

Abstract A rapid increase in the number of patients with dementia has emerged as a global health challenge. Accumulating evidence suggests that early diagnosis and timely intervention can delay cognitive decline. The diagnosis of dementia is commonly performed using neuropsychological tests, such as the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), administered by trained examiners. While these traditional neuropsychological tests are valid and reliable, they are neither simple nor sufficiently short as routine screening tools for dementia. Here, we developed a brief cognitive assessment utilizing an eye-tracking technology. The subject views a series of short (178 s) task movies and pictures displayed on a monitor while their gaze points are recorded by the eye-tracking device, and the cognitive scores are determined from the gaze plots data. The cognitive scores were measured by both an eye tracking-based assessment and neuropsychological tests in 80 participants, including 27 cognitively healthy controls (HC), 26 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 27 patients with dementia. The eye tracking-based cognitive scores correlated well with the scores from the neuropsychological tests, and they showed a good diagnostic performance in detecting patients with MCI and dementia. Rapid cognitive assessment using eye-tracking technology can enable quantitative scoring and the sensitive detection of cognitive impairment.

Research on Information Engineering with Infrared Camera Measurement in Eye Tracking Technology

2014 ◽  
Vol 952 ◽  
pp. 257-260
Author(s):  
Le Yang Chen ◽  
Fan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Coordinate System ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Infrared Camera ◽  
Center Position ◽  
Information Engineering ◽  
Calibration Algorithm ◽  
Point Calculation ◽  
Tracking Device ◽  
Tracking Technology

The thesis provides detail research on eye movement device theory and realization with infrared camera. It discusses pupil coordinate system and field of view coordinate system, calibration and displaying of real-time eye movement measure for eye tracking device, calibration algorithm for actual focus point calculation by pupil center position, and analysis of Eye movement device.

scholarly journals Identifying Expert and Novice Visual Scanpath Patterns and Their Relationship to Assessing Learning-Relevant Student Characteristics

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Kosel ◽  
Doris Holzberger ◽  
Tina Seidel
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Student Characteristics ◽  
Visual Behavior ◽  
Judgment Accuracy ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Expert And Novice ◽  
Visual Scanpath ◽  
Classroom Lesson

The paper addresses cognitive processes during a teacher's professional task of assessing learning-relevant student characteristics. We explore how eye-movement patterns (scanpaths) differ across expert and novice teachers during an assessment situation. In an eye-tracking experiment, participants watched an authentic video of a classroom lesson and were subsequently asked to assess five different students. Instead of using typically reported averaged gaze data (e.g., number of fixations), we used gaze patterns as an indicator for visual behavior. We extracted scanpath patterns, compared them qualitatively (common sub-pattern) and quantitatively (scanpath entropy) between experts and novices, and related teachers' visual behavior to their assessment competence. Results show that teachers' scanpaths were idiosyncratic and more similar to teachers of the same expertise group. Moreover, experts monitored all target students more regularly and made recurring scans to re-adjust their assessment. Lastly, this behavior was quantified using Shannon's entropy score. Results indicate that experts' scanpaths were more complex, involved more frequent revisits of all students, and that experts transferred their attention between all students with equal probability. Experts' visual behavior was also statistically related to higher judgment accuracy.

scholarly journals Predicting Spatial Visualization Problems’ Difficulty Level from Eye-Tracking Data

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 1949
Author(s):  
Xiang Li ◽  
Rabih Younes ◽  
Diana Bairaktarova ◽  
Qi Guo
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Spatial Visualization ◽  
Difficulty Level ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Multiple Choice Questions ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
E Learning ◽  
The Difference

The difficulty level of learning tasks is a concern that often needs to be considered in the teaching process. Teachers usually dynamically adjust the difficulty of exercises according to the prior knowledge and abilities of students to achieve better teaching results. In e-learning, because there is no teacher involvement, it often happens that the difficulty of the tasks is beyond the ability of the students. In attempts to solve this problem, several researchers investigated the problem-solving process by using eye-tracking data. However, although most e-learning exercises use the form of filling in blanks and choosing questions, in previous works, research focused on building cognitive models from eye-tracking data collected from flexible problem forms, which may lead to impractical results. In this paper, we build models to predict the difficulty level of spatial visualization problems from eye-tracking data collected from multiple-choice questions. We use eye-tracking and machine learning to investigate (1) the difference of eye movement among questions from different difficulty levels and (2) the possibility of predicting the difficulty level of problems from eye-tracking data. Our models resulted in an average accuracy of 87.60% on eye-tracking data of questions that the classifier has seen before and an average of 72.87% on questions that the classifier has not yet seen. The results confirmed that eye movement, especially fixation duration, contains essential information on the difficulty of the questions and it is sufficient to build machine-learning-based models to predict difficulty level.

