scholarly journals Speech Disorders Testing: Practices of European and Russian Clinical Linguistics

2020 ◽  
pp. 1973-1984
Author(s):  
Natalia G. Burmakina ◽  
Iuliia I. Detinko ◽  
Liudmila V. Kulikova ◽  
Iana V. Popova
Keyword(s):  
Speech Disorders ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Specific Marker ◽  
Alternative Communication ◽  
Augmentative Alternative Communication ◽  
Combination Of Methods ◽  
Mental Characteristics ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Descriptive Method ◽  
Local Brain

The article is devoted to the problem of speech disorders caused by local brain damage. The purpose of the study is to demonstrate different tests for diagnosing aphasia developed in European countries and Russia. Four out of these methods have passed significant approbation and are widely used for testing the speech of the patients with aphasia. The other three were created recently and reflect current data from neurolinguistics. The authors used a descriptive method to present the testing systems. The study showed that European classifications of aphasia differ from Russian ones. There is a problem of discrepancies in diagnosis when using different methods. It was noted that there is a culturally specific marker of diagnosis in accordance with the research traditions of different countries and cognitive and mental characteristics of the patients who speak different languages. Modern approaches to working with aphasia are associated with neuropragmatics, research of metalinguistic abilities and augmentative / alternative communication. The prospects for diagnosing speech localization in the brain are found in the combination of methods of neuropsychology and neuroimaging and in the use of artificial intelligence. The problem of post-stroke speech disorders is relevant and requires the combined efforts of speech therapists, linguists, neurologists, and neuropsychologists

scholarly journals Signal quality as Achilles’ heel of graph theory in functional magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Baijot ◽  
Stijn Denissen ◽  
Lars Costers ◽  
Jeroen Gielen ◽  
Melissa Cambron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Signal Quality ◽  
Network Parameters ◽  
Fmri Signal ◽  
Noise Ratio ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Local Brain

AbstractGraph-theoretical analysis is a novel tool to understand the organisation of the brain.We assessed whether altered graph theoretical parameters, as observed in multiple sclerosis (MS), reflect pathology-induced restructuring of the brain's functioning or result from a reduced signal quality in functional MRI (fMRI). In a cohort of 49 people with MS and a matched group of 25 healthy subjects (HS), we performed a cognitive evaluation and acquired fMRI. From the fMRI measurement, Pearson correlation-based networks were calculated and graph theoretical parameters reflecting global and local brain organisation were obtained. Additionally, we assessed metrics of scanning quality (signal to noise ratio (SNR)) and fMRI signal quality (temporal SNR and contrast to noise ratio (CNR)). In accordance with the literature, we found that the network parameters were altered in MS compared to HS. However, no significant link was found with cognition. Scanning quality (SNR) did not differ between both cohorts. In contrast, measures of fMRI signal quality were significantly different and explained the observed differences in GTA parameters. Our results suggest that differences in network parameters between MS and HS in fMRI do not reflect a functional reorganisation of the brain, but rather occur due to reduced fMRI signal quality.

scholarly journals Integrating Visual Methods With Dialogical Interviews in Research With Youth Who Use Augmentative and Alternative Communication

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 160940691775094 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail Teachman ◽  
Barbara E. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Augmentative And Alternative Communication ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Photo Elicitation ◽  
Visual Methods ◽  
Data Generation ◽  
Alternative Communication ◽  
Integrated Methods ◽  
Combination Of Methods ◽  
Communication Impairments

Scant information is available to guide the selection and modification of methods for doing research with people with communication impairments. In this article, we describe and illustrate a novel combination of methods used to optimize data generation in research with 13 disabled youth who use augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). Using a critical dialogical methodology developed for the study, we explored links between dominant calls for social inclusion, disabled youths’ social relations and life circumstances, and their position-takings in relation to inclusion. Building on emergent methodologies, we selected and integrated complementary methods: photo-elicitation, a graphic elicitation method termed “Belonging Circles,” observations, and interviews. The interview methods were modified to recognize all AAC modes used by participants and to acknowledge the relational, situated and thus, dialogical nature of all communication in interviews. Each method is described, and rationales for their selection and modification are discussed. Processes used to combine the methods, generate data, and guide analysis are illustrated using a case example from the study. The integrated methods helped illuminate the lives and practices of youth who use AAC and the strategies they used to negotiate inclusion across the social spaces that they traversed. We conclude with reflections on the strengths and limitations of our approach, future directions for development of the methodology, and its potential use in research with a broad range of persons experiencing communication impairments.

