scholarly journals Soil biological quantity and quality parameters of grasslands in various landscape zones

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 577-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Duffková ◽  
H. Macurová
Keyword(s):  
Soil Layer ◽  
Basal Respiration ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Discharge Zone ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Soil Drought ◽  
Transient Zone ◽  
The One

In three landscape zones of a permanent grassland catchment (discharge zone, D; transient zone, T; and recharge zone, R; Crystallinicum, Czech Republic), soil moisture by volume (&theta;) and soil biological quantity and quality parameters, e.g. oxidizable C (C<sub>ox</sub>), hot water soluble C (C<sub>hws</sub>), microbial biomass C (C<sub>mic</sub>), nitrification (NITR), aerobic N mineralization (MIN) and basal respiration rates (R<sub>bas</sub>), metabolic quotient (qCO<sub>2</sub>: R<sub>bas</sub>/C<sub>mic</sub>) and microbial quotient (C<sub>mic</sub>/C<sub>ox</sub>) were estimated in the surface soil layer. We found out positive correlation of C<sub>mic</sub> and C<sub>mic</sub>/C<sub>ox</sub> with &theta;, or NITR, MIN, R<sub>bas</sub> and C<sub>mic</sub> with C<sub>hws</sub>, but no relationship between &theta; on the one hand and NITR, MIN, R<sub>bas</sub> or C<sub>ox</sub> on the other. The wettest zone D with extremely low pH displayed the highest C<sub>mic</sub> and C<sub>mic</sub>/C<sub>ox</sub> (1081&nbsp;mg/kg, 5.29%) and the lowest qCO<sub>2</sub> (31 &micro;gC/day/mgC<sub>mic</sub>). Soil drought in zones T and R reduced C<sub>mic</sub> and C<sub>mic</sub>/C<sub>ox</sub> (939, 1029, and 3.72, 3.83, respectively) and augmented qCO<sub>2</sub> (42; 51). Rainfall following a prolonged dry period reduced MIN and NITR in permeable zone R as a result of fast microbial regeneration (average in D: 2.24; 2.48 kg N/ha/day, T: 2.62; 2.82 kg N/ha/day, R: 1.51; 1.95 kg N/ha/day).

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF LIVESTOCK COMPLEXES WASTEWATER IRRIGATION ON THE SALT MODE OF SOILS

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 6-14
Author(s):  
R.F. Abdrakhmanov ◽  
◽  
A.V. Komissarov ◽  
L.M. Khasanova ◽  
Yu.A. Kovshov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Observation Point ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
State Farm ◽  
Sodium Magnesium ◽  
Horizontal Drainage ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The One

Increasing crop yields involves the introduction of not only mineral, but also organic fertilizers into the soil. The disposal of manure of large livestock complexes in adjacent fields in combination with irrigation is of particular relevance at present. This allows, on the one hand, to reduce the load on treatment facilities, and, on the other hand, to improve the soil fertility of adjacent farmland. The article presents the results of monitoring the hydrogeological and reclamation state of the lands in the state farm «Roschinsky» in the Sterlitamak district of the Republic of Bashkortostan irrigated with wastewater from the livestock complex. It is revealed that for the periods from 1987 to 1997 irrigation with wastewater caused an increase in the mineralization of soil solutions from 0,007–0,096 to 0,34–0,45 %. The accumulation of sodium, magnesium, calcium, sulfate and chlorine ions in soils took place. The capacity of the soil-absorbed complex decreased from 49,8 to 12,8 mEq/100 g. Under the influence of irrigation with sewage, the chemical composition and salinity of the groundwater underwent significant changes. The content of sulfates (from 20–40 to 150–350 mg/l), chlorine (from 10–20 to 100–200 mg/l), sodium (from 10–50 to 70–100 mg/l) increased. The mineralization increased from 0,6–0,7 to 1,4–2,7 g/l. The deterioration of soil properties was also observed in the subsequent observation period from 2006 to 2010. Exceeding the boundary value of the dry residue for non-saline soil (0,25 %) in the meter soil layer was noted in 2010 at 9 out of 10 observation points, while in 2006 – only at 1 observation point. The total amount of water-soluble salts in a meter layer of soil from 2006 to 2010 increased by 14,2 t/ha, including toxic salts by 9,57 t/ha. To prevent the further development of salinization processes, the disposal of livestock stocks must be alternated with seasonal preventive leaching of the soil against a background of closed horizontal drainage, as well as increasing the area of the irrigated area and including salt-resistant crops in the rotation.

