Markup Fragment in the RuTuBiC Linguistic Corpus. Code-Switching or Lexical Borrowing?

2021 ◽  
pp. 91-104
Author(s):  
Zoya I. Rezanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
National Language ◽  
Speech Corpus ◽  
Lexical Borrowing ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Status ◽  
Error Annotation ◽  
Turkic Languages ◽  
The Right

The article presents a solution to one of the problems of special linguistic markup in the RuTuBiC corpus – the Russian Speech Corpus of Russian-Turkic Bilinguals, asso-ciated with error annotation at the lexical level. The corpus includes three subcorpuses representing materials of the Russian speech of Shor-Russian, Tatar-Russian and Khakass-Russian bilinguals. The article presents solutions developed on the basis of all subcorpuses; the illustrative contexts are drawn from the Shor-Russian subcorpus, recordings of interviews with 14 respondents, about 20 hours of sound. The recordings were made during expeditions to Shoria in 2017–2019. Bilingualism of the respondents is defined as early natural bilingualism with the dominance of the second Russian lan-guage, mother tongues are languages of the family heritage. The theoretical basis of the research was works on linguistic contact at the lexical level. Solutions based on the differentiation of lexemes fully mastered by the system of standard Russian and units with the status of borrowings from other subsystems of the national language and other languages are proposed. In the latter case, linguistic and contextual features are distin-guished that oppose lexical borrowing and code-switching. The typical errors singled out at the lexical level are: [LexId] – idiomatic expressions that are not fixed in the standard language (dialectal and vernacular, slang, etc.), they can also be Turkic calques; [LexSem] – general Russian words used in meanings different from those fixed in the normative sources; [LexSemAgr] – violations of the lexical and semantic agreement norms. The units borrowed from the mother tongue of the respondents are located on the scale of transitions from nuclear to borderline. The nuclear units marked with the [Lex] tag are dialectal units, common words, other word usage cases that are outside the standard, as well as borrowings from the Turkic languages that are not included in the dictionaries of standard Russian. On the border “to the left” are borrowings assimilated to different degrees. On the border “to the right” are non-assimilated borrowings and code-switches. The [CodeSw] marks code-switching, insertion of mother tongue elements into Russian speech. The author considers the inclusion of statements as nuclear cases of code-switching, and single lexical inclusions as transitional cases. Code-switching is evidenced by metatext and linguistic proper, primarily phonetic, indicators. There is an insignificant number of both lexical borrowings and cases of code-switching in the speech of the respondents of the RuTuBiC corpus, which depends on the type of bilingualism. The typicality of metatext marking of borrowings and code-switches is determined by the discursive, genre and thematic limitations of the corpus.

Code-Switching and Code Mixing in the Selected Tracks of the Hip Hop Music of Flavour and 9ice

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 55-70
Author(s):  
Balogun Sarah ◽  
Murana Muniru Oladayo
Keyword(s):  
Hip Hop ◽  
English Language ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
First Language ◽  
Music Industry ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
National Language ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
Unique Identity

This article attempts a comparative analysis of code-switching and code-mixing in the Nigerian music industry, using the lyrics of Flavour and 9ice as a case study. Although the English language is the national language in Nigeria and the language used by most of the musicians for the composition of their songs, and due to the linguistic plurality of Nigeria, most of these musicians tend to lace their songs chunks of words and phrases from their mother tongue or at least one of the three major languages in Nigeria, which are Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba. The Markedness Model by Myers-Scotton (1993) is used as the framework to interrogate the switching and mixing in the codes used by these selected musicians and we find that while most code-switching is done in three languages – English, Nigerian Pidgin and the artist’ first language (mother tongue)  – their mother tongue plays the prominent role. Code-switching or code-mixing in these songs, therefore, becomes a depiction of the Nigerian state with its diverse languages and it provides the links between the literates and the illiterates thereby giving the artiste the popularity desired. The study concludes that the unique identity created by code-switching and code-mixing in the Nigerian music industry has a positive influence on music lovers, helping artists to achieve wide patronage and reflecting the ethnolinguistic diversity of the Nigerian nation.

scholarly journals Family Life for Children in State Care

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 715-747
Author(s):  
Clarie Breen ◽  
Jenny Krutzinna ◽  
Katre Luhamaa ◽  
Marit Skivenes
Keyword(s):  
Family Life ◽  
Foster Parents ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Best Interest ◽  
Family Unit ◽  
Theoretical Literature ◽  
Biological Parents ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Right