CLINICAL AND ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF ACUTE AND EARLY RECOVERY PERIODS OF CEREBRAL STROKE

Vestnik ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 46-50
Author(s):  
Д.А. Митрохин ◽  
М.М. Ибрагимов ◽  
А.Н. Симбинова ◽  
Н.Ш. Буйракулова ◽  
В.В. Харченко ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Practical Interest ◽  
Tension Headache ◽  
Haemorrhagic Stroke ◽  
Speech Disorders ◽  
Cerebral Stroke ◽  
Bioelectrical Activity ◽  
Early Recovery ◽  
Sharp Waves ◽  
Coherence Index ◽  
The Brain

В остром и раннем восстановительном периодах церебрального инсульта взаимосвязь между биоэлектрической активностью головного мозга и клинической картиной заболевания представляют значительный научный и практический интерес. В данной статье, представлены результаты исследования клинико-неврологических и электроэнцефалографических показателей, в остром и раннем восстановительном периодах церебрального инсульта, 67 больных в возрасте от 43 до 78 лет. Показано, что у больных в остром и раннем восстановительном периодах церебрального инсульта на фоне двигательных и речевых расстройств, наблюдались легкие и умеренные когнитивные нарушения, а также тревожно-депрессивные проявления. Головная боль, соответствующая критериям головной боли напряжения отмечалась у 61,1% больных. Биоэлектрическая активность головного мозга характеризовалась выраженной дельта и тета активностью, а также единичными острыми волнами, спайками, преимущественно в пораженном полушарии головного мозга, межполушарной асимметрией, повышением мощности спектров в сторону преобладания медленных волн. Показатели индекса когерентности по всем отведениям были снижены, что свидетельствует о нарушении функциональных межполушарных взаимосвязей. Более значительное повышение индекса когерентности в дельта и тета диапазонах у пациентов, перенесших геморрагический инсульт, может указывать на более грубые межполушарные нарушения, в сравнении с ишемическим инсультом. In the acute and early recovery periods of cerebral stroke, the correlation between bioelectrical activity of the brain and the clinical picture of the disease is of considerable scientific and practical interest. This article presents the results of a study of clinical, neurological and electroencephalographic parameters, in the acute and early recovery periods of cerebral stroke, in 67 patients aged from 43 to 78. Mild and moderate cognitive impairment as well as anxiety and depressive manifestations were shown among patients in the acute and early recovery periods of cerebral stroke amid the motor and speech disorders. Headache meeting the criteria of tension headache was reported among 61,1% of patients. The bioelectrical activity of the brain was characterised by marked delta and theta activity as well as single sharp waves, commissures mainly in the affected cerebral hemisphere, interhemispheric asymmetry and by increase in the spectrum power towards the predominance of slow waves. The coherence index scores were decreased on all directions, indicating impaired functional interhemispheric connectivity. A greater increase in coherence index in the delta and theta bands among haemorrhagic stroke patients may indicate more severe interhemispheric disturbances compared to ischaemic stroke.

scholarly journals SPEECH DELAY THERAPY FOR CHILDREN USING THE AAC METHOD

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
Natalina Purba ◽  
Mira Kusumo Astuti
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Speech Therapy ◽  
Environmental Response ◽  
Speech Delay ◽  
Alternative Communication ◽  
Augmentative Alternative Communication ◽  
Sensory Integration Therapy ◽  
Communication Method ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this study (1) The factors that cause speech delay in early childhood (2) The treatment given by Permata Diakonia and parents? (3) The impact of speech therapy performed by Permata Diakonia using the AAC (Augmentative Alternative Communication) method. Methods: This study used a case study method with one child data analysis used qualitative data analysis with Miles and Huberman methods. Results: Sensory therapy that was given every day since the child was diagnosed late speaking had a very significant impact on the child's environmental response. A good response to this environment is a sign that the child can be given speech therapy using the AAC method which is given twice a week. From this study, it can be concluded that speech therapy using the AAC method significantly improves children's speaking ability. It should be noted that the key to success in this therapy is not changing therapists. Implication: speech therapy using the AAC method has implications for new ideas that will give  new ideas to new approaches to enrich speech therapy.Keywords: speech delay, sensory integration therapy, and speech therapy, AAC

scholarly journals Klinefelter syndrome in children and adolescents

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 321-328
Author(s):  
Darya A. Bespalyuk ◽  
Igor S. Chugunov
Keyword(s):  
Klinefelter Syndrome ◽  
Onset Time ◽  
Speech Disorders ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Testosterone Replacement Therapy ◽  
Male Hypogonadism ◽  
Main Diagnosis ◽  
Delayed Treatment ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
High Level