scholarly journals The influence of long-term organic and mineral fertilization on soil organic matter

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 41-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Šimon
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Basal Respiration ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Respiration Activity ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Aliphatic Compounds ◽  
Control Variant

Parameters evaluating soil organic matter quantity (organic C and N content) and quality (hot water extractable C content, aliphatic compounds, microbial biomass C content, basal respiration activity) were determined in soils differently fertilized (NPK &ndash; mineral fertilization 64.6 kg N/ha/year, FYM &ndash; farmyard manure 38.6 kg N/ha/year, FYM + NPK &ndash; 103.3 kg N/ha/year) in long-term field experiment established in 1955 in Prague. Variant without any fertilization was used as a control. Nine years crop rotation (45% cereals, 33% root crops, 22% fodder crops) is practiced in this long-term experiment. Soil samples were taken from the arable layer (0&ndash;20 cm) in spring over the period of 1994&ndash;2004. Continual application of FYM and FYM + NPK increased the organic carbon content, hot water extractable C (HWC) content, aliphatic compounds content and microbial biomass C content significantly compared to control variant. Mineral fertilization (NPK) increased only organic C content significantly compared to control variant; HWC content, aliphatic compounds content and microbial biomass C content were increased not significantly. Basal respiration activity did not differ significantly between the variants but the influence of plants cropped in individual years on the basal respiration was observed. The total N content was increased significantly only in FYM + NPK variant as compared to control variant. Presence of lucerne in crop rotation contributed positively to the total nitrogen content in soil of all variants due to the symbiotic N<sub>2</sub> fixation. C:N ratio varied from 9.96 to 10.46. Significant positive relationships (r = 0.30 to 0.68; P &lt; 0.05) among the all parameters were determined with exception of basal respiration activity. The most of measured characteristics tended to be constant or slightly increase in the period of observation that shows evidence of stability of this soil management system.

scholarly journals The Role of Different Earthworm Species (Metaphire Hilgendorfi and Eisenia Fetida) on CO2 Emissions and Microbial Biomass during Barley Decomposition

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 6544
Author(s):  
Hamamoto ◽  
Uchida
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Earthworm Species ◽  
C And N

Earthworms are commonly known as essential modifiers of soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles, but the effects of their species on nutrient cycles and interaction with soil microbial activities during the decomposition of organic materials remain unclear. We conducted an incubation experiment to investigate the effect of two different epigeic earthworms (M. hilgendorfi and E. fetida) on C and N concentrations and related enzyme activities in agricultural soils with added barley residues (ground barley powder). To achieve this, four treatments were included; (1) M. hilgendorfi and barley, (2) E. fetida and barley, (3) barley without earthworms, and (4) without earthworms and without barley. After 32 days incubation, we measured soil pH, inorganic N, microbial biomass C (MBC), water or hot-water soluble C, and soil enzyme activities. We also measured CO2 emissions during the incubation. Our results indicated the earthworm activity in soils had no effect on the cumulative CO2 emissions. However, M. hilgendorfi had a potential to accumulate MBC (2.9 g kg −1 soil) and nitrate-N (39 mg kg −1 soil), compared to E. fetida (2.5 g kg −1 soil and 14 mg kg −1 soil, respectively). In conclusion, the interaction between soil microbes and earthworm is influenced by earthworm species, consequently influencing the soil C and N dynamics.

scholarly journals A Water-Soluble Copper-Immobilized Covalent Organic Framework Functioning as an “OFF–ON” Fluorescent Sensor for Amino Acids

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lamiaa Reda Ahmed ◽  
Ahmed F. M. EL-Mahdy ◽  
Cheng-Tang Pan ◽  
Shiao-Wei Kuo
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fluorescent Sensor ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Covalent Organic Framework ◽  
The One ◽  
Organic Framework

In this paper, we describe the construction of a new fluorescent hydroxyl- and hydrazone-based covalent organic framework (TFPB-DHTH COF) through the one-pot polycondensation of 1,3,5-tris(4-formylphenyl)benzene (TFPB) and 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalohydrazide (DHTH) under...

