scholarly journals Dynamics of the nitrogen uptake by spring barley at injection application of nitrogen fertilizers  

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 392-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Sedlář ◽  
J. Balík ◽  
J. Černý ◽  
L. Peklová ◽  
K. Kubešová
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L

Influence of CULTAN system (controlled uptake long term ammonium nutrition) on the nitrogen uptake by spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was observed at 5-year small-plot field experiments under conditions of the Czech Republic (central Europe). Nitrogen uptake by CULTAN-fertilized plants was more even during vegetation period probably due to delayed term of fertilizer application. Nitrogen concentration in the aboveground biomass at BBCH 51 and in straw had no effect on grain yield. Post-heading nitrogen uptake as well as contribution of nitrogen translocation to total nitrogen in grain did not differ among both nitrogen fertilization treatments. Increase in grain size of spring barley by the CULTAN system can be explained by tendency to lower number of ears per area rather than by prolonged nitrogen uptake from soil. Lower protein content in grain of CULTAN-fertilized spring barley can be caused by increase in grain retained on a 2.5 mm sieve and also decrease in total nitrogen concentration in above-ground biomass at BBCH 51. No significant effect of CULTAN treatment on nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen uptake efficiency was recorded. Significantly higher nitrogen utilization efficiency at CULTAN treatment could be explained by lower grain protein content compared to conventional treatment.

EFFECT OF UREA AND AMMONIUM NITRATE ON YIELDS AND NITROGEN CONCENTRATION OF TIMOTHY AND BROMEGRASS AND LOSS OF AMMONIA FROM UREA SURFACE APPLICATIONS

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. KUNELIUS ◽  
J. A. MACLEOD ◽  
K. B. MCRAE
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Primary Growth ◽  
Total Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Harvest Year

Urea and ammonium nitrate were applied at 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg N ha−1 in spring and after cutting the primary growth of timothy and bromegrass in three field experiments. Dry matter yields of timothy and bromegrass and total nitrogen concentration of tissue and nitrogen yields of timothy were determined. Loss of nitrogen as ammonia was monitored on microplots between the end of May and early July. Primary growth yields were usually similar for ammonium nitrate and urea but in the secondary growth timothy fertilized with ammonium nitrate outyielded timothy fertilized with urea in four out of six harvest years. Dry matter response to applied nitrogen was usually curvilinear in primary growth but linear in secondary growth over the nitrogen rates studied. Total nitrogen concentration in primary and secondary growths of timothy increased linearly with nitrogen rate during the initial 2–3 yr; ammonium nitrate and urea were equally effective in all but one harvest year. Total nitrogen production of timothy also increased linearly over the range of 30–120 kg N ha−1, while ammonium nitrate outyielded urea-fertilized timothy during one season in primary and two seasons out of four in secondary growth. Nitrogen losses increased from spring to summer, in general, with 68–75% of the variation explained by air temperature. Urea and ammonium nitrate were considered equivalent nitrogen sources for the primary growth of timothy but urea was less efficient in the secondary growth under summer conditions.Key words: Urea, ammonium nitrate, timothy, bromegrass, ammonia losses

scholarly journals The effect of stand structure on the grain quality of spring barley

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 205-210
Author(s):  
Jan Křen ◽  
Martin Houšť ◽  
Ludvík Tvarůžek ◽  
Zdeněk Jergl
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Malting Quality ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
High Level

The results of 81 different crop management practices in spring barley grown in small-plot field trials on fertile soils in central Moravia were assessed during 2014–2016 with the aim to achieve the highest gross margin (GM – calculated as the difference between revenues and direct costs). GM was most affected by protein content in the grain below 12% corresponding to malting quality. Analyses identified greater determination level of non-linear relationships between stand structure elements and the content of nitrogen substances in the grain. This indicates that the probability of obtaining high quality malting barley is increased when a high level of sinks (number of grains/m<sup>2</sup>) corresponding to availability of sources, mainly water, is formed by optimal plant density (300–400/m<sup>2</sup>) and balanced combination of both structural elements of crop stand, i.e. – number of spikes per plant (2–4) and number of grains per spike (18–26). In case that the high level of sinks will be formed predominantly by one element, the risk of higher protein content in grain increases. This constitutes the requirement of early sowing and uniform, synchronized tillering and efficient use of nitrogen fertilizers.