Klinefelter syndrome is a chromosomal pathology, which is the most common anomaly of sex chromosomes and the most common form of primary male hypogonadism. The presence of an extra X-chromosome in the karyotype causes infertility, azoospermia, small size of testicles, high level of gonadotropins and low level of testosterone, tallness and disproportionate physique, learning difficulties, and developmental speech disorders. Despite the high incidence of the syndrome in the population, only 25% of patients are aware of their disease during their lifetime. Late diagnosis and delayed treatment are often due to pronounced clinical polymorphism of the disease, different symptom onset time, as well as high incidence of associated conditions, so that these patients are followed by various specialists, but they are not aware of the main diagnosis. This review presents data on the history, etiology of the syndrome, clinical and laboratory features characteristic of children, adolescents, and adults. The most common associated diseases are listed and current data on their prevalence and the effect of testosterone replacement therapy on these conditions are provided.

scholarly journals Sleep apnoea in the asymptomatic elderly: a real issue for the brain?

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 1702450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sébastien Celle ◽  
Claire Boutet ◽  
Cédric Annweiler ◽  
Jean-Claude Barthélémy ◽  
Frédéric Roche
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Brain Volume ◽  
Sleep Apnoea ◽  
Middle Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Brain Volumes ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Surface Control ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Local Brain

The link between sleep apnoea and brain structure is unclear; although dysfunction of the hippocampus, middle temporal gyrus and brainstem/cerebellum have been observed previously. However, this link has been little explored in elderly subjects. The aim of this study was to explore the link between sleep apnoea and the brain in an elderly population.226 asymptomatic elderly subjects (age mean±sd 75.3±0.9 years, range 72.3–77.8 years) from the PROOF (Evaluation of Ageing, Autonomic Nervous System Activity and Cardiovascular Events) cohort study were explored using linear voxel-based or cortical thickness with apnoea/hypopnoea index (AHI; mean±sd 15.9±11.5 events·h−1, range 6–63.6 events·h−1) as a covariate of main interest. The brain volumes of 20 control subjects, 18 apnoeic (AHI >29 events·h−1) treated patients and 20 apnoeic untreated patients from this population were compared using voxel-based morphometry, cortical thickness or surface-based analyses.AHI was not associated with any change in local brain volume, cortical thickness or cortex surface. Control subjects, apnoeic treated and untreated patients were not different in terms of local brain volume, cortical thickness or surface.In a specific population of asymptomatic elderly healthy subjects, sleep apnoea does not seem to be associated with a change in local brain volume or in cortical thickness.

Point-and-Chat®

2011 ◽  
pp. 169-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Slotznick
Keyword(s):  
Instant Messaging ◽  
Spoken Word ◽  
Alternative Communication ◽  
Augmentative Alternative Communication ◽  
Reading And Writing ◽  
Vocabulary Strategies ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Text Chat ◽  
Written Word ◽  
Effective Use

Point-and-Chat®, most simply, is the first software for Instant Messaging with a built-in screen reader, designed to be used in conjunction with Augmentative/Alternative Communication (AAC) devices. For many AAC users, especially those who have difficulty reading and writing, an AAC device is the primary or only way they can communicate with other people. This communication is primarily one-on-one and face-to-face. The goal of Point-and-Chat® is to take the skills that an AAC user has in producing the spoken word and provide scaffolding that will enable the AAC user to use those skills to communicate with the written word. The primary impediment to effective use of Point-and-Chat® by AAC users appears to be a lack of appropriate text-chat vocabularies for poor readers, including vocabulary strategies to re-establish conversations when the conversational thread has been lost.

Neuro-occupation: A self-organizing approach to conflate the brain, context, and occupation

2019 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-20
Author(s):  
Seyed Alireza Derakhshanrad ◽  
Emily Piven
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Therapists ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Theoretical Assumptions ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Occupational Participation ◽  
Circular Causality ◽  
Matrix Construction ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Descriptive Method

Background. Neuro-occupation was coined to conflate three distinctly different concepts: the brain, context, and occupation. Discussing neuro-occupation has been more of an academic exercise rather than cogently researched for everyday practice, perhaps due to the seemingly incongruity among the concepts. Purpose. This article traces the self-organization approach, an assumption of complex systems, to understand how the concepts can be conflated. Method. Deductive category application, a qualitative descriptive method for tracing theoretical assumptions, was drawn from the lived experiences of 11 Iranian participants with cerebrovascular accidents. Matrix construction aided collection of data for analysis. Findings. The self-organization approach, underpinning neuro-occupation, was shown to be traceable, explaining how occupational participation may be influenced by the brain circular causality and perturbations provided by the context. Implications. By understanding the dynamics of self-organization, occupational therapists can identify and create salient features that may motivate and enable clients to enhance occupational participation.

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