scholarly journals Indonesian Women’s Rowing from 1986 to 2018: A historical, Social, and Cultural Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dede Rohmat Nurjaya ◽  
Amung Ma’mun ◽  
Agus Rusdiana
Keyword(s):  
Female Athletes ◽  
International Level ◽  
Cultural Perspective ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Historical Discourse ◽  
The Public ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
History Of ◽  
International Participation ◽  
Depth Interviews

In 1954, the International Federation of Societes d'Aviron (FISA) organized the first European women's rowing championship in Macon, France. Female rowing athletes around the world had actively participated for years, competing not only in local and national competitions, but also in international level. Apart from the historical evidence that women could indeed compete at the international level, the FISA delegation found it more appropriate to limit women's international participation by shortening the distance of women's competitions to half of male athletes and limiting the number and the type of race. Although women's international athletes were limited, the introduction of women's races at European championships created opportunities for female athletes to show their abilities to the public while challenging social and historical discourse about Indonesian women's participation in rowing. Eversince this first race, female athletes and coaches had a desire to achieve gender equality in sports that are usually associated with men and masculinity. In 2003, their efforts culminated with the acceptance of women at European Championships, World Championships, and the Olympics, the change in the distance of women's rowing from 1,000 meters to 2,000 meters, and the introduction of women's lightweight class at World Championships and the Olympics. This study examined the complex negotiations that had taken place since 1986 when Indonesian women's first rowing participated in the 1986 Asian Games until 2018 through collecting data from archival material and in-depth interviews, with current and previous athletes and coaches, to document and to examine the history of Indonesian women's involvement in rowing sports between 1987 and 2018.

scholarly journals POLITICAL CRIME IN THE IRANIAN PENAL SYSTEM AND THE POSITION OF CONSTITUTIONAL CIVIL LIBERTIES IN CRIMINALIZING POLITICAL CRIME

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1099-1112
Author(s):  
Mehrdad Soleiman Fallah ◽  
Abdolvahid Zahedi
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
Penal System ◽  
International Level ◽  
Related Research ◽  
The Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
Political Crime ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Historical Periods

Purpose: This study aims to analyze political crime in the Iranian penal system and the place of civil, constitutional freedoms in the criminalization of political crime. Methodology: In this study, we have tried to study articles and related research in this field and analyze the results of each to make a proper conclusion about the relationship between the Iranian systems in dealing with political crimes. Therefore, the only tools used in this study are documents related to political crimes at the international level. Main findings: Political Crime Law enacted in 2016, despite the basic forms of extensive discretion and lack of specific criteria for the judicial authority in determining whether a crime is political or non-political, practically made this law ineffective, regardless of the problems mentioned. Application of the study: Since the commencement of the country, political wrongdoing has been viewed as wrongdoing against the public authority. Therefore, the results of this study can be very effective in improving the performance of governments in preventing possible crimes against governments. Novelty/Originality: Given the multiplicity of political crimes in our country, as well as the complexities involved in the case of political crimes, it seems that in the history of our criminal law, there has been a will to legislate and determine the exact causes of political crime, and governments in most historical periods, they have made great efforts to identify political criminals. The novelty of this research lies in investigating the effect of political crimes on legal confusion in legislating political offenses.

The Outcomes of Two Knee Scoring Questionnaires in a Normal Population

1998 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna M. Demirdjian ◽  
Scott G. Petrie ◽  
Carlos A. Guanche ◽  
Kevin A. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Normal Population ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Stair Climbing ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Male Subjects

The Noyes and Lysholm knee scoring questionnaires, commonly used for follow-up assessment after knee surgery, were developed based on knees with preexisting pathologic changes and have not been standardized to normal knees. We administered both questionnaires to normal subjects. Any subject reporting a history of injury or surgery to either knee, or preexisting knee pathologic changes, was excluded. From a total of 492 knees evaluated, 418 knees (253 male, 165 female) qualified for statistical analysis. The average age of the group was 17.6 years (range, 13 to 25). For male subjects, the total Noyes and Lysholm scores averaged 99.10 (range, 68 to 100) and 99.10 (range, 77 to 100), respectively. For female subjects, the average Noyes and Lysholm scores were 97.82 (range, 72 to 100) and 97.16 (range, 75 to 100), respectively. The 95% confidence interval computed for each of these groups did not contain the maximal value of 100. The female athletes reported significantly lower total scores than the male athletes on both questionnaires. For the Lysholm questionnaire, the male athletes scored significantly lower than the maximum in all categories except support and stair climbing, and the female athletes scored significantly lower than the maximum in all categories except limp and thigh atrophy. The range of scores found in this highly selected, “normal” population exemplifies the need for more accurate instruments in the evaluation of knee surgical outcomes.

