Synthesis and Application of a Sulfonated Carbon Catalyst for a Hydrolisis Reaction

Biomass, such as wood waste, is one of the resources that can be potentially converted into a carbon product for catalyst applications. In this study, the sulfonated carbon was obtained through the pyrolysis method for wood waste at the temperature of 350°C, which was later sulfonated through the use of H2SO4 (8N) on the reflux for 4 h. The sulfonated carbon was then analyzed and characterized including its water content, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, iodine adsorption as well as the H+ (acidity) capacity using ammonia adsorptions and functional groups and the Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) instrument. The catalyst application was carried out during the kempili pulp hydrolysis process using a microwave with the ratio of catalyst to a pulp of 1:1 (5g:5g), with the power conditions of 300, 400, and 600 watt for 3, 5, and 7 min. The results showed that the sulfonated carbon catalyst had water content, volatile matter, ash content, fixed carbon, iodine adsorption as well as the catalyst acidity as much as 3.48%; 11.70%; 4.21%; 84.62%; 690.88 mg/g; and 6.45 mmol/g, respectively with the highest glucose content of 160.83 ppm. The carbon-based catalyst is expected as an alternative catalyst, can be further developed for hydrolysis reactions, and can serve as a green technology product in the future.

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PEMBUATAN BIOBRIKET DARI GAMBUT DAN AMPAS TEBU SEBAGAI SUMBER BELAJAR MATERI ILMU KIMIA DAN PERANANNYA

Konfigurasi Jurnal Pendidikan Kimia dan Terapan ◽

10.24014/konfigurasi.v1i1.4064 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 113

Author(s):

Lisa Mariati ◽

Yusbarina Yusbarina

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Water Content ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Ash Content ◽

Mass Composition ◽

Mass Variation ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Alternative Source

AbstractHuman needs on fossil fuels is increasing, but the source is limited. Thus, a renewable alternative source is needed. One of them is Biomass. Biomass fuel can be in the form of bio-briquette. Bio-briquette utilization as fuel is based on the carbon content contained in Biomass such as peat and bagasse. This research aimed at knowing bio-briquette quality as fuel and learning source at senior high school. Bio-briquette prepared with variation of peat and bagasse mass composition were 40: 0, 30: 10, 20: 20, 10: 30, 0: 40 (g: g). Bio-briquette was made by using 20 g adhesive kanji. Bio-briquette quality tested was done by testing the water content, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, calorific value, and duration of flame. Bio-briquette the best quality is the mass variation of G 10g: 30g AT with water content of 3.93%, ash content of 6.33%, volatile matter of 46.60%, fixed carbon of 43.14%, calorific value of 5986 cal / g , duration of flame 210 minutes and the mass variation 0g G: 40g AT with water content of 2.33%, ash content of 3.83%, volatile matter of 49.47%, calorific value of 6198 cal / g, duration of flame 250 minutes. Preparing bio-briquette of peat and bagasse as learning source on chemistry material and its implementation was on the category of good (93.33%). Keywords: Bio-briquette, Peat, Bagasse, Quality test

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PENGARUH CAMPURAN LIMBAH TUNGGAK KAYU TUMIH (Combretocarpus rotundatus (Miq) Danser) DAN LIMBAH KAYU GALAM (Melaleuca cajuputi) TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK BRIKET ARANG DARI KAYU KHAS LAHAN BASAH DI KALIMANTAN SELATAN

Jurnal Hutan Tropis ◽

10.20527/jht.v9i2.11295 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 432

Author(s):

Noor Mirad Sari ◽

Violet Violet ◽

Khairun Nisa ◽

Syamsudin Syamsudin

Keyword(s):

Carbon Content ◽

Water Content ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Matter Content ◽

