Structural and semantic types of conditional sentences in the Altai language

2021 ◽  
pp. 300-313
Author(s):  
Aiiana A. Ozonova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Form ◽  
Future Tense ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Temporal Form ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Conditional Relations ◽  
Semantic Types ◽  
Construction Model ◽  
The Third Person ◽  
Imperative Mood

We analyze the structural-semantic types of conditional polypredicative constructions in the Altai language. Conditional relations are expressed by monofinite constructions with an all-Turkic conditional-temporal form with =sa, analytical conditional forms with bolzo ‘if’ and a rare conditional-temporal form with =qažïn. The all-Turkic =sa form does not have an absolute temporal meaning: this meaning is communicated by the main clause, with its predicate commonly used in the future tense or imperative mood. The analytical conditional forms consist of the participial form and the verb bol= ‘to be, to become’ in the conditional mood, with personal formants in the first and second person and zero formants in the third person. The participial forms within an analytical form express the temporal meanings. We distinguish proper conditional and improper conditional constructions with different modal planes of the dependent clauses: irreal modality in proper conditional constructions and real modality in improper conditional ones. Improper conditional constructions include some temporal, causal, subordinate, and comparative clauses following the conditional construction model. Proper conditional constructions fall into potential-conditional and irreal-conditional subtypes according to their semantic and formal traits. Potential-conditional constructions denote possible events. However, irreal-conditional constructions denote events that could not, cannot, and will not take place. In potential-conditional constructions, the main predicates are represented by indicative, imperative, and optative forms, with the subjunctive mood used in irreal-conditional constructions. In Altai conditional constructions, the taxis dependence between conditions and consequences is defined by the possibility of two types of correlation (from three possible correlations), namely ‘condition before consequence’ and ‘simultaneous condition and consequence.

scholarly journals Unrealism in russian prose of early 20th century

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (Extra-C) ◽  
pp. 75-85
Author(s):  
Elena V. Astashchenko
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Pressure ◽  
General Concept ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Second Person ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Third Person ◽  
The Third Person ◽  
Imperative Mood

  The aim of the article is to analyze the multilevel manifestation of the text modality - from grammatical to aesthetic and build a general concept of unrealism as a peripheral, but permanent, constant of the modernist era. However, the ubiquity and dominant delimitation, necessary of structures with conjunctions of unreal comparison, with the predominance of those derived from future forms over those derived from the imperfect, also serves to strengthen the independence of the artwork from social pressure. Subsequently, the characteristic structures of modernity, analogous to the European "future in the past", building an alternative reality, are supplanted by the imperative mood of the second person, with the illocutionary act of calling for a change in the existing reality, in the primitive vanguard and the third person with the "pust" particle [let] in the middle of the 20th century, gradually degenerating into the imperative mood with the "puskai" particle [May], whose motivating pathos is extremely low.  

The nominal system

2019 ◽  
pp. 58-101
Author(s):  
D. Gary Miller
Keyword(s):  
Negative Polarity ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Nominal System ◽  
The Third ◽  
Case System ◽  
System P ◽  
Local Case ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Syntactic Status ◽  
The Third Person

Nouns are inflected for gender (masculine, feminine, neuter), number (singular and plural), and case: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative. Except in -u- stems, the vocative has the form of the accusative and/or is syncretized with the nominative. Demonstratives and pronominals have a residual instrumental, e.g. þe (by this), and ablative, e.g. jáinþro (from there). Adjectives are similarly inflected but also have strong and weak forms. Comparatives and nonpast participles are weak. The precise syntactic status of D-words (demonstratives, determiners, and articles) is impossible to test. Personal pronouns of the first and second person are inflected for singular, plural, and dual, and have no gender distinction. The third person pronoun has all three genders but only singular and plural number. Interrogative and indefinite pronouns are morphologically identical. Gothic has a rich negative polarity system. Numerals are partly inflected and partly indeclinable. Deictic adverbs belong to an old local case system.