scholarly journals A competition period evaluation in the long jump events in terms of seasonal Variables: Creating prediction models

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-341
Author(s):  
Berfin Serdil Ors ◽  
Işık Bayraktar
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Models ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Actual Performance ◽  
Long Jump ◽  
History Of ◽  
Competition Period

Aim: The purpose of training planning in performance sports is to achieve the desired performance in the target competition. Maintaining the desired performance in the major competition is the main subject of periodization. But at this point, the prediction of the season best, which will serve as a showcase for preparations, is a question as old as the history of training science for coaches. The aim of the study is to examine the variables in the competition period of female and male athletes participated in the top 100 places in the 2018 world lists in the long jump event, to compare by gender, and to create prediction models for the season best and season average performances (SPA) according to the average of first two performances (AF2P). Methods: Ages, total number of days in a season, the number of days between the competitions, total competitions, the number of competitions in which the season's best (SB) performance was achieved, the ratio of the SB to the total number of competitions, the percentages of the first, end, and average scores were analysed. Statistical comparison of female and male athletes was carried out using Independent Samples t-Test. To express the relationships between parameters Pearson correlation coefficients (r) were used. Besides, polynomial regression analysis was used. Finally, the quadratic equations were used to predict SB performance and SPA according to the AF2P. Findings: SB competition, season initial, AF2P, SB, SPA and season-end variables were found to be statistically different between genders. Season initial and SB showed significant relationships for both genders (women; r=0.68; p<0.001; men; r=0.51; p<0.001). AF2P explained 54% of the SB performance for women and 48% for men. Conclusion: The prediction model found in the current study to predict SB performance was applied to the male and female athletes from 2019 season. Models predicted the actual performance with an average of 1.15%. Depending on the close estimation of the actual SB performance of the models; It is thought that the prediction models will enable the trainers to predict the performance of their athletes in target competitions at the beginning of the season.   Özet Amaç: Performans sporlarında antrenman planlamasının amacı hedef yarışmada istenilen performansı yakalamaktır. İstenen performansın da majör yarışmada gerçekleştirilmesi periyodizasyonun ana konusudur. Fakat bu noktada hazırlıkların vitrini niteliğinde olacak sezonun en iyi derecesinin gerçekleşeceği öngörüsü antrenörler için antrenman bilim tarihi kadar eski bir sorudur. Çalışmanın amacı, uzun atlama branşında 2018 dünya listelerinde ilk yüz sırada yer alan kadın ve erkek sporcuların yarışma periyodundaki değişkenleri incelemek, cinsiyetlere göre karşılaştırmak, ilk iki performans ortalamasına göre sezonun en iyi ve ortalama performansları için tahmin modelleri oluşturmaktır. Metot: Çalışmada sporcuların yarışma verileri [yaş, bir sezondaki toplam gün sayısı (SGS), bir sezondaki toplam yarışma sayısı (TYS), sporcunun sezondaki en iyi derecesi (SB), SB performansının gerçekleştiği yarışma (SBY), sporcunun sezonun ilk iki yarışmasındaki performansının ortalaması (İ2PO), sezon en iyi derecesine göre; sezon ortalama (SORT), başlangıç (SBAŞ) ve bitiriş (SBİT) derecelerinin yüzde oranları] incelenmiştir. Parametreler arasındaki ilişkiler için pearson korelasyon (r) istatistiği, ilişkilerin belirleme katsayılarının (r2) bulunmasında polinom regresyonu, cinsiyete göre İ2PO’dan SB ve sezon ortalama performanslarının tahmin modellerinde karesel regresyon modeli kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: SBY, başlangıç, İ2PO, SB, SORT ve SBİT değişkenleri cinsiyetler arasında istatistiksel olarak farklı bulunmuştur. SBAŞ değerleriyle SB performansı arasında iki cinsiyet için anlamlı ilişkiler bulunmuştur (kadınlar; r=0,68; p<0,001; erkekler, r=0,51; p<0,001). İ2PO; kadınlarda SB performansının %54’ünü, erkeklerde; %48’ini açıklayabilmektedir. Sonuç: Çalışmada bulunan İ2PO’na göre SB tahmin modeli, 2019 yılında dünya listelerinde yer alan erkek ve kadın sporculara uygulandığında, modelin SB performansını ortalama %1,15 farkla tahmin ettiği görülmüştür. Modellerin gerçek SB performansını yakın tahmin edebilmesine bağlı olarak; tahmin modellerinin antrenörlerin sezon başında sporcularının hedef yarışmalardaki performanslarını öngörebilmelerine olanak sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