Ash Content ◽

Wood Waste ◽

Average Value ◽

Volatile Matter Content ◽

Melaleuca Cajuputi

Tumih (Combretocarpus rotundatus (Miq.) Danser) and Galam (Melaleuca cajuputi) are typical vegetation of the wetlands of South Kalimantan. Tumih and galam wood waste can be made into charcoal briquettes which have economic value. The aims of this study were: 1) Analyzing the characteristics of charcoal briquettes, namely: water content, density, ash content, volatile matter content, bound carbon content and calorific value and 2) Knowing the best treatment from a variety of treatments. The design model used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The process of making charcoal briquettes at the Forest Products Technology Laboratory. Testing the characteristics of charcoal briquettes was done at the Laboratory of the Research and Industrial Standardization Institute (BARISTAND) Banjarbaru. The results of the analysis of diversity showed that the mixed treatment of tumih wood waste and galam wood waste had a very significant effect on water content, ash content, volatile matter content, bound carbon content and calorific value, but had no significant effect on density. The water content of charcoal briquettes from galam wood waste and tumih wood waste and the combination of a mixture of galam wood waste and tumih wood waste ranged from 6.1133-10.6667 %, the average density value was between 0.5228-0.5897 g/cm3, the average value The average ash content is between 1.3000-2.9300%, the volatile matter content shows an average range of 41.6333-48.4767%, the average value of bound carbon content is 37.9267-50.5400% and the average calorific value ranged from 5084.41 to 6230.59 cal/g. Treatment A3 (25% galam wood waste + 75% tumih wood waste is the best treatment and meets American standards for moisture content and calorific value. Ash content of all treatments are A1. A2, A3 and A4 meet American standards.

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PRODUKSI KARBON AKTIF DARI BATUBARA BITUMINUS DENGAN AKTIVASI TUNGGAL H3PO4, KOMBINASI H3PO4-NH4HCO3, DAN TERMAL

REAKTOR ◽

10.14710/reaktor.17.2.74-80 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 74 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Esthi Kusdarini ◽

Agus Budianto ◽

Desyana Ghafarunnisa

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Water Content ◽

Active Carbon ◽

Bituminous Coal ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Matter Content ◽

Ash Content ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Volatile Matter Content

Abstract ACTIVE CARBON PRODUCTION OF BITUMINOUS COAL WITH SINGLE ACTIVITY H3PO4, H3PO4 COMBINE WITH NH4HCO3, AND THERMAL. Bituminous coal has a good potential to be utilized as activated carbon because it has high carbon, which is between 54-86%. The purpose of research was to obtain moisture content data, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, absorption of iodine (iodine), area surface and the volume of pore activated carbon. Another aim was to study the effect of reagent types and concentrations of H3PO4 reagent and NH4HCO3 reagent to the characteristics of the activated carbon. The study was conducted in six stages: 1) carbonization; 2) chemical activation; 3) neutralizing; 4) filtering; 5) activation in physics; and 6) cooling. The renewal of this study is the use of reagents combination H3PO4-NH4HCO3. The results showed that the active carbon which is activated by a combination of H3PO4 reagent 2 M - NH4HCO3 reagent 2 M and reagent H3PO4 reagent 2.5 M - reagent NH4HCO3 reagent 2.5 M have the best iodine. Activated carbon is activated using H3PO4 reagent 2 M - NH4HCO3 reagent 2 M containing 7.5% water content; ash content of 9,0%; volatile matter content of 43.3%, 40.2% fixed carbon, iodine 1238.544 mg/g. While activated carbon which is activated using H3PO4reagent 2.5 M - NH4HCO3 reagent 2.5 M contain 7.4% water content; ash content is about 10%; volatile matter content is 39.1%, fixed carbon is 43.5%, iodine 1238.544 mg/g, surface area 86.213 m2/g, and pore volume 0.0733 cc/g. Keywords: perf activation; coal; bituminous; H3PO4; NH4HCO3; active carbon Abstrak Batubara bituminus mempunyai potensi bagus untuk dimanfaatkan menjadi karbon aktif karena mempunyai kandungan karbon yang cukup tinggi, yaitu antara 54-86%. Tujuan penelitian adalah memperoleh data kadar air, kadar abu, kadar zat terbang, fixed carbon, daya serap terhadap iodium (bilangan iodin), luas permukaan, dan volume pori karbon aktif. Tujuan lainnya adalah mempelajari pengaruh jenis dan konsentrasi reagen H3PO4 dan NH4HCO3 terhadap karakteristik karbon aktif. Penelitian dilakukan dalam enam tahap : 1) karbonisasi; 2) aktivasi secara kimia; 3) penetralan;; 4) penyaringan; 5) aktivasi secara fisika; 6) pendinginan. Pembaharuan dalam penelitian ini adalah penggunaan kombinasi reagen H3PO4-NH4HCO3. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karbon aktif yang diaktivasi dengan kombinasi reagen H3PO4 2 M - NH4HCO3 2 M dan H3PO4 2,5 M - NH4HCO3 2,5 M mempunyai bilangan iodin terbaik. Karbon aktif yang diaktivasi menggunakan reagen H3PO4 2 M - NH4HCO3 2 M mengandung kadar air 7,5%, kadar abu 9,0%, kadar zat terbang 43,3%, fixed carbon 40,2%, bilangan iodin 1238,544 mg/g. Sedangkan karbon aktif yang diaktivasi menggunakan reagen H3PO4 2,5 M - NH4HCO3 2,5 M mengandung kadar air 7,4%, kadar abu 10%, kadar zat terbang 39,1%, fixed carbon 43,5%, bilangan iodin 1238,544 mg/g, luas permukaan 86,213 m2/g, dan volume pori 0,0733 cc/g. Kata kunci: aktivasi; batubara; bituminus; H3PO4; NH4HCO3; karbon aktif