scholarly journals Children with Specific Language Impairment in Finnish: the use of tense and agreement inflections

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 999-1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
SARI KUNNARI ◽  
TUULA SAVINAINEN-MAKKONEN ◽  
LAURENCE B. LEONARD ◽  
LEENA MÄKINEN ◽  
ANNA-KAISA TOLONEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Language Impairment ◽  
Specific Language Impairment ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Null Subjects ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Specific Language ◽  
Verb Inflection ◽  
Third Person ◽  
The Third Person

ABSTRACTChildren with specific language impairment (SLI) vary widely in their ability to use tense/agreement inflections depending on the type of language being acquired, a fact that current accounts of SLI have tried to explain. Finnish provides an important test case for these accounts because: (1) verbs in the first and second person permit null subjects whereas verbs in the third person do not; and (2) tense and agreement inflections are agglutinating and thus one type of inflection can appear without the other. Probes were used to compare the verb inflection use of Finnish-speaking children with SLI, and both age-matched and younger typically developing children. The children with SLI were less accurate, and the pattern of their errors did not match predictions based on current accounts of SLI. It appears that children with SLI have difficulty learning complex verb inflection paradigms apart from any problem specific to tense and agreement.

scholarly journals Ethics of Responsibility and Ambiguity of Politics in Levinas’s Philosophy

Problemos ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 97 ◽  
pp. 61-74
Author(s):  
Luc Anckaert
Keyword(s):  
The Political ◽  
Political Responsibility ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Historical Reality ◽  
The Third ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Just Society ◽  
Liberation Philosophy ◽  
The Third Person

The destruction of man in the Shoah or Holocaust did not mean that Levinas argues in favor of turning away from the socio-historical reality to cultivate his own little garden. The deepest truth of subjectivity can be found in an alterity that calls for a socio-political responsibility. The political implications are rooted in different layers of Levinas’s thought. In his Talmudic comments, Levinas questions the reality of war as the truth of politics. But his explorations of subjectivity, ethical relationality and society allow to understand different political options such as contract theory (responsibility in the first person), liberation philosophy and human rights (responsibility in the second person) and the necessity of building a just society (ethics in the third person). Paradoxically, a just and equitable society ignores the uniqueness of the unique other. While organized responsibility is necessary, it introduces a new form of violence. In this article, we bring together the different layers in Levinas’s political vision and we explore its limits. A fundamental question is whether Levinas’s vision of politics is based on ethics or whether his ethics is a critique of politics.

scholarly journals ANALISIS DEIKSIS DALAM BAHASA GORONTALO

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-80
Author(s):  
Aryati Hamzah ◽  
William I. S. Mooduto ◽  
Imam Mashudi
Keyword(s):  
First Person ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Person ◽  
First Person Plural ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
The Third Person

This research aims to describe the use of deixis in Gorontalo Language. This research was conducted in two stages namely the stage of preparation and implementation of the research. This research was conducted for 1 year. The result of the research showed that the form and meaning of deixis are person deixis, time and place. Persona deixis is divided into several types is deixis of first-person singular (wa’u ‘1sg’, watiya ‘1sg’), deixis of the first person plural (ami ‘1pl.excl’), deixis of the second person singular (yi’o ‘2sg’, tingoli ‘2sg’), deixis of the second person plural (tingoli ‘2pl’, timongoli ‘2pl’), and deixis of the third person singular (tio ‘3sg’) and timongolio ‘3pl’ as a deixis of the third person plural. Whereas, deixis of place are teye, teyamai ‘here’, tetomota ‘there’ this means to show the location of the room and the place of conversation or interlocutor. Deixis time among others yindhie ‘today’, lombu ‘tomorrow’, olango ‘yesterday’, dumodupo ‘morning’, mohulonu ‘afternoon’, hui ‘night’ which have the meaning to show the time when the speech or sentence is being delivered.