scholarly journals Mujeres deportistas: poca visibilidad y mucho estereotipo

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-283
Author(s):  
Alazne Mujika-Alberdi ◽  
Iñaki García-Arrizabalaga ◽  
Juan José Gibaja-Martins
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Basque Country ◽  
Significant Advance ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Media ◽  
Las Mujeres ◽  
Pais Vasco ◽  
Medios De Comunicacion

En el artículo se analiza la opinión ciudadana sobre la imagen de las mujeres deportistas en relación con la de los hombres deportistas en el Territorio Histórico de Gipuzkoa (País Vasco, España). En los últimos años, se constata un avance significativo en la paridad de la práctica deportiva, con resultados positivos en términos de rendimiento deportivo de las mujeres deportistas. Sin embargo, los medios de comunicación siguen ofreciendo a menudo una imagen estereotipada de las mujeres deportistas reproducida luego en la opinión pública. El artículo muestra los resultados de una encuesta realizada a la población guipuzcoana sobre la visibilidad/invisibilidad de las mujeres deportistas y los estereotipos asociados a su imagen. Los resultados indican que todavía, y a pesar de diferentes esfuerzos, las mujeres deportistas son poco visibles para la población. Tanto la notoriedad espontánea como la asistida de las mujeres deportistas es muy inferior a la de los hombres deportistas. La poca visibilidad se añade a otro problema, la perdurabilidad de los estereotipos. Se confirma la tendencia a incidir en cuestiones ligadas al aspecto físico, así como la atribución de diferentes valores según el sexo del deportista. A pesar de todo, se ha identificado una predisposición favorable hacia el consumo de deporte femenino o practicado por mujeres. En definitiva, se observan algunos pasos en la dirección hacia la paridad, pero el reto sigue aún vigente. The article analyzes the public opinion on the image of sportswomen in relation to that of sportsmen in the Historical Territory of Gipuzkoa (Basque Country, Spain). In recent years, there has been a significant advance in the parity of sports practice, with positive results in terms of sports performance of female athletes. However, the media often continue to offer a stereotypical image of female athletes later reproduced in public opinion. The article shows the results of a survey carried out among the Gipuzkoan population on the visibility / invisibility of sportswomen and the stereotypes associated with their image. The results indicate that still, and despite different efforts, female athletes are not very visible to the population. Both the spontaneous and assisted notoriety of female athletes is much lower than that of male athletes. Low visibility adds to another problem, the persistence of stereotypes. The tendency to influence issues related to physical appearance is confirmed, as well as the attribution of different values according to the athlete's sex. Despite everything, a favorable predisposition towards the consumption of sports by women or practiced by women has been identified. In short, there are some steps towards parity, but the challenge remains. O artigo analisa a opinião pública sobre a imagem das esportistas mulehres em relação à dos esportistas homens no Território Histórico de Gipuzkoa (País Basco, Espanha). Nos últimos anos, houve um avanço significativo na paridade da prática esportiva, com resultados positivos no desempenho esportivo das atletas do sexo feminino. No entanto, a mídia muitas vezes continua a oferecer uma imagem estereotipada de atletas femininas posteriormente reproduzida na opinião pública. O artigo apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa realizada junto à população gipuzkoana sobre a visibilidade / invisibilidade das esportistas e os estereótipos associados à sua imagem. Os resultados indicam que ainda, e apesar dos esforços diferenciados, as atletas femininas não são muito visíveis para a população. Tanto a notoriedade espontânea quanto a assistida de atletas do sexo feminino é muito menor do que a dos atletas do sexo masculino. A baixa visibilidade aumenta outro problema, a persistência de estereótipos. Confirma-se a tendência de influenciar questões relacionadas à aparência física, bem como a atribuição de valores diferenciados de acordo com o sexo do atleta. Apesar de tudo, identificou-se uma predisposição favorável ao consumo de esportes por mulheres ou praticados por mulheres. Em suma, existem alguns passos em direção à paridade, mas o desafio ainda está em vigor.

