The epidemiological transition and its interpretations

A critical analysis of A. Omran's theory of epidemiological transition (ET) and its various interpretations. The periodization of ET proposed by Omran is questioned, and the differentiation of the two "epidemiological revolutions" by M. Terris is compared with it. The great world historical significance of ET as a trigger and an integral part of the demographic transition as a whole is noted, and disagreement with the interpretation of ET as an integral part of the “sanitary transition” is substantiated. The concept of the "cardiovascular revolution" is contested. A method of graphical representation of ET is proposed and criteria for its completion are discussed. Grounds are given for disagreement with ideas about the "first", Neolithic, and coming "third" ET, as well as about a "reverse" ET. The problems of “catching-up” ET in developing countries are considered.

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Surge of Non-Communicable Diseases in Pakistan

Pakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry ◽

10.36283/pjmd9-1/002 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Muhammad Luqman Farrukh Nagi ◽

Syed Tehseen Haider Kazmi

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Demographic Transition ◽

Communicable Diseases ◽

Epidemiological Transition ◽

Birth Rates ◽

Death Rates ◽

Non Communicable Diseases

Pakistan is not only undergoing a demographic progression but it is also tormenting from epidemiological transition. Demographic transition is evident because birth rates are increasing (28.6 per thousand population in 2017) while death rates (7 per thousand population in 2017) are decreasing consequential to a population explosion1. In Pakistan and many other developing countries epidemiological evolution has led to a twofold encumber of disease2.

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Searching for new Sources of growth. Are the Developing Countries Catching up with the Developed ones?

Voprosy Ekonomiki ◽

10.32609/0042-8736-2015-10-30-53 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 30-53

Author(s):

V. Popov

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Western Europe ◽

Gdp Per Capita ◽

The West ◽

Catching Up ◽

The Us ◽

The World ◽

Economic Divergence ◽

Per Capita ◽

Relative Standing

This paper examines the trajectory of growth in the Global South. Before the 1500s all countries were roughly at the same level of development, but from the 1500s Western countries started to grow faster than the rest of the world and PPP GDP per capita by 1950 in the US, the richest Western nation, was nearly 5 times higher than the world average and 2 times higher than in Western Europe. Since 1950 this ratio stabilized - not only Western Europe and Japan improved their relative standing in per capita income versus the US, but also East Asia, South Asia and some developing countries in other regions started to bridge the gap with the West. After nearly half of the millennium of growing economic divergence, the world seems to have entered the era of convergence. The factors behind these trends are analyzed; implications for the future and possible scenarios are considered.

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Critical Analysis of Methods for Assessing the Innovation Potential of an Enterprise

Scientific Research and Development Economics ◽

10.12737/2587-9111-2021-28-35 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 28-35

Author(s):

Mariya Podshivalova ◽

S. Almrshed

Keyword(s):

Critical Analysis ◽

Graphical Representation ◽

Assessment Tools ◽

Classification Model ◽

Second Stage ◽

Innovation Potential ◽

Economic Statistics ◽

Starting Point ◽

The Subject ◽

Innovative Capacity

The starting point of research on assessing the innovative capacity of an enterprise is the question of definitions. In this regard, authors initially turned to review of scientific literature on the subject of definitions variety for the term "enterprise innovative capacity". These data show that the wording of this term by both foreign and Russian researchers differs significantly. Authors propose a systematization of approaches to the definition and a corresponding graphical classification model, which highlights the evolutionary, resource, functional and process approaches. Further, a critical analysis of approaches to assessing enterprise innovative capacity is carried out. At the first stage, the content of modern assessment methods was studied, and at the second stage, the mathematical tools used were studied. Authors have formed a graphical representation of critical analysis results and based on it, they have concluded that among the approaches to assessing enterprise innovative capacity, the evolutionary approach should be recognized as promising, and among the methods of quantitative assessment – tools of economic statistics.

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Rethinking Public Health Pedagogy in Muslim Countries Postcolonially

Bangladesh Journal of Integrated Thoughts ◽

10.52805/bjit.v17i1.190 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Raudah Mohd Yunus ◽

Md. Mahmudul Hasan ◽

Nurul Yaqeen Mohd Esa

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Developing Countries ◽

Critical Analysis ◽

Pedagogical Practices ◽

Educational Model ◽

Modern Education ◽

The Third ◽

Muslim Countries ◽

History Of ◽

Three Stages

This article discusses the history of modern education in developing countries and attempts to look at Public Health (PH) education and curriculum from a Muslim and postcolonial perspective. It argues that, since modern PH pedagogical practices in Muslim countries are derived almost entirely from the western educational model and paradigm, they need reconstruction mainly for compatibility and relevance checks. The reconstruction of PH that this paper proposes aims at complementing and enriching the existing syllabi and involves three stages: fundamental, intermediate and advanced. In the first stage, students are equipped with a strong foundation of western and Islamic philosophies; the second one involves the incorporation of Islamic principles into the existing PH curriculum; while the third entails a critical analysis and deconstruction of some PH concepts and approaches in order to nurture students’ creativity in solving complex, emerging problems in the light of Islamic teachings as well as the need of Muslim sociocultural settings.