scholarly journals Objective measurement of nine gaze-directions using an eye-tracking device

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yo Iwata ◽  
Tomoya Handa ◽  
Hitoshi Ishikawa
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Screen Test ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
Objective Measurements ◽  
Novel Device ◽  
Healthy Young People ◽  
Tracking Device

Purpose: To investigate the usefulness and efficacy of a novel eye-tracking device that can objectively measure nine gaze-directions. Methods: We measured each of the nine gaze-directions subjectively, using a conventional Hess screen test, and objectively, using the nine gaze-direction measuring device, and de-termined the correlation, addition error, and proportional error. We obtained two consecu-tive measurements of the nine gaze-directions using the newly developed device in healthy young people with exophoria and investigated the reproducibility of the measurements. We further measured the nine gaze-directions using a Hess screen test and the newly developed device in three subjects with cover test-based strabismus and compared the results. Results: We observed that the objective measurements obtained with the newly developed gaze-direction measuring device had significant correlation and addition error compared to the conventional subjective method, and we found no proportional error. These measure-ments had good reproducibility. Conclusion: The novel device can be used to observe delayed eye movement associated with limited eye movement in the affected eye, as well as the associated excessive movement of the healthy eye in patients with strabismus, similar to the Hess screen test. This is a useful device that can provide objective measurements of nine gaze-directions.

Two Short Tests Fail to Detect Vigilance Decrements

2001 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Botella ◽  
María José Contreras ◽  
Pei-Chun Shih ◽  
Víctor Rubio
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Air Traffic Controllers ◽  
Job Selection ◽  
Performance Deterioration ◽  
Short Test ◽  
Psychological Dimensions

Summary: Deterioration in performance associated with decreased ability to sustain attention may be found in long and tedious task sessions. The necessity for assessing a number of psychological dimensions in a single session often demands “short” tests capable of assessing individual differences in abilities such as vigilance and maintenance of high performance levels. In the present paper two tasks were selected as candidates for playing this role, the Abbreviated Vigilance Task (AVT) by Temple, Warm, Dember, LaGrange and Matthews (1996) and the Continuous Attention Test (CAT) by Tiplady (1992) . However, when applied to a sample of 829 candidates in a job-selection process for air-traffic controllers, neither of them showed discriminative capacity. In a second study, an extended version of the CAT was applied to a similar sample of 667 subjects, but also proved incapable of properly detecting individual differences. In short, at least in a selection context such as that studied here, neither of the tasks appeared appropriate for playing the role of a “short” test for discriminating individual differences in performance deterioration in sustained attention.

Age Differences in Eye Movements During Reading: Degenerative Problems or Compensatory Strategy?

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-311
Author(s):  
José David Moreno ◽  
José A. León ◽  
Lorena A. M. Arnal ◽  
Juan Botella
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Aging Effects ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Sentence Reading ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Eye Movements During Reading

Abstract. We report the results of a meta-analysis of 22 experiments comparing the eye movement data obtained from young ( Mage = 21 years) and old ( Mage = 73 years) readers. The data included six eye movement measures (mean gaze duration, mean fixation duration, total sentence reading time, mean number of fixations, mean number of regressions, and mean length of progressive saccade eye movements). Estimates were obtained of the typified mean difference, d, between the age groups in all six measures. The results showed positive combined effect size estimates in favor of the young adult group (between 0.54 and 3.66 in all measures), although the difference for the mean number of fixations was not significant. Young adults make in a systematic way, shorter gazes, fewer regressions, and shorter saccadic movements during reading than older adults, and they also read faster. The meta-analysis results confirm statistically the most common patterns observed in previous research; therefore, eye movements seem to be a useful tool to measure behavioral changes due to the aging process. Moreover, these results do not allow us to discard either of the two main hypotheses assessed for explaining the observed aging effects, namely neural degenerative problems and the adoption of compensatory strategies.

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