Low Bone Mineral Density in Male Athletes Is Associated With Bone Stress Injuries at Anatomic Sites With Greater Trabecular Composition

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam S. Tenforde ◽  
Allyson L. Parziale ◽  
Kristin L. Popp ◽  
Kathryn E. Ackerman
Keyword(s):  
Bone Health ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Sports Participation ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Anatomic Site ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Bone Stress ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Sport Type ◽  
History Of

Background: While sports participation is often associated with health benefits, a subset of athletes may develop impaired bone health. Bone stress injuries (BSIs) are a common overuse injury in athletes; site of injury has been shown to relate to underlying bone health in female athletes. Hypothesis/Purpose: This case series characterizes the association of type of sports participation and anatomic site of BSIs with low bone mineral density (BMD), defined as BMD Z-score <–1.0. Similar to female athletes, it was hypothesized that male athletes who participate in running and sustain BSIs in sites of higher trabecular bone content would be more likely to have low BMD. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Chart review identified 28 male athletes aged 14 to 36 years with history of ≥1 lower-extremity BSI who were referred for evaluation of overall bone health, including assessment of lumbar spine, hip, and/or total body less head BMD per dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. BMD Z-scores were determined via age, sex, and ethnicity normative values. Prior BSIs were classified by anatomic site of injury into trabecular-rich locations (pelvis, femoral neck, and calcaneus) and cortical-rich locations (tibia, fibula, femur, metatarsal and tarsal navicular). Sport type and laboratory values were also assessed in relationship to BMD. The association of low BMD to anatomic site of BSI and sport were evaluated with P value <.05 as threshold of significance. Results: Of 28 athletes, 12 (43%) met criteria for low BMD. Athletes with a history of trabecular-rich BSIs had a 4.6-fold increased risk for low BMD as compared with those with only cortical-rich BSIs (9 of 11 vs 3 of 17, P = .002). Within sport type, runners had a 6.1-fold increased risk for low BMD versus nonrunners (11 of 18 vs 1 of 10, P = .016). Laboratory values, including 25-hydroxy vitamin D, were not associated with BMD or BSI location. Conclusion: Low BMD was identified in 43% of male athletes in this series. Athletes participating in sports of running and with a history of trabecular-rich BSI were at increased risk for low BMD.

scholarly journals An Intelligent System to Improve Athlete Depression and Eating Disorder using Artificial Intelligence and Big Data Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuannuo Chen ◽  
Yu Sun
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Intelligent System ◽  
Big Data Analysis ◽  
Figure Skating ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Rapid Rotation ◽  
History Of

The inspiration for the creation of this app stemmed from the deeply rooted history of eating disorders in sports, particularly in sports that emphasize appearance and muscularity which often includes gymnastics, figure skating, dance, and diving [1]. All three sports require rapid rotation in the air which automatically results in the necessity of a more stringent weight requirement. Eating disorders can also be aggravated by sports who focus on individual performances rather than team-oriented like basketball or soccer [5]. According to research, up to thirteen percent of all athletes have, or are currently suffering from a form of eating disorder such as anorexia [2] and bulimia [3]. In the National Collegiate Athletic Association, it is estimated that up to sixteen percent of male athletes and forty-five percent of female athletes have been diagnosed with an eating disorder.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF COMPETITION ANXIETY ON ATHLETES SPORTS PERFORMANCE: IMPLICATION FOR COACH

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1460-1464
Author(s):  
Noor Muhammad Marwat ◽  
Syed Zia ul Islam ◽  
Muhammad Safdar Luqman ◽  
Mehwish Manzoor ◽  
Irfanullah
Keyword(s):  
Female Athletes ◽  
Sports Performance ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Psychology Programs ◽  
Competitive Anxiety ◽  
Anxiety Test ◽  
History Of ◽  
Individual Sports ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of competition anxiety upon sports performance of elite athletes who took part in the “31st National Games held in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa’s (KP), Pakistan. Methodology: One hundred and twenty-eight (N=128) males= 88, females= 40; Age 21.9 +/-1.5 years; Sports Experience, 8.9 +/-1.7 years) provided the required information on 15-items Sports Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT). The history of sports performance of athletes was obtained during breaks within competitive fixtures. Main Findings: The analyzed data revealed that competitive anxiety is responsible for 38% change in sports performance. Furthermore, the relationship is moderate negative identifying that an increase in competitive anxiety decreases the sports performance of athletes (r=-0.386, P=.002). Additionally, comparative analyses indicated that female athletes and athletes from individual sports showed higher levels of Competition Anxiety, while male athletes and athletes with team sport reported lower levels of Competition Anxiety (P <.005). Implications of the study: This gender impact is critical and significant showing decisive implications for the coaches and trainers. These findings were explored in light of the theoretical and practical implications of these findings for designing sport psychology programs in Pakistan for athletes from various contexts. Novelty: The findings indicate that competitive trait anxiety can harm the success, and indicate that certain PL athletes can benefit from therapies that seek to decrease anxiety before and during competition.