FORMATION OF BARLEY HARVEST DEPENDING ON THE NUTRITION BACKGROUND AND THE USE OF HERBICIDES

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 65-69
Author(s):  
Митрофанов ◽  
Eduard Mitrofanov ◽  
Коршунов ◽  
Aleksandr Korshunov ◽  
Владимиров ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Forest Soil ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Gray Forest Soil ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers

The effectiveness of herbicides in spring barley crops on different nutrition backgrounds was studied in field experiments on dark gray forest soil of medium loamy particle size distribution in the conditions of Volga-Vyatka region. It is revealed that on both backgrounds of fertilizer application the barley formed a maximum yield, when applying the herbicide Bomba. When using this herbicide in making mineral fertilizers N54P54K54 the productivity was 2.71 tons per hectare and a dose N70P70K70 – it was 2.83 tons per hectare. On average for three years, the maximum (11.35%) protein content was appeared in the preparation by Sekator turbo herbicide on the background of fertilizer application of N70P70K70.

TOLERANCE OF SPRING BARLEY TO TRIFLURALIN DEEP-INCORPORATED IN THE FALL OR SPRING

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. O’SULLIVAN ◽  
G. M. WEISS ◽  
D. FRIESEN
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Early Injury ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Delayed Growth ◽  
Fall Application

Field experiments were conducted in 1982 and 1983 to investigate the tolerance of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ’Galt’) seeded 5 cm deep in a Ponoka loam soil treated with trifluralin. There were eight rates of application from 0 to 3 kg/ha applied in fall and spring and incorporated by means of a rototiller set to till to a depth of 10 cm. All data were analyzed by regression. Gas chromatographic analysis of extracts of soil samples collected in the spring following fall application of trifluralin (0.0–3.0 kg/ha) indicated that approximately 45% of the herbicide was lost regardless of rate applied. Fall application of trifluralin up to 3 kg/ha and spring application up to 1.1 kg/ha did not adversely affect the numbers of barley seedlings that emerged. Trifluralin treatments within the rate range 0.85–1.4 kg/ha caused severe early injury (delayed growth) to barley, the magnitude of which varied with the season and year of application. Fall application caused less injury than the respective spring application during both years. With fall or spring applications up to 1.3 kg/ha or 1.0 kg/ha, respectively, barley yields were not reduced compared to the untreated control. With fall application at 1.4 kg/ha barley yield was reduced in one of the two years. Rates in excess of 1.8 kg/ha caused significant yield reductions with all treatments. The data indicate that trifluralin could be used as a deep-incorporated fall or spring treatment at rates up to 1.3 or 1.0 kg/ha, respectively for weed control in barley in central Alberta. Fall application would improve the safety to the crop. Barley could also be seeded into soil where trifluralin (1.4 kg/ha) was applied as a fall treatment for weed control in rapeseed (Brassica campestris L. and Brassica napus L.), but some loss of yield could be expected.Key words: Trifluralin rate, soil incorporation, barley, tolerance

scholarly journals Nitrogen fertilization in banana grown on a highly weathered soil of the humid mountain region of Puerto Rico.

1969 ◽  
Vol 86 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 15-26
Author(s):  
Héber Irizarry ◽  
Ricardo Goenaga ◽  
Ulises Chardón
Keyword(s):  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Nitrogen Rate ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Nitrogen Rates

A 40-month experiment was conducted to re-evaluate the nitrogen fertilization recommendation for banana grown on a clayey, mixed isohyperthermic Aquic Haplohumults under rainfed conditions. Five nitrogen rates (0, 85,170, 255 and 340 kg/ha/crop) were arranged in a randomized compíete block design with three replications. The nitrogen treatments were applied with 24.4 kg/ha of phosphorus, 651,7 kg/ha of potassium, and a minor element mixture containing 22.7 kg/t of fertilizer. Treatments were applied every three months. Applications of magnesium alone were also applied between treatments at the rate of 55 kg/ha in the plant crop (PC) and 110 kg/ha in each of two ratoon crops (R1, R2). During growth and development of three crops we collected data of plant and bunch traits, green and oven-dry biomass weight, nitrogen concentration in various plant organs, and bunch marketable weight at harvest. Results showed that the rate x crop interaction was highly significant (P < 0,01) for total nitrogen uptake, and for nitrogen concentration in the leaf-lamina four months before bunch harvest, and significant (P < 0.05) for total dry matter production. Total nitrogen uptake, leaf nitrogen concentration, and total dry matter production linearly increased with increments in the nitrogen rates. Overall total nitrogen uptake and total dry matter production were always significantly higher in the R2 than in the PC, Regardless of the nitrogen rate, a significantly higher nutrient concentration was always found in the leaf-lamina of the R1 plants than in either the PC or the R2 plants. Crop had no significant effect on yield, but nitrogen rate significantly influenced yield. A maximum yield of 57,060 kg/ ha/crop was obtained with an estimated nitrogen application of 240 kg/ha. This amount corresponded to a leaf nitrogen concentration of between 2.75 and 2.85 g/kg. Since the maximum yield for all crops was obtained with a nitrogen application of only 240 kg/ha, we concluded that the linear response to fertilization in excess of this amount for total nitrogen uptake, nutrient concentration, and total dry matter production may be attributed to luxury consumption of nitrogen.