Abstract This paper examines what set of familial circumstances allow for the justifiable interference with the right to respect for family life under Article 8, echr. We analyse all the Courts’ judgments on adoptions from care to find out what the Court means by a “family unit” and the “child´s best interest”. Our analysis show that the status and respect of the child’s de facto family life is changing. This resonates with a view that children do not only have formal rights, but that they are recognised as individuals within the family unit that states and courts must address directly. Family is both biological parents and child relationships, as well between children and foster parents, and to a more limited extent between siblings themselves. The Court’s understanding of family is in line with the theoretical literature, wherein the concept of family reflects the bonds created by personal, caring relationships and activities.

儒家如何看待脱離婚姻的生育行為——由單身女性「凍卵」問題引發的法律與倫理討論

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-47
Author(s):  
Jie BAI
Keyword(s):  
Marriage Rate ◽  
Single Women ◽  
Confucian Ethics ◽  
Single Woman ◽  
Digital Commons ◽  
The Family ◽  
Conservative Policy ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Right ◽  
Reproductive Activities

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.近年來得益於女性地位的提升與名人效應，單身女性凍卵問題日趨成為社會輿論關注的焦點，由此也引發了法學界對單身女性生育權的討論。然而，單身女性凍卵不僅僅是一個法律議題，更是一個倫理問題。不僅法律和法規的制定和修訂中多有涉及對倫理的關照，凍卵的臨床實踐中也廣泛存在對倫理的考量。在結婚率和生育率持續走低當下社會，相當一部分單身 女性選擇凍卵的動機是希望脱離婚姻而進行自主的生育行 為。值得深思的是，東亞的儒教國家對輔助生殖的使用限制最為嚴格、政策最為保守。本文試圖通過分析儒家會如何看待脱離婚姻的生育行為，來探討儒學倫理對單身女性凍卵抱有怎麽樣的態度、能夠帶來怎麽的啟示。本文認為，儘管在法律維度上應該肯定單身女性擁有生育權，但在倫理層面上，脱離婚姻的生育行為應該極為審慎，因為其有違儒家倫理中對家庭秩序的看重，同時也讓“雙親撫育”難以得到實現。In recent years, thanks to the promotion of the status of women and the celebrity effect, the issue of the frozen eggs of single women has become a focus of public opinion, leading to discussion of the reproductive rights of single women in the legal arena. However, single women's frozen eggs are also an ethical issue. The laws and regulations not only involve ethics, but also ethical considerations in the clinical practice of frozen eggs. In today's society, in which the marriage rate and fertility rate continue to decline, many single women choose to freeze their eggs to distinguish between reproductive activities and marriage. It is worth thinking about the fact that Confucian East Asia has the strictest restrictions and most conservative policy on the use of assisted reproduction. This paper explores how Confucian ethics have a different position on single women’s frozen eggs by analyzing how Confucianism views fertility behaviors that are separated from marriage. It argues that although it is certain that a single woman has the right to give birth in the legal dimension, ethically, the procreative behavior of marriage should be taken with caution, as it violates the Confucian ethic of the family order by making parental care more difficult.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 45 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

scholarly journals PENGIKISAN BAHASA DALAM MASYARAKAT JAWA Catatan tentang Proses Kepunahan Bahasa Jawa

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendarto Suparta
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
English Language ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
National Language ◽  
High Status ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Language Death ◽  
Global Era ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
The Status