scholarly journals Baseline concussion symptom score differences comparing collision, contact, and noncontact sports and comparison of between sexes

Neurology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 91 (23 Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. S12.2-S12
Author(s):  
Sas Andrew ◽  
Foug Katherine ◽  
Gillenkirk Aleah ◽  
Popovich Michael ◽  
Almedia Andrea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Symptom Score ◽  
Chart Review ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Symptom Reporting ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Post Concussion Syndrome ◽  
History Of ◽  
Physical Traits

ObjectiveTo determine if baseline concussion symptoms scores in athletes prior to the start of their season vary by sport or sex.BackgroundConcussion is a clinical diagnosis that includes an appropriate clinical scenario, reporting of symptoms through a post concussion symptom score list, and an objective neurologic exam. Symptom reporting is considered when determining if an athlete has recovered from their concussion. Recent studies have shown that athletes at baseline can report symptoms at a rate high enough to meet criteria for post concussion syndrome without any history of concussion. The number of symptoms reported was found to be higher in female athletes than male athletes, but to date there has not been a clear consideration of how these symptoms compare across different sports played.MethodsRetrospective chart review of baseline pre-participation sport exams from 2016. More than 2000 charts were reviewed for age, sex, sport played, number of past concussions. Baseline concussion symptom checklist scores were reviewed for number of symptoms reported and severity of symptoms reported. Comparisons were made between groups comparing age, sex, sport played, and number of previous concussions prior to the start of this season.ResultsFemale athletes in all sports compared reported more baseline symptoms and more severe symptoms compared to their male counterparts. Athletes of the same sex, male or female who participated in collision or contact sports reported less baseline symptoms than athletes who participated in noncontact sports.ConclusionContact and collision sport athletes report at baseline less concussion checklist symptoms than noncontact sport athletes in all age groups compared. This leads to many questions about why certain athlete populations report less symptoms. Symptom reporting could be due to underlying physical traits in different sports, or player psychology differences between sports.

scholarly journals WOMEN AND OLYMPIC GAMES: MEDIA COVERAGE

TEME ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 1113
Author(s):  
Marija Vujović ◽  
Marta Mitrović ◽  
Neven Obradović
Keyword(s):  
Media Coverage ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Public Image ◽  
Daily Newspaper ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
The Public ◽  
Sport Activities ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Olympic Games

Despite the fact that women have succeeded in their effort to have equal participation in the Summer Olympics, the public image of them is still predominantly stereotyped, which this study proves. The subject of analysis in this paper are narrative articles and photographs about male athletes and female athletes in sports sections, especially in the Olympic specials and the front pages of the best-selling daily newspaper in Serbia, Blic, during the Olympic Games, from July 27th to August 13th 2012. Hypotheses that the authors want to prove deal with the assumption that male athletes are often more represented in media than female athletes, and that the articles about women are often stereotyped. Some of the most frequent stereotypes are those which describe women as feminine, beautiful or sexual objects, as well as like someone's mother, wife or girlfriend, also, as infantile, emotional or irritable, or maybe those are just some irrelevant articles that do not talk about sport activities of female athletes. The Olympic Games in London are significant because, for the first time in history, women were equated with men in the sports in which both genders participate. 

Petrus Johann du Toit, 1888-1967

1969 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 247-266
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
International Level ◽  
Boer War ◽  
The Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
The Republic ◽  
European Colonialism ◽  
The Individual

The life and work of Dr P. J. du Toit spanned a significant period in the history of South Africa. During his lifetime there were two World Wars, as well as the Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902; in 1910 the two recently independent republics of the Transvaal and the Orange Free State were united with the colonies of the Gape of Good Hope and Natal in the Union of South Africa which, in 1961, became the Republic of South Africa. The last ten years of his life, from 1957 to 1967, saw the virtual disappearance of European colonialism which had dominated the African scene for more than two centuries. The life of P. J. du Toit—the individual, the scientist and the public figure—is inextricably bound up with the rapidly changing patterns of social, political and scientific development brought about by these momentous events and his contribution, at both the national and the international level, must be seen against the background of these happenings.

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