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PENGARUH WAKTU AKTIVASI TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK ADSORBEN DARI KULIT PISANG KEPOK (Musa acuminate L) YANG DIAKTIVASI SECARA FISIKA

Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU ◽

10.32734/jtk.v6i1.1560 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 19-22

Author(s):

Elvitriana ◽

Vera Viena ◽

Muhammad Nizar ◽

Sari Wardani

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Mesh Size ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Ash Content ◽

Wave Number ◽

Activation Process ◽

Activation Time ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Characteristics Analysis ◽

Stretching Vibration

This study aimed to analyze the effect of activation time on characteristics of banana peels (Musa acuminate L) adsorbent prepared by physics activation. The adsorbent was prepared through two stages, the carbonation of banana skin conducted at 400 oC for 1.5 hours and the physics activation process conducted at 600 oC for 15, 30, and 45 minutes with variations 50 mesh and 100 mesh in size. Adsorbent characteristic parameters analyzed were water content, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, adsorption capacity of iodine, and determination of functional groups using FTIR. Results showed that characteristics of banana peels adsorbent met SNI No. 06-3730-1995 with a water content of 2-8%, 2-9% ash content, 12-17% volatile matter, fixed carbon 73-84% with iodine absorption of 952 mg/g. Results of FT-IR spectra, adsorbent has an absorption band spectra at wave number of 2850 – 2960 cm-1 with stretching vibration appeared on C-H group with intensity 92.50 with activation time of 45 minutes and 50 mesh size. Based on its characteristics analysis, it can be concluded that adsorbent from banana peels has potential to be applied as one of the active carbon absorbent for liquid and gaseous waste.

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Evaluation of the higher heating value, volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash content of ground bamboo using near infrared spectroscopy

Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

10.1177/0967033517728733 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 25 (5) ◽

pp. 301-310 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Jetsada Posom ◽

Panmanas Sirisomboon

Keyword(s):

Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Model Development ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Ash Content ◽

Least Squares Regression ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Bomb Calorimetry ◽

Heating Value

This research aimed to determine the higher heating value, volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash content of ground bamboo using Fourier transform near infrared spectroscopy as an alternative to bomb calorimetry and thermogravimetry. Bamboo culms used in this study had circumferences ranging from 16 to 40 cm. Model development was performed using partial least squares regression. The higher heating value, volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash content were predicted with coefficients of determination (r2) of 0.92, 0.82, 0.85 and 0.51; root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 122 J g−1, 1.15%, 1.00% and 0.77%; ratio of the standard deviation to standard error of validation (RPD) of 3.66, 2.55, 2.62 and 1.44; and bias of 14.4 J g−1, −0.43%, 0.03% and −0.11%, respectively. This report shows that near infrared spectroscopy is quite successful in predicting the higher heating value, and is usable with screening for the determination of fixed carbon and volatile matter. For ash content, the method is not recommended. The models should be able to predict the properties of bamboo samples which are suitable for achieving higher efficiency for the biomass conversion process.

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Valorization of briquettes fuel using Pinus spp. sawdust from five regions of Mexico

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.16.2.2249-2263 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 2249-2263

Author(s):

María Alejandra Ramírez-Ramírez ◽

Artemio Carrillo-Parra ◽

Faustino Ruíz-Aquino ◽

Luis Fernando Pintor-Ibarra ◽

Nicolás González-Ortega ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Impact Resistance ◽

Resistance Index ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Ash Content ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Volumetric Expansion ◽

Pinus Spp ◽

The Impact

This research characterized briquettes made with Pinus spp. sawdust without the use of additives. For this purpose, 19 samples of sawdust from different wood industries located in five states of the Mexican Republic were used. The densification process was carried out in a vertical hydraulic piston laboratory briquette machine. The briquettes were made with 40 g of sawdust, at 50 °C, 20 kPa and pressing for 5 min. The results obtained varied as follows: moisture content (4.1% to 7.2%), density (813.9 to 1,014.4 kg/m3), volumetric expansion (7.4% to 37.3%), compressive strength (4.9 to 40.8 N/mm), impact resistance index (46.7% to 200%), ash (0.1% to 1.1%), volatile matter (82.9% to 90.7%), fixed carbon (8.9% to 16.4%), and calorific value (20.5 to 22.8 MJ/kg). The density of the briquettes was within the “acceptable” classification (800 to 1,200 kg/m3). It was observed that, the higher the density, the lower the volumetric expansion, the higher the compressive strength, and the higher the impact resistance index. According to the ash content, the briquettes could achieve international quality. Due to high volatile matter values, rapid combustion of the briquettes with little generation of toxic smoke would be expected. Fixed carbon and calorific value results were acceptable.

