scholarly journals Decomposition of rice straw residues and the emission of CO2, CH4 under paddy rice and crop rotation in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta region – A microcosm study

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dung Tran Van ◽  
Thu Tat Anh ◽  
Long Vu Van ◽  
Da Chau Thi
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Mekong Delta ◽  
Soil Condition ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Litter Bags ◽  
Microcosm Study ◽  
Total Nitrogen Removal ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

This study investigated the influence of soil undergoing different crop rotations on the CH<sub>4</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, and decomposition of rice straw. The studied soil undergoing crop rotation systems were rice-rice-rice (SR) and baby corn-rice-mungbean (SB). Two main microcosm set-ups: anaerobic (SR-AN, SB-AN) and aerobic (SR-AE, SB-AE) conditions. Litter bags containing rice stems were inserted into the soil and recollected at different time points for chemical analysing and the gas sampling was collected to measure the CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> emissions. The results indicated that the total carbon (TC) decreased around 30%, and the TC removal in anaerobic was significantly higher than in aerobic conditions. The residue cellulose content varied in a range from 68.2% to 78.6%, while the hemicellulose content varied from 57.4% to 69.3% at day 50 after incorporation. There were no significant differences in the total nitrogen removal, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents among the microcosm set-ups. CO<sub>2</sub> emission increased in all the microcosm set-ups with the treatments without rice straw (CTSR, CTSB) in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. CH<sub>4</sub> release in the SR-AN treatments did not differ significantly compared with the SB-AN treatments. This study confirmed that the decomposition of rice straw residues is faster in the anaerobic paddy soil condition compared to the aerobic crop rotation condition.  

The impact of aerobic pretreatment of agro and industrial wastes on their biomethanation potential in Nisargruna technology

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 548-556
Author(s):  
Shubhada Nayak ◽  
Madhuri Sahasrabuddhe ◽  
Sharad Kale
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Methane Formation ◽  
Municipal Solid Wastes ◽  
Metabolic Potential ◽  
Downward Displacement ◽  
Complex Polymers ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

Anaerobic digestion is among the essential biological techniques used for stabilization of organic sludge from sewage and highly concentrated efflu-ents from food processing industries. It also recycles the municipal solid wastes into compost with simultaneous production of methane. The current study was performed to estimate the biomethanation potential of various agro- and industrial wastes like Jatropha de-oil cake, prawn shells, chicken feathers, bagasse, rice straw and wheat husk by mimicking the conditions in the biphasic Nisargruna biogas plant. A small volume of samples was chemi-cally characterized and allowed to decompose under aerobic and anaerobic conditions to determine the effect of aerobic predigestion (i.e. phase 1 of Nisargruna plant) on final methane production. The biogas produced was quantified by downward displacement of water. The observations indicated that approximately 60-80% methane was produced when Jatropha de-oil cake, prawn shells and rice straw was used. Conversely, the wheat straw and sugarcane wastes showed less methane formation, which may be due to the presence of complex polymers like lignocellulose and silica that considerably reduces the metabolic potential of microorganisms.

scholarly journals A semi-dominant mutation in OsCESA9 improves biomass enzymatic digestibility and salt tolerance by relatively remodeling cell walls in rice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yafeng Ye ◽  
Shuoxun Wang ◽  
Kun Wu ◽  
Yan Ren ◽  
Hongrui Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Enzymatic Saccharification ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Normal Plant ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Straw Return ◽  
Almost All

Abstract Background: Cellulose synthase (CESA) mutants have potential use in straw processing due to their lower cellulose content, but almost all of the mutants exhibit defective phenotypes in plant growth and development. Balancing normal plant growth with reduced cellulose content remains a challenge, as cellulose content and normal plant growth are typically negatively correlated with one another. Result: Here, the rice (Oryza sativa) semi-dominant brittle culm (sdbc) mutant Sdbc1, which harbors a substitution (D387N) at the first conserved aspartic acid residue of OsCESA9, exhibits lower cellulose content and reduced secondary wall thickness as well as enhanced biomass enzymatic saccharification compared with the wild type (WT). Further experiments indicated that the OsCESA9D387N mutation may compete with the wild-type OsCESA9 for interacting with OsCESA4 and OsCESA7, further forming non-functional or partially functional CSCs. The OsCESA9/OsCESA9D387N heterozygous plants increase salt tolerance through scavenging and detoxification of ROS and indirectly affecting related gene expression. They also improve rice straw return to the field due to their brittle culms and lower cellulose content without any negative effects in grain yield and lodging. Conclusion: Hence, manipulation of OsCESA9D387N can provide the perspective of the rice straw for biofuels and bioproducts due to its improved enzymatic saccharification.

