scholarly journals Development of methodological approaches to the purification of target proteins from marine hydrobionts of Antarctic region

2019 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
M. Abramova ◽  
N. Raksha
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Electrophoretic Analysis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Antarctic Region ◽  
Total Extract ◽  
Gelatinase Activity ◽  
Sterechinus Neumayeri

Enzymes from organisms that are adapted to the existence at low temperatures attract significant attention of scientists as a perspective objects not only on a practical point of view, but also as a valuable tools for conducting basic research. This is due to unusual environmental conditions (low temperature, high hydrostatic pressure, low illumination), as well as a significant level of economic profitability due to the widespread of marine hydrobionts and high efficiency of psychrophilic enzymes in comparison with their mesophilic and thermophilic analogues. The expediency of using the hydrobionts of the Antarctic region Parborlasia corrugatus and Sterechinus neumayeri as a source for producing individual enzymes was indicated by the results of electrophoretic analysis of enzymes from hydrobionts tissues extract, so it was concluded that the total extract contained a number of enzymes that were active with gelatin and fibrinogen. As a result of a combination of several chromatographic stages, which included affinity chromatography on Blue Sepharose 6 FF column and size exclusion chromatography on Superdex 75 PG and Superdex 200 PG columns, from the total hydrobiont tissue extract were obtained fractions of hydrolytic enzymes. From the total tissues extract of both hydrobionts which was explored were isolated 4 fractions which showed gelatinase activity. Also from the tissues of Sterechinus neumayeri a fraction containing high-molecular enzymes capable of cleaving fibrinogen was isolated. The developed method of two-stage chromatography can be used further as a basis for optimizing the obtaining of enzymes of a similar spectrum of action from other objects.

scholarly journals Multifunctional Cantilevers as Working Elements in Solid-State Cooling Devices

Actuators ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Andraž Bradeško ◽  
Lovro Fulanović ◽  
Marko Vrabelj ◽  
Aleksander Matavž ◽  
Mojca Otoničar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Contact Resistance ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Thermal Contact ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Cooling Devices ◽  
Cascade Structure ◽  
Lead Magnesium

Despite the challenges of practical implementation, electrocaloric (EC) cooling remains a promising technology because of its good scalability and high efficiency. Here, we investigate the feasibility of an EC cooling device that couples the EC and electromechanical (EM) responses of a highly functionally, efficient, lead magnesium niobate ceramic material. We fabricated multifunctional cantilevers from this material and characterized their electrical, EM and EC properties. Two active cantilevers were stacked in a cascade structure, forming a proof-of-concept device, which was then analyzed in detail. The cooling effect was lower than the EC effect of the material itself, mainly due to the poor solid-to-solid heat transfer. However, we show that the use of ethylene glycol in the thermal contact area can significantly reduce the contact resistance, thereby improving the heat transfer. Although this solution is most likely impractical from the design point of view, the results clearly show that in this and similar cooling devices, a non-destructive, surface-modification method, with the same effectiveness as that of ethylene glycol, will have to be developed to reduce the thermal contact resistance. We hope this study will motivate the further development of multifunctional cooling devices.

U.S. Emissions Trading and what it can teach us for a Post-Kyoto World

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Krause
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Emissions Trading ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Trade Data ◽  
Trading Systems ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Economic Fundamentals ◽  
The Usa

Major CO2 emitters such as individual states of the USA, the People's Republic of China and the European Union continue to rely on emissions trading systems to reduce CO2 emissions. Against this background, this thesis examines four emissions trading systems in the USA. For this purpose, the legal and economic fundamentals of emissions trading are presented in detail. Subsequently, emissions trading systems are analyzed from an economic as well as a legal point of view based on criteria defined for this purpose and the results are embedded in the context of national and international law. For this purpose, the author conducts extensive basic research by processing the available emissions and trade data.

scholarly journals Low-Temperature Catalytic Pyrolysis of Cellulose in Acidic [Bmim]Otf: A Mechanism Model of Product Evolution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhishuncheng Li ◽  
GuangFei Qu ◽  
Yanhua He ◽  
Ping Ning ◽  
Ruosong Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Catalytic Pyrolysis ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Catalytic Systems ◽  
Mechanism Model ◽  
Pyrolysis Behavior ◽  
Product Evolution ◽  
The Media

Abstract In this paper, we studied the catalytic pyrolysis behavior of microcrystalline cellulose (MC) in catalytic systems with acidic [Bmim]OTf as the media at temperatures of 140°C, 180°C, 220°C, 260°C, and 300°C. The pyrolysis behavior was investigated via SEM, XRD, FTIR, and GC-MS. During the catalysis of [Bmim]OTf, the pyrolysis temperature of MC was reduced to 140°C significantly and the crystalline structure of MC was destroyed rapidly. The novel synergistic catalytic effect of CF3SO3- and [Bmim]+ was discovered, which may lead to MC-selective cleavage of glycosidic, C-C, C-O, and C-H bonds, accompanied by new bond formation, which showed the production of many small molecular compounds. Furthermore, a novel mechanism model of evolution in [Bmim]OTf at low temperature was developed from a microscopic point of view. This research had obvious significance for the mechanism of directional regulation of target products, finally realizing the high efficiency utilization of biomass.

Nondestructive Damage Detection of Bridges: A Status Review

2001 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaotong Wang ◽  
Chih-Chen Chang ◽  
Lichu Fan
Keyword(s):  
Damage Detection ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Digital Signal ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Measured Signal ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Bridge Damage

The recent advances in detecting and locating damage in bridges by different kinds of non-destructive testing and evaluation (NDT&E) methods are reviewed. From the application point of view, classifications for general bridge components and their damage types are presented. The relationships between damage, bridge components, and NDT&E techniques are summarized. Many useful WEB sources of NDT&E techniques in bridge damage