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ANALISIS KUALITAS PEMBAKARAN BRIKET BATUBARA DENGAN METODE KARBONISASI BERDASARKAN PARAMETER KUALITAS BRIKET, UKURAN PARTIKEL DAN KOMPOSISI

Jurnal GEOSAPTA ◽

10.20527/jg.v4i01.4433 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (01) ◽

Author(s):

Didi Kasi Setiawan ◽

Agus Triantoro ◽

Annisa Annisa

Keyword(s):

Calorific Value ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Ash Content ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

American Society

Briket batubara merupakan bahan bakar padat yang mempunyai kelayakan teknis dan ketersedian batubara cukup banyak di Indonesia. Permasalahan yang sering di jumpai dalam penggunaan briket batubara sebagai bahan bakar energi adalah lamanya penyalaan, aroma yang tidak sedap pada saat dibakar, dan daya rekat briket yang tidak bagus sehingga briket mudah pecah. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut perlu mengetahui pengaruh komposisi dan ukuran partikel briket batubara terhadap kualitas pembakaran serta kualitas briket batubara. Dalam hal ini, diperlukan analisis laboratorium yang hasilnya dapat digunakan untuk mengklasifikasikan tingkatan kualitas briket batubara.Metode analisis yang digunakan untuk kualitas briket yaitu American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) meliputi pengujian moisture, ash content, volatile matter, calorific value, fixed carbon dan karbonisasi untuk peningkatan kualitas, meliputi moisture, volatile matter serta calorific value. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian yang telah dilakukan dapat disimpulkan bahwa proses karbonisasi batubara dapat menurunkan kandungan kualitas batubara inherent moisture adb (17,1 % - 6,38%) dan meningkatkan nilai calorific value cal/g adb (5462 - 6261), waktu nyala api (0:23:14 – 0:47:06), waktu nyala bara (0:44:56 – 1:23:10) serta durasi pembakaran (1:08:10 – 2:10:16). Kata-kata kunci: Briket, Batubara, Karbonisasi, Kualitas Batubara.

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PENGARUH SUHU DAN KONSENTRASI PEREKAT TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK BRIKET BIOARANG BERBAHAN BAKU TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT DENGAN PROSES PIROLISIS

Konversi ◽

10.20527/k.v4i2.266 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 16

Author(s):

Yuli Ristianingsih ◽

Ayuning Ulfa ◽

Rachmi Syafitri K.S

Keyword(s):

Solid Waste ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Ash Content ◽

Crude Palm Oil ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Heating Value ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Rate Of Combustion