scholarly journals A novel high performance metagenome-derived alkali-thermostable endo-β-1,4-glucanase for lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysis in the harsh conditions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shohreh Ariaeenejad ◽  
Atefeh Sheykhabdolahzadeh ◽  
Morteza Maleki ◽  
Kaveh Kavousi ◽  
Mehdi Foroozandeh Shahraki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
In Silico Analysis ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Biomass Hydrolysis ◽  
Harsh Condition

Abstract Background: Lignocellulosic biomass, is a great resource for the production of bio-energy and bio-based material since it is largely abundant, inexpensive and renewable. The requirement of new energy sources has led to a wide search for novel effective enzymes to improve the exploitation of lignocellulose, among which the importance of thermostable and halotolerant cellulase enzymes with high pH performance is significant. Results: The primary aim of this study was to discover a novel alkali-thermostable endo-β-1,4-glucanase from the sheep rumen metagenome. Using a multi-step in-silico analysis, primary candidates with desired properties were found and subjected to cloning, expression, and purification followed by functional and structural characterization. The enzymes' kinetic parameters, including V max , Km, and specific activity, were calculated. The PersiCel4 demonstrated its optimum activity at pH 8.5 and a temperature of 85°C and was able to retain more than 70% of its activity after 150 hours of storage at 85°C. Furthermore, this enzyme was able to maintain its catalytic activity in the presence of different concentrations of NaCl, MgCl 2 , CaCl 2 , and MnCl 2 . Our results showed that treatment with MnCl 2 could enhance the enzyme’s activity by 89%. PersiCel4 was ultimately used for enzymatic hydrolysis of autoclave pretreated rice straw, the most abundant agricultural waste with rich cellulose content. In autoclave treated rice straw, enzymatic hydrolysis with the PersiCel4 increased the release of reducing sugar up to 260% after 72 hours in the harsh condition ( T= 85°C, pH = 8.5). Conclusion: Considering the urgent demand for stable cellulases that are operational on extreme temperature and pH conditions and due to several proposed distinctive characteristics of PersiCel4, it can be used in the harsh condition for bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass.

scholarly journals Soil properties after 36 years of N fertilization under continuous corn and corn-soybean management

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nakian Kim ◽  
Gevan D. Behnke ◽  
María B. Villamil
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Block Design ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Continuous Corn

Abstract. Modern agricultural systems rely on inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilization to enhance crop yields, but its overuse may negatively affect soil properties. Our objective was to investigate the effect of long-term N fertilization on key soil properties under continuous corn [Zea mays L.] (CCC) and both the corn (Cs) and soybean [Glycine max L. Merr.] (Sc) phases of a corn-soybean rotation. Research plots were established in 1981 with treatments arranged as a split-plot design in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plot was crop rotation (CCC, Cs, and Sc), and the subplots were N fertilizer rates of 0 kg N ha−1 (N0, controls), and 202 kg N ha−1, and 269 kg N ha−1 (N202, and N269, respectively). After 36 years and within the CCC, the yearly addition of N269 compared to unfertilized controls significantly increased cation exchange capacity (CEC, 65 % higher under N269) and acidified the top 15 cm of the soil (pH 4.8 vs. pH 6.5). Soil organic matter (SOM) and total carbon stocks (TCs) were not affected by treatments, yet water aggregate stability (WAS) decreased by 6.7 % within the soybean phase of the CS rotation compared to CCC. Soil bulk density (BD) decreased with increased fertilization by 5 % from N0 to N269. Although ammonium (NH4+) did not differ by treatments, nitrate (NO3−) increased eight-fold with N269 compared to N0, implying increased nitrification. Soils of unfertilized controls under CCC have over twice the available phosphorus level (P) and 40 % more potassium (K) than the soils of fertilized plots (N202 and N269). On average, corn yields increased 60 % with N fertilization compared to N0. Likewise, under N0, rotated corn yielded 45 % more than CCC; the addition of N (N202 and N269) decreased the crop rotation benefit to 17 %. Our results indicated that due to the increased level of corn residues returned to the soil in fertilized systems, long-term N fertilization improved WAS and BD, yet not SOM, at the cost of significant soil acidification and greater risk of N leaching and increased nitrous oxide emissions.

scholarly journals A STRATEGY FOR DETERMINING THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF RICE STRAW

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 983-991
Author(s):  
MAHESHANI P. A. NANAYAKKARA ◽  
WALAGEDARA G.A. PABASARA ◽  
ADIKARI M.P.B. SAMARASEKARA ◽  
DON A.S. AMARASINGHE ◽  
LALEEN KARUNANAYAKE
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Chemical Extraction ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Sri Lankan ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Wet Chemical

As rice is the staple food of most Asian countries, rice straw has become one of the largest agricultural wastes in Asia. It has not been subjected to adequate value additions yet. However, it has excellent potential to be converted to valuable materials, as it contains a significant amount of cellulose. Therefore, it would be beneficial in many ways to identify the cellulose yields of straws of different rice varieties. In general, the cellulose content of biomass is determined by wet chemical methods. Though these methods are accurate, they are not convenient to use under industrial conditions. This research work focuses on investigating the potential of thermal analysis as an alternative way to predict cellulose yields. For the study, rice straws of most frequently cultivated traditional Sri Lankan rice varieties: Suwandel and Raththal, as well as technically modified Sri Lankan rice varieties: BG300 and BG352, were selected. The results obtained by the proposed method were validated by an established three-step chemical extraction process.