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Automotive Industry in BRIC Countries

World Economy and International Relations ◽

10.20542/0131-2227-2014-9-55-65 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 55-65

Author(s):

S. Afanas'ev ◽

V. Kondrat’ev

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Automotive Industry ◽

Developing Economies ◽

Cost Effective ◽

State Regulation ◽

Bric Countries ◽

Final Assembly ◽

Catching Up ◽

The Future ◽

Assembly Operations

For the next decade, the future of the automotive industry lies in BRIC’ countries. Together, Brazil, Russia, India, and China will account for some 30 percent of world auto sales in 2014 while also offering significant opportunities for cost-effective R&D, sourcing, and manufacturing. The authors analyze the degree of localization of leading TNC and supplies in each BRIC country, for each function, compare localization across BRIC countries, assess the future development of these markets, compare local capabilities and resources, and identify particularly promising combinations of functions and countries. Key trends in developing countries include continuing liberalization and globalization, increased foreign investment and ownership, and the increasing importance of follow-source and follow-design forces. The article concerns the trends and factors of national automotive industry formation in BRIC countries. Special emphasis is made on localization of R&D activities, final assembly operations and components production by global automotive companies in BRIC countries. It systemizes the factors of investment opportunities of different developing markets. It is concluded that active state regulation is playing the principle role in localization and catching-up process in automotive industry in developing countries. The comparison of the automotive industry in BRIC countries allows shedding light on the economic processes of emergence at large. There is a stark contrast in the capacities of development of the sector in these countries. This contrast serves as an analyzer between the modes of sector opening and the paths of technological catching-up that is the core of the phenomenon of emergence. The analysis and best practices presented in the topic, while focusing on the BRIC countries, are applicable also to other rapidly developing economies.

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Historical Demography and Epidemiology: The Meta-Narrative Challenge

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199546497.013.0021 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Graham Mooney

Keyword(s):

Population Growth ◽

Life Course ◽

Medical History ◽

Demographic Transition ◽

Epidemiological Transition ◽

Empirical Testing ◽

The Past ◽

Health And Illness ◽

The Face ◽

Migration And Health

Demography and epidemiology tend to analyse human processes in the aggregate. This article illustrates that definitions of demography and epidemiology provide some understanding of how they are typically used in medical history. The influence of demographic and epidemiological transition theories is discussed. The article mentions that extensive research into fertility behaviour in the past has dismantled many aspects of demographic transition and reveals that epidemiological transition has proved more durable in the face of empirical testing, but it is nonetheless problematically hidebound to a narrative of progress and modernization. This article also focuses on the complicated relationship between migration and health and is considered crucial for understanding patterns of population growth, health, and illness. Finally, it outlines some of the ways that innovative research on life-course experiences and famine demography has shaken the trees of long-held medical historical assumptions.

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Availability of Infrastructure Facilities in India

Advances in Finance, Accounting, and Economics - Handbook of Research on Economic, Financial, and Industrial Impacts on Infrastructure Development ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-2361-1.ch007 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 143-163

Author(s):

Soumyadip Chattopadhyay ◽

Sampriti Pal

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Developing Countries ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Strong Relationship ◽

Publicly Funded ◽

Enabling Environment ◽

Catching Up ◽

Private Financing ◽

Government Level

It has been a well-accepted fact that there exists a strong relationship between infrastructure and economic growth. Like many other developing countries, lot of emphasis has been placed on the importance of investments in infrastructure for fostering economic growth in India. A state-wise analysis of five support infrastructure in India shows improvement in infrastructural facilities in 2014 as compared to 2007. Rural–urban gap is converging for most of the states, showing that the rural areas are catching up with their urban counterparts. However, the availability of infrastructure can be termed anything but inadequate. The infrastructural deficits can be met possibly through better management of publicly funded projects and greater role of private players. Given the resource crunch at government level, private financing of investment is simply a matter of necessity rather than a matter of choice. Therefore, this chapter argues for creation of an enabling environment and to facilitate the infusion of adequate private fund while keeping the interest of vulnerable sections in mind.

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