scholarly journals BENTUK DAN PENGGUNAAN PRONOMINA PERSONA BAGI MAHASISWA STKIP BANJARMASIN (THE FORM AND USE OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS BY STKIP STUDENT IN BANJARMASIN)

Kadera Bahasa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eka Suryatin
Keyword(s):  
Short Form ◽  
First Person ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
The Third ◽  
Full Form ◽  
Third Person ◽  
First Person Plural ◽  
The Third Person

This study discusses the forms and variations in the use of personal pronouns by STKIP students in Banjarmasin. The purpose of this study is to describe the forms and variations in the use personal pronouns by STKIP students in Banjarmasin. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The data collection is obtained by observation techniques, see, and record. Research data are in the form the speech used by STKIP students in Banjarmasin, Department of PBSID (Local or Indonesian Language and Literature Education). The results show that the using personal pronouns are three forms, namely the first person, second person, and third person. Based on the type of reference personal pronoun used by STKIP students in Banjarmasin are singular and plural pronoun.When it is viewed from the morphological distribution, there are a full form and a short form. The short forms are usually used in proclitic (appears before its host) and also enclitic (appear after its host). Personal pronouns used by the students in their speech are varied. Although they are in Banjar, they do not only use personal pronouns in Banjar language, a part of the students use the first person singular pronoun gue ‘aku’. Personal pronouns in Banjar language used by the STKIP students in Banjarmasin are the first person singular pronoun, ulun, unda, sorang, saurang and aku. First person singular pronoun aku has some variations –ku and ku- that are bound morpheme. First person plural is kami and kita. The second person pronouns are pian, ikam, nyawa, and kamu. Meanwhile, the third person singular pronouns are Inya and Sidin. The third person plural pronoun is bubuhannya. The use of personal pronouns by STKIP students in Banjarmasin are dominantly consist of five speech components only that are based on the situation, the partner, the intent, the content of the message, and how the speaker tells the speech.

scholarly journals ANALISIS BENTUK DAN FUNGSI REFERENSI PERSONAL DALAM NOVEL REMBULAN TENGGELAM DIWAJAHMU KARYA TERE LIYE

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Muh Ali Imran ◽  
Nur Resky Evawanti
Keyword(s):  
The Novel ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Face ◽  
Research Procedure ◽  
Third Person ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Third Person ◽  
Planning Action

AbstractThe main problem in this research  how to find out about the form and function of personal references in the novel Rembulan Tenggelam di Wajahmu in order to determine the differences contained in the novel especially those on personal references contained therein. This research was a literature review of research that contains one topic that contains some ideas or propositions related and must be supported by the data obtained from literature sources. This research procedure included planning, action and analysis. Subjects in this study was the novel of  Rembulan Tenggelam di Wajahmu. The results showed that the observation of novel moon sinking in the face are analyzed on personal references indicate that there are a lot of words including personal references such as personal pronoun first (referring to himself), pronouns second person (referring to the speaker) , and the third person pronoun (which refers to the person in question). Based on these results above, it can be concluded that the words include references persona there are differences both in writing and in speech.Keywords: Novel, personal referencesAbstrakMasalah utama dalam penelitian ini yaitu bagaimana mengetahui tentang bentuk dan fungsi referensi personal di dalam novel Rembulan Tenggelam di Wajahmu dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan yang terdapat di dalam novel tersebut terkhusus pada referensi personal yang terdapat di dalamnya. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kajian pustaka yang berisi satu topik yang memuat beberapa gagasan atau proposisi yang berkaitan dan harus didukung oleh data yang diperoleh dari sumber pustaka. Prosedur penelitian ini meleputi perencanaan, pelaksanaan tindakan, dan analisis. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah novel rembulan tenggelam di wajahmu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada pengamatan terhadap novel rembulan tenggelam di wajahmu yang menganalisis tentang referensi personal menunjukkan bahwa terdapat banyak kata-kata yang termasuk referensi personal seperti pronomina persona pertama( yang mengacu pada diri sendiri), pronomina persona kedua (yang mengacu pada lawan bicara), dan pronomina persona ketiga (yang mengacu pada orang yang dibicarakan). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut diatas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kata-kata yang mencakup referensi persona terdapat perbedaan baik didalam penulisan maupun didalam tuturan.  Kata kunci: Novel,referensi personal