A component model of decomposition of Spartina alterniflora in a New Jersey salt marsh

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 1618-1624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew C. Marinucci ◽  
R. Bartha
Keyword(s):  
New Jersey ◽  
Salt Marsh ◽  
Spartina Alterniflora ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Logistic Function ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Component Model ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen ◽  
Litter Bags ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen

Spartina alterniflora decomposition was monitored in the high and low salt marsh in litter bags (2-mm mesh). The detritus formed in this process was analyzed at various times for ash-free dry weight (AFDW) (combustion at 550 °C), total carbon (wet combustion to CO2), and total nitrogen (Kjeldahl digestion). A mathematical component model predicting the change of these parameters was developed to explain these data.The first-order decay equation Xt = X0 e−kt was used to explain AFDW and carbon changes. The k values ranged from 0.004 to 0.02 per day for data from the high and low marsh, respectively, for New Jersey. Nitrogen fluxes are described by four functions. Three of these are decay functions which theoretically model (1) loss of soluble nitrogen, (2) loss of recalcitrant nitrogenous plant material, and (3) loss of microbial nitrogen. The fourth is a logistic function which describes the microbial incorportaion of nitrogen into the detritus. Nitrogen and C/N ratio values calculated with these equations simulated values obtained from field data.

scholarly journals A semi-dominant mutation in OsCESA9 improves rice straw return to the field and increases salt tolerance by remodeling the cell wall in rice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yafeng Ye ◽  
Shuoxun Wang ◽  
Kun Wu ◽  
Yan Ren ◽  
Hongrui Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Enzymatic Saccharification ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Normal Plant ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Biomass Saccharification ◽  
Straw Return

Abstract Background Cellulose synthase (CESA) mutants have potential use in straw processing due to their lower cellulose content, but almost all of the mutants exhibit defective phenotypes in plant growth and development. Balancing normal plant growth with reduced cellulose content remains a challenge, as cellulose content and normal plant growth are typically negatively correlated with one another.Result Here, the rice (Oryza sativa) semi-dominant brittle culm (sdbc) mutant Sdbc1, which harbors a substitution (D387N) at the first conserved aspartic acid residue of OsCESA9, exhibits lower cellulose content and reduced secondary wall thickness as well as enhanced biomass enzymatic saccharification compared with the wild type. Further experiments indicated that the OsCESA9D387N mutation may compete with the wild-type OsCESA9 for interacting with OsCESA4 and OsCESA7, further forming non-functional or partially functional CSCs. The OsCESA9/OsCESA9D387N heterozygous plants increase salt tolerance through scavenging and detoxification of ROS and indirectly affecting related gene expression. They also improve rice straw return to the field due to their brittle culms and lower cellulose content without any negative effects in grain yield and lodging.Conclusion Hence, manipulation of OsCESA9D387N can enhance biomass saccharification and simultaneously facilitate the decay of rice straw in the soil, providing a new strategy for bioenergy crop breeding.

scholarly journals Methane emissions in triple rice cropping: patterns and a method for reduction

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 1675
Author(s):  
Masato Oda ◽  
Huu Chiem Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Methane Emission ◽  
Mekong Delta ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Crop Season ◽  
Emission Pattern ◽  
Current Season ◽  
Cropping Patterns ◽  
The Third ◽  
Heading Stage

The Mekong Delta paddies are known as hotspots of methane emission, but these emissions are not well studied. We analyzed methane emission patterns based on monitoring data from typical triple rice cropping paddies collected over 5 years. We found that the total emissions in a crop season doubled in the second crop, tripled in the third crop, and reset after the annual natural flood of the Mekong River. The emission peaks occurred around 0 to 3 weeks after starting irrigation, then gradually decreased. This suggests that methane was generated by the soil organic matter, because the small rice plants provide little carbon for methanogenesis. In general, the main source of emitted methane is rice-derived carbon by current-season photosynthates and the emission peaks at the rice heading stage. However, the contribution of the rice-derived carbon is negligible in the hotspot paddies while total emission is high. The increase in emission levels from the first to the third crop can be explained by the accumulation of rice residue from the preceding crops, especially rice straw incorporated into the soil. The reset of emission levels after annual flood means that the rice straw is decomposed without methanogenesis in water with dissolved oxygen. Thus, the annual emission pattern shows that decomposing rice straw in paddy surface-water is an effective method to reduce methane emissions.

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