Abstrak-Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit merupakan limbah padat hasil produksi Crude Palm Oil (CPO). Setiap 1(satu) ton tandan buah segar dihasilkan 23% limbah padat. Limbah padat ini dapat di konversi menjadi bahan bakar pengganti minyak yaitu briket. Briket bioarang adalah bahan bakar padat yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan bakar alternatif pengganti bahan bakar yang berasal dari fosil seperti minyak dan gas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh suhu pirolisis terhadap yield bioarang yang dihasilkan dan mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi perekat kanji (5% w/w, 10% w/w, 15% w/w) terhadap karakteristik briket hasil penelitian (kadar air, volatile matter, kadar abu, fixed carbon, nilai kalor dan laju pembakaran). Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode pirolisis yaitu proses pembakaran bahan baku dalam reaktor pirolisis dengan menggunakan suhu yang tinggi dan tanpa atau dengan sedikit oksigen. Pirolisis dilakukan selama 2,5 jam dengan variasi suhu yaitu 350°C, 400°C, 450°C dan 500°C. Arang yang dihasilkan dicampur dengan perekat sesuai variasi dan dicetak menjadi briket. Briket kemudian dianalisa kadar air, kadar abu, kadar karbon, kadar zat terbang, nilai kalor dan laju pembakaran. Briket dengan yield tertinggi terdapat pada suhu 350°C sebesar 51,53% dan yield terendah pada suhu 500°C sebesar 26,03%. Briket hasil penelitian ini telah memenuhi standar mutu briket sebagai bahan bakar dilihat dari nilai kalor. Komposisi optimal antara perekat kanji dan arang TKKS hasil pirolisis yaitu pada 5%:95% yang menghasilkan nilai kalor terbesar yaitu 6748,15kal/g. Kata kunci : Briket Bioarang, Pirolisis, Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit Abstract-Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunches are solid waste from Crude Palm Oil (CPO industry). For 1 ton of fresh fruit bunches produced 23% of solid waste. This solid waste can be converted into alternative energy that called briquettes. Briquettes are solid fuel that can be used as an alternative fuel replacement for fossil fuels such as oil and gas. This study aims to determine the effect of temperature on the yield generated briquettes and the effect of stach adhesive concentration (5, 10 and 15% wt) to briquettes characteristics (moisture content, volatile matter, ash content, fixed carbon, calorific value and the rate of combustion). In this reseacrh, two kilograms of palm oil empty fruit bunches was burned using pyrolisis reactor at different temperatur (350, 400, 450 and 5000C) for 2.5 hour. Charcoal produced was mixed with an adhesive in accordance variations and molded into briquettes. Briquettes then analyzed the water content, ash content, carbon content, volatile matter content, heating value and rate of combustion. The maximum yield of briquettes which was obtained in this research is 51.53% at temperature 3500C and the lowest yield at temperature of 500 ° C by 26.03%. Briquettes results of this study have met the quality standards of fuel briquettes as seen from the heating value. Optimal adhesive composition between starch and charcoal TKKS is 5%: 95% that generates highest calorific value about 6748.15kal/ g. Keywords: Briquette Bioarang, Pyrolysis, oil palm empty bunches

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GROWTH AND ENERGY QUALITY OF EUCALYPTUS WOOD IN DIFFERENT CROP-LIVESTOCK-FOREST SPATIAL ARRANGEMENTS

FLORESTA ◽

10.5380/rf.v50i4.59650 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 50 (4) ◽

pp. 1707

Author(s):

Helio Tonini ◽

Marina Moura Morales ◽

Flavio Jesus Wruck ◽

Ronaldo Maran Deliberali

Keyword(s):

Genetic Material ◽

Volume Growth ◽

Basic Density ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Ash Content ◽

High Yield ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Cropland Area ◽

Eucalyptus Wood

The aim of the present study was to assess the growth and energetic properties of genetic material of eucalyptus grown in several integrated crop-livestock system spatial arrangements in Barra-do-Garças City (MT). The genetic material of 76-month old Eucalyptus spp from eight spatial arrangements were assessed according to the following properties: diameter, height and volume growth, mortality rate, dry matter yield, sapwood to heartwood ratio, form factor, bark volume, basic density, superior calorific value, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon and trunk energy. Data analysis was performed by adjusting growth function, test for model identity and parameters equality and ANOVA tests to Scott-Knott’s mean clustering test. Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla clones from recorded the highest energy efficiency due to their high yield volume, which was decisive to determine estimated energy available per tree and cropland area. Growth, stem shape and basic density varied among, and within, the same genetic materials, depending on their respective spatial arrangement. However, solid biomass properties (high calorific value, ash content, fixed carbon and volatile matter) remained stable.

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"Biopellet" as One of Future Promising Biomassbased Renewable Energy: a Review

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202131704029 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 317 ◽

pp. 04029

Author(s):

Yoyon Wahyono ◽

Hadiyanto Hadiyanto ◽

Wahyu Zuli Pratiwi ◽

Inggar Dianratri

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Matter Content ◽

Ash Content ◽

Energy Reserves ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Fossil Energy ◽

Heat Efficiency ◽

Fixed Carbon Content ◽

Energy Emissions

The depletion of fossil energy reserves and not environmentally friendly fossil energy emissions makes it necessary to use renewable energy as an alternative to replacing fossil energy. Biopellet is one of the renewable energy based on biomass that exists in Indonesia. Biopellets are produced from a base of abundant biomass. Thus, biopellets have the potential and promise to continue to be used as fuel by humans. The literature review includes the characteristics of biopellets and the application of biopellets as fuel. Biopellets can be made by mixing biomass with an adhesive with a concentration of 15% (w/w) then stirred until homogeneous and put into a pellet mill for printing. The pellets were dried in an oven for 30 minutes. Biopellet characteristically has complied with SNI 8021-2014 for parameters of ash content, fixed carbon content, caloric value, water content, and volatile matter content. The application of biopellet as a stove material also shows good performance for heat, efficiency, and emission parameters. In conclusion, biopellet is a renewable energy fuel based on biomass that has potential in the present and promising in the future.

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