EXTRACTION OF BORON FROM CSSC REFERENCE SOILS BY HOT WATER, DILUTE CaCl2 AND MANNITOL-CaCl2 SOLUTIONS

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. SCHUPPLI
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Background Color ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Reference Soil ◽  
Highly Correlated

Soils were extracted by hot water, dilute CaCl2, and by mannitol-CaCl2 solutions and boron was determined by either azomethine-H or the curcumin method. Results were strongly method dependent; in particular results by the simplest method, mannitol-CaCl2, were generally lower and not highly correlated (r = 0.64) with those by the recommended procedure. This procedure involves extraction with hot distilled H2O (2:1 solution:soil), centrifugation, filtration, color development with azomethine-H and correction for background color. Extractable boron values by this procedure ranged from 0.1 to 1.4 mg kg−1. Background color can be further reduced by the substitution of 0.02 M CaCl2 for distilled water. Key words: CSSC reference soil samples, hot-water-soluble boron

Effect of previous cutting interval and of leaf area remaining after cutting on regrowth of Macroptilium atropurpureum cv. Siratro

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (68) ◽  
pp. 343 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Jones
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Practical Implication ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Plant Yield

Experiments with Siratro were conducted at Samford, south east Queensland to study the effects of previous cutting and defoliation treatments on regrowth. In the first experiment, swards of Siratro were cut at 7.5 cm above ground level every 4 weeks, every 8 weeks or cut once at 16 weeks during spring and summer. Regrowth of all treatments over ten weeks was measured after varying (by leaf removal) the stubble leaf area index (LAI) of the plots cut every four weeks. Pattern of regrowth yield was similar for all treatments with a pronounced lag phase after cutting. Regrowth yield after 10 weeks differed between treatments and was linearly related (P < 0.01 ) to residual LAI in the stubble at the start of regrowth. In the absence of stubble leaves, plots previously cut at 16 weeks or at 8 weeks yielded marginally more than those cut every 4 weeks. There were no marked treatment differences in gross root morphology other than a two fold increase in stolon rooting for the 16-week treatment. Nitrogen content of the roots (mean 1.38 per cent) was unaffected by treatment, but the per cent hot water soluble sugars were lower for the 16 week defoliation treatment than for the 8-week and the 4-week treatments. In the second experiment individual plants were cut to a uniform stubble every 4 weeks and either 0, 5, or 10 leaves were left. Dry weight of regrowth and stolon development were greatest when most leaves were left. Two thirds of the plants died after six cuttings with complete defoliation but none died when either 5 or 10 leaves were retained. Plant survival was not related to plant yield or degree of stoloniferous development. However, there was a strong correlation between stolon number and plant yield under this intensive cutting regime. The practical implication of the results in the management of Siratro is discussed.

scholarly journals Characteristics of the Water- and Alkali-Soluble Hemicelluloses Fractionated by Sequential Acidification and Graded-Ethanol from Sweet Maize Stems

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaopeng Peng ◽  
Shuangxi Nie ◽  
Xiaoping Li ◽  
Xiong Huang ◽  
Quanzi Li
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Ethanol Solution ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Fundamental Information ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Structural Characterizations

Sweet maize stems were treated with hot water and potassium hydroxide to fractionate hemicellulosic polymers. The results showed that the water-soluble hemicelluloses were mainly composed of glucose (27.83%), xylose (27.32%), and galactose (16.81%). In comparison, alkali-soluble hemicelluloses fractionated by acidification and a graded ethanol solution (10%, 20%, 35%, 50%, 65%, and 80%) were mainly composed of xylose (69.73 to 88.62%) and arabinose (5.41 to 16.20%). More highly branched hemicelluloses tended to be precipitated in a higher concentration of ethanol solution, as revealed by the decreasing xylose to arabinose ratio from 16.43 to 4.21. Structural characterizations indicated that alkali-soluble hemicelluloses fractionated from sweet maize stems were mainly arabinoxylans. The results provided fundamental information on hemicelluloses composition and structure and their potential utilization in the fields of biofuels, biochemicals, and biomaterials.