scholarly journals DIETARY IMPACTS ON EARLY RUMEN MICROBIOTA DEVELOPMENT IN CALVES

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-246
Author(s):  
O. I. Shkromada ◽  
L. G. Ulko ◽  
Ya. S. Udovenko
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Paramecium Caudatum ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
Number Of Microorganisms ◽  
Experimental Group

The rumen is an important digestive organ in which fermentation processes take place. Improving the rumen development of growing cattle is one of the major tasks. The need for ruminants in amino acids is as great as in mono-gastric animals. The rumen microorganisms cannot synthesize microbial protein in sufficient quantity to cover the need of developmental growth. The experiments were conducted on calves from four to five months of age at the «Za myr» farm in Sumy district, Sumy region. The calves were divided into three experimental groups of 10 animals each. The first experimental group was fed powder not protected methionine at a dose of 10 grams per animal, the second group was fed granulated methionine at a dose of 10 grams per animal for a month. The results suggest that bacterial count increased by 84,3%; Paramecium caudatum by 29,4 %; Entodiniomorpha by 26,6 % in the first experimental group to the 30th day. In the second group the indicators also changed after a month of research. The bacterial count was 93,2 % higher; Paramecium caudatum by 42,5 %; Entodiniomorpha by 25,9 % compared to control. According to the results of the experiment, we can assumed that powder methionine as well as granular had a positive effect on the qualitative and quantitative composition of the rumen microflora. In the first experimental group content of total nitrogen was higher by 12,2 % and protein content by 19,6 % compared to controls. In the second experimental group, where calves were fed a granulated methionine, content of total nitrogen was higher by 15,6 % and protein content by 22,4 % compared to controls. The residual nitrogen concentration significantly decreased by 32,2 % in the first group of calves and by 29,9 % in the second. It was experimentally proved that the enriched of granulated and non-granulated methionine food additives helped to increase the number of microorganisms in the rumen and increase the concentration of nitrogen in the rumen.

scholarly journals Balance of potassium in two long-term field experiments with different fertilization treatments

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 225-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiří Balík ◽  
Jindřich Černý ◽  
Martin Kulhánek ◽  
Ondřej Sedlář ◽  
Pavel Suran
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Exchangeable K ◽  
Negative Balance

Balance of potassium (K) was observed in long-term stationary field experiments (21 years) at two sites with different soil and climatic conditions (Luvisol, Cambisol). The following crops were rotated within the trial: potatoes- winter wheat-spring barley. All three crops were grown each year. The trial comprised 6 treatments: (1) no fertilization; (2) farmyard manure; (3) half dose of farmyard manure + nitrogen (N) in mineral nitrogen fertilizers; (4) mineral nitrogen fertilizers; (5) NPK in mineral fertilizers; (6) straw of spring barley + N in mineral nitrogen fertilizers. The recovery rate of potassium from farmyard manure by crops was 24–26%, from mineral fertilizers it was 27–52%. Different fertilization intensities were manifested by significant differences in the content of exchangeable K in soil. Changes in non-exchangeable K (K<sub>ne</sub>) were recorded only at the Luvisol site (850 mg K<sub>ne</sub>/kg), but not at the Cambisol site (3000 mg K<sub>ne</sub>/kg). The maximum negative balance (–2376 kg K/ha/21 years) was recorded at the mineral nitrogen fertilization treatment.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF SOWING METHOD AND N APPLICATION ON SEED YIELD AND N USE EFFICIENCY OFWINTER OILSEED RAPE

2020 ◽  
pp. 76-85
Author(s):  
Olha Matsera
Keyword(s):  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation

In the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe, the cultivation of winter rapeseed crops after winter wheat usually leads to a delay in sowing the latter and deterioration of autumn plant development. Based on data from a field experiment conducted in 2016/2017, 2017/2018 and 2018/2019, the aim of this study was to investigate how sowing delay affects seed yield, nitrogen uptake by seeds and significant efficiency of nitrogen use by winter rape plants; to check the ability of autumn and spring application of nitrogen fertilizers to compensate for the negative impact of delays in sowing crops; and estimate the minimum autumn development for optimal seed yield. To solve the set tasks, a combination of four sowing dates (from the first week of August to the third week of September) and four autumn nitrogen applications (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg / ha per year) was fixed. In each of these 16 variants, nitrogen application was performed 5 times in the spring (0/0, 40/40, 80/80, 120/120, 140/140 kg / ha, etc.) in order to estimate the individual nitrogen reaction curves. Nitrogen accumulation by aboveground mass of plants in autumn, seed yield and nitrogen uptake by seeds were determined. It was found that sowing the crop after mid-September significantly reduced yields. Application of nitrogen fertilizers in autumn in the amount of at least 30 kg / ha per year increased the yield and absorption of nitrogen seeds without any significant interaction with the sowing period and spring application of nitrogen fertilizers. Increasing the dose of spring fertilizer application to 130 kg / ha increased seed yield. Nitrogen utilization efficiency decreased with increasing application rate when winter oilseed rape plants used nitrogen applied in the fall to a lesser extent than in the spring. In order to achieve high yields, it was necessary for the above-ground mass of plants to absorb nitrogen at the level of at least 10-15 kg / ha at the end of the autumn vegetation. From an ecological point of view, the optimal autumn development of plants should be achieved by choosing an adequate sowing date, rather than using additional nitrogen in autumn.

Field experiments comparing ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate, calcium nitrate and urea combine-drilled with spring barley

1963 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Devine ◽  
M. R. J. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Grain Yields

1. Twenty-one experiments were carried out in various parts of England and Scotland in 1959–61 comparing two or more of the nitrogen sources ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate, calcium nitrate and urea, combine-drilled in compound fertilizers for spring barley.2. Ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate combine-drilled at rates from 35 to 105 lb./acre of nitrogen checked early growth slightly in some of the experiments, with no important difference between the two sources, which also gave similar grain yields.3. Calcium nitrate and urea combine-drilled at 45 lb./acre of nitrogen had no large effect on early growth, while at 70 and 90 lb./acre both fertilizers seriously delayed brairding and reduced the plant population in many of the experiments, especially in eastern England. They gave lower yields than ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate in many of the experiments in which early growth was affected, and gave lower mean yields at all rates of application.4. In eleven of the experiments, broadcast applications of two or more of the four nitrogen fertilizers were compared. All sources gave similar mean yields.5. There was a slightly smaller yield from combine drilling than from broadcasting ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate, and a markedly smaller yield from calcium nitrate and urea.

Mixture performance of phenotypically contrasting barley cultivars

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Y. C. Essah ◽  
N. C. Stoskopf
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Spike Number

There is lack of information on the yield and yield component performance of same-row and alternate-row mixtures (SRM and ARM) of widely contrasting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) phenotypes. Therefore, four phenotypically contrasting spring barley cultivars, each selected to represent a unique combination of spike type (two-row or six-row), height (short or tall) and days to maturity (early or late) were used in 1991 and 1992 in field experiments at the Elora Research Station in Ontario, Canada, with the objective of determining whether a yield and/or yield-component advantage could be associated with same-row or alternate-row mixtures of barley cultivars. The four cultivars chosen for the study were each grown as monocrops, and in all six possible binary (two-cultivar) mixture combinations as same-row or alternate-row mixtures, in a randomized complete block design. A 13% yield increase of early, short:late, tall SRM over the midcomponent (weighted mean of the components grown in monocrop) yield in 1991, and 14% yield increase of early, tall:late, tall SRM over the midcomponent yield in 1992 was observed. Between the 2 yr, cultivars in ARM produced similar or significantly greater yields than the monocrop yields, except in 1991, when the late, short cultivar in ARM with early, tall cultivar produced significantly lower yields than in monocrop. The spike number m–2 was similar for all mixtures and their midcomponents, except in 1992, when early, short:late, short in ARM produced 7.0% more spikes than the midcomponent. The results of this study indicate a possible yield advantage of phenotypically contrasting barley mixtures compared to monocrops, with early, short:late, tall and early, tall:late, tall in same-row mixtures having the best combining abilities. Key words: Barley, phenotypes; mixture, same row; mixture, alternate-row; maturity; height

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