scholarly journals DEIXIS IN THE SONG LYRIC “LEVEL OF CONCERN” BY TWENTY ONE PILOTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 178
Author(s):  
Siti Nurjamilah ◽  
Efransyah Efransyah
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Major Type ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Spatial Deixis ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Song Lyric ◽  
Song Lyrics ◽  
Level Of Concern ◽  
The Third Person

The title of this research is deixis in the Song Lyrics “Level of Concern” by Twenty One Pilots. The objectives of this research are to identify the type of deixis and to find out the dominant types of deixis that are mostly used in the song lyrics entitled Level of Concern. This research used descriptive qualitative method. The researchers took the data from (Joseph, 2020) of the song lyric entitled “Level of Concern” by Twenty One Pilots, for it describes the current world situation, and the lyrics of the song contains a wide range of deixis that have attracted the researchers to examine this song. After conducting this research, the researchers concluded that three types of deixis namely personal, spatial, and temporal deixis. Personal deixis divided into three parts: the first person as speaker, the second person as hearer and the third person as others, with 77 words in that song. Temporal deixis showed a certain period of time which consist of 3 words, and the spatial deixis describes the location in a conversation which consist of  2 words. The major type from the whole data are personal deixis, because they represent the singer and the message which wanted to be delivered to the listeners. Keywords:  Pragmatic, Deixis, Song Lyric

scholarly journals The Analysis of Deixis in the Novel The Fault In Our Stars by John Green

HUMANIS ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 697
Author(s):  
Artika Putri ◽  
Made Budiarsa ◽  
I Gede Putu Sudana
Keyword(s):  
First Person ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Speech Event ◽  
Language Structure ◽  
Observation Methods ◽  
Spatial Deixis ◽  
Third Person ◽  
The Third Person ◽  
Descriptive Method

This research  entitled The Analysis of Deixis in The Novel The Fault in Our Stars by John Green. Deixis is a study to describe the relation between language and contexts in language structure itself. The objectives of this study are (1) to find out and identify types of deixis in the novel The Fault in Our Stars (2) to analyze the function of each deixis type found in the novel The Fault in Our Stars. The data were collected using documentation and observation methods using the reading and note taking techniwques. Qualitative method was used to analyze the data and the method were done by descriptive technique. The method of presenting the result of data analysis was the descriptive method and was done by argumentative technique. The result of the research shows that there are three types of deixis found in the novel The Fault in Our Stars by John Green, namely person deixis, spatial deixis and temporal deixis. Person deixis consists of first person, second person and third person. The first person deixis is used to identify the speaker. The second person deixis is used to show the addressee. The third person deixis is used to show the referent not identified as the speaker or the addressee. The spatial deixis is used to describe a location participant in speech event. Temporal deixis is used to point a certain period of time.

Optative forms *

2020 ◽  
pp. 210-214
Author(s):  
Gerjan van Schaaik
Keyword(s):  
Dominant Role ◽  
First Person ◽  
Second Person ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Person ◽  
The Third Person

The optative (also referred to as subjunctive by some) plays a dominant role in day-to-day conversations and expresses desirability. There are forms for all six grammatical persons. For the first-person singular and plural there are affirmative forms and negative forms, and in combination with the question particle, the sum total is four forms per grammatical person. Typically, such declarative forms are used to state something that is judged as desirable by the speaker, but the questioned forms clearly serve as a proposal with an invitation to comment on it. For the second person (singular and plural) there are only affirmative and negated forms, but question forms are nonexistent. Although there is also an optative suffix for the third-person singular, its usage is limited mainly to adverbial doublets.

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