Will Javanese language die in ten to fifteen years to go? The answer tends to be “no”. How about in coming two or three generations? The answer will be “possibly yes”. The fact, since the day of the independence declaration of the Republik of Indonesia, Javanese language has been undergoing a process what may be called language obsolescent or language replacement, or language demise or language death, in a certain degree. There are at least two reasons to support the prediction on that undesired destiny of the Javanese language in next generation periods. First, in this global era caused by the speed development of science and technology especially in transportation and communication, half of the total languages in the world, around 6000 languages, were dead in the past three centuries and ten languages will die every year. Some local languages have been replaced by, not many but powerful and dominant international languages, like English, and by national language like Indonesian in Indonesia. In Semarang and possibly other cities in Java not including Surakarta and Yogyakarta, Javanese people rarely speak krama, in a situation where it should be, while at least in rural area where ngoko was used, now in certain domains are replaced by Indonesian language significantly, where the speakers are young generation. Javanese language, said many people, has been a foreign language taught in elementary school to senior high school. Today, however, in informal situation among those who are familiar one with another, especially between people from lower status, lower Javanese or ngoko is still used in many places, and full Javanese (ngoko and krama) is still used in areas such as Demak, Purwodadi, Salatiga, and Pekalongan. This phenomena will unlikely change in 5 to 10 years to go. But no one, I think, will dare to guarantee if people use one to two generations as criterion. Now people with different backgrounds have been without hesitant to choose Indonesian as their children’s mother tongue since 30 to 35 years ago, with many different reasons. Two among other reasons are, first, for their children’s success in school, and second, parents don’t want their children speak with them using ngoko, so it seems no choice but Indonesian. How about with krama? It is not a secret any more that some parents in Semarang city tend not having communicative competence to speak krama. Entering global era in this reformation period, English language has been used everywhere in this country although actually people still use Indonesian, so what I mean is that that is a case of code-mixing. What is important to note here is that people’s attitude toward that foreign language can be considered to endanger the status of Indonesian because of the high status of that foreign language in the situation only few people speak standard Indonesian, an Indonesian prestigious variety. It is clear without saying with the fate of Javanese language if no people are aware with the situation. This article proposes some suggestions to anticipate the situation described above beside the fact that Javanese people are still proud with their culture.

Triglossia and Swahili-English bilingualism in Tanzania

1972 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Abdulaziz Mkilifi
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Developmental State ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
National Language ◽  
Post Secondary ◽  
Code Mixing

ABSTRACTThe paper addresses itself to the study of the sociological correlates of speech behaviour among bilingual speakers of English and Swahili in Tanzania. Factors influencing language maintenance, code-switching and code-mixing are discussed. Four main phases of language acquisition are considered: the pre-primary school phase, the primary school phase, the secondary-school phase, and the post-secondary school phase.Three languages with both varying and overlapping roles interact, creating a triglossia situation: first the vernacular or mother-tongue of each particular ethno-cultural group; secondly Swahili, the local lingua franca and national language; thirdly English, the predominant language of higher learning and to a certain extent of official and commercial business.The paper also discusses the diglossia relationship between the vernacular and Swahili on the one hand and Swahili and English on the other. The developmental state of the languages is dealt with in terms of socially ‘restricted’ and ‘elaborated’ codes.Urban life tends to impose its own socio-cultural influences on the bilinguals. There is free shifting and mixing between Swahili and English interlocutors, topics and setting.Lastly the paper raises questions of the sociological and linguistic consequences of the multilingual situation. (Multilingualism, diglossia; code-switching; code-mixing; Swahili; English, national language problems.)

scholarly journals CULTIVATING THE CONNOTATION OF “LANGUAGE IS THE SOUL OF THE NATION” REFLECTION OF NATIONAL IDENTITY TOWARDS SYNERGY OF SOLIDARITY AND HARMONISATION OF MALAYSIANS

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (41) ◽  
pp. 55-75
Author(s):  
Irma Wani Othman ◽  
Muhammad Safuan Yusoff ◽  
Herlina Jupiter ◽  
Saifulazry Mokhtar
Keyword(s):  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Online News ◽  
National Language ◽  
The Status ◽  
Data Content ◽  
Printed Materials ◽  
Future Direction ◽  
Racial Mix

This paper discusses the culture connotation of “Bahasa Jiwa Bangsa” (Language is the Soul of the Nation) as a reflection inseminating element that symbolises the solidarity of the national language of the Malay language in order to achieve synergies harmonisation Malaysians. The arguments were highlighted with the aim of exploring the experience of Malaysia as a country famous for its unique racial mix but had to face various challenges in order to uphold the mother tongue. Secondary data content analysis methods utilise the results of the journals’ conclusions, reports, books, interviews, online news, and other printed materials. Underlying the background of the inaugural study, the selection of significant issues discussed and justified included arguments such as (i) Attitude, awareness, commitment, and responsibility of the community towards a consensus on national language empowerment, (ii) Social media phenomenon, and the influence of mass media in sustainability national language, (iii) The negligence preservation of the artworks production and national literature and (iv) The vital role of Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBP) (Institute of Language and Literature) in promoting the cultivation of the connotation of “Bahasa Jiwa Bangsa”. The goal of the dispute through discussion emphasised the relevance of the drafting of the National Language Act 1963/67 which proves the state’s commitment to maintaining the continuity of the status of the Malay language through enforcement of legislation. The future direction of such a study should focus on the essence of further debate to support the mother tongue as one of the greatest treasures and heritage for Malaysians.