scholarly journals Pelargonium graveolens Aqueous Decoction: A New Water-Soluble Polysaccharide and Antioxidant-Rich Extract

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malek Ennaifer ◽  
Taroub Bouzaiene ◽  
Moncef Chouaibi ◽  
Moktar Hamdi
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Flow Behavior ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Extraction Yield ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Pelargonium Graveolens ◽  
Parameters Extraction ◽  
Soluble Polysaccharide ◽  
Dpph Scavenging ◽  
The One

Background. The decoction of Pelargonium graveolens yields an antioxidant-rich extract and a water-soluble polysaccharide. This study aims (1) to investigate the effect of process parameters (extraction time and temperature) on the antioxidant activity of the decoction and the extraction yield of CPGP by response methodology and (2) to study the chemical properties of the optimized decoction and rheological properties of the corresponding extracted polysaccharide. Results. The antioxidant-rich decoction contained about 19.76 ± 0.41 mg RE/g DM of flavonoids and 5.31 ± 0.56 mg CE/gDM of condensed tannins. The crude Pelargonium graveolens polysaccharide (CPGP) contained 87.27 % of sugar. Furthermore, the CPGP solutions (0.5%, 1%, and 2%) exhibited shear-thinning or pseudoplastic flow behavior. A central composite design (CDD) was applied to assess the effects of temperature and time on the antioxidant activity of the decoction, on the one hand, and on water-soluble polysaccharide yield, on the other. The decoction optimization of Pelargonium graveolens aimed to use less energy (93°C for 11 minutes) leading to the highest values of decoction phenolic content (33.01 ±0.49 mg GAE/gDM) and DPPH scavenging activity (136.10 ± 0.62 mg TXE/gDM) and the highest values of CPGP yield (6.97%). Conclusion. The obtained results suggest that the CPGP rheological characteristics are suitable for applications in many industries, especially food. The values of optimal conditions showed that Pelargonium graveolens decoction operation could have multiple uses, especially for consuming less energy.

scholarly journals Improvement of Imiquimod Solubilization and Skin Retention via TPGS Micelles: Exploiting the Co-Solubilizing Effect of Oleic Acid

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1476
Author(s):  
Martina Ghezzi ◽  
Silvia Pescina ◽  
Andrea Delledonne ◽  
Ilaria Ferraboschi ◽  
Cristina Sissa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Skin Penetration ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Drug Solubility ◽  
Two Photon Microscopy ◽  
Skin Delivery ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol 1000 ◽  
The One ◽  
Skin Retention

Imiquimod (IMQ) is an immunostimulant drug approved for the topical treatment of actinic keratosis, external genital-perianal warts as well as superficial basal cell carcinoma that is used off-label for the treatment of different forms of skin cancers, including some malignant melanocytic proliferations such as lentigo maligna, atypical nevi and other in situ melanoma-related diseases. Imiquimod skin delivery has proven to be a real challenge due to its very low water-solubility and reduced skin penetration capacity. The aim of the work was to improve the drug solubility and skin retention using micelles of d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS), a water-soluble derivative of vitamin E, co-encapsulating various lipophilic compounds with the potential ability to improve imiquimod affinity for the micellar core, and thus its loading into the nanocarrier. The formulations were characterized in terms of particle size, zeta potential and stability over time and micelles performance on the skin was evaluated through the quantification of imiquimod retention in the skin layers and the visualization of a micelle-loaded fluorescent dye by two-photon microscopy. The results showed that imiquimod solubility strictly depends on the nature and concentration of the co-encapsulated compounds. The micellar formulation based on TPGS and oleic acid was identified as the most interesting in terms of both drug solubility (which was increased from few µg/mL to 1154.01 ± 112.78 µg/mL) and micellar stability (which was evaluated up to 6 months from micelles preparation). The delivery efficiency after the application of this formulation alone or incorporated in hydrogels showed to be 42- and 25-folds higher than the one of the commercial creams.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document