Women and the mother tongue in the Ottocento

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Sanson
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Women's Education ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
National Language ◽  
Female Teachers ◽  
Privileged Position ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
The Family ◽  
State Schools

This chapter first outlines the linguistic situation of Italy in the first decades of the nineteenth century. It then investigates the role that schooling had in spreading Italian in the post-unification period, with particular attention given to issues that concerned the female sex, now that state schools catered for young girls as well as boys. Controversies surrounding women's education were as alive as ever in the second half of the nineteenth century, with a decisive role being played by the question of how mothers could effectively and competently contribute to make Italian the language used in the family. If mothers could not instruct their children to use the national language competently — something that was now perceived as a good citizen's duty — female teachers, the ‘maestre’, were called to step in. They were entrusted with the quasi-religious task of spreading education and language to children, irrespective of the hardships and sacrifices that their poorly paid and unjustly undervalued profession imposed upon them. In a difficult linguistic situation, in which access to Italian still had to be gained with effort and study, Tuscan women (even if uneducated) were, contrary to the majority of women across the peninsula, in the privileged position of being considered the repository of an unspoilt form of language which flowed naturally from their lips. Some renowned non-Tuscan men of letters actively sought their help and assistance to give the language of their works that spontaneity they so much aspired to and did not possess.

The Status of Knighthood Appointments Made by Deposed Royal Families

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shutaro Takeda
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Focal Points ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Subject ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
The Right

Legal debates on the deposed sovereigns’ rights have emerged since 20th century. Among them, the right to appoint knights by heads of deposed royal families is one of the focal points. The author begins with a comprehensive review of legal debates on the subject. Six principles on the appointment are extracted from the review. Then, a new interpretation is proposed, wherein the legitimacy to confer honours and the legitimacy of the orders of knighthood themselves have to be considered separately. Under this method of interpretation, the criterion to judge the legitimacy of an appointment of knight is both the jus honorum of the head of the family and the order of knighthood itself being legitimate.

Saritā and the 1950s Hindi Middlebrow Reader

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (06) ◽  
pp. 1797-1815
Author(s):  
AAKRITI MANDHWANI
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
State Building ◽  
National Language ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
The Family ◽  
Popular Magazine ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The Right

AbstractThe article discusses Saritā, one of the best-selling Hindi magazines of the 1950s, and the part it played in the establishment of the Hindi ‘middlebrow’ reader. While a rich and vibrant journal culture in Hindi had existed since the nineteenth century, what distinguishes the post-1947 Hindi popular magazine is the emergence of the middle class as a burgeoning consumer. Saritā defied prescriptions of Nehruvian state building, as well as the right-wing discourses of nationalism and national language prevalent in the post-Independence space. In addition, it reconfigured biases towards gendered reading and consumption processes, as well as encouraging increased reader participation. This article argues for Saritā’s role in the creation of a middlebrow reading space in the period immediately following Independence, since it not only packaged what was deemed wholesome and educational for the family as a unit, but also, most significantly, promoted readership in segments, with a focus on each individual's reading desires.

scholarly journals Prosedur Pencatatan Perkawinan dan Perceraian di Negara Indonesia dan Malaysia Perspektif Hukum Islam

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-99
Author(s):  
Fahmi Basyar
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Family Law ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Muslim Majority ◽  
The Right

One phenomenon that emerged in the Islamic world in the 20th century is the family law renewal efforts undertaken by countries with Muslim majority. This was done in response to the dynamic development of society life. There are at least three points that is the objective of family law renewal in the Islamic world, as a law unification effort, raising the status of female, and responding to developments and demands to provide solutions to existing problems. A review of Act Number 1 in 1974 "named this law as a form of unification that is unique with respect fully the variation based on religion and belief to God, besides that unification aims to complement what is not regulated by religion, because in that matter, the state has the right to set it in accordance with the developments and the demands. From the aspect of the history of the Islamic family law renewal in South East Asia spearheaded by Malaysia. It is the first country that has been undertaking the renewal effort, with the birth of Mohammad Marriage Ordinance Number 5 in 1880 in the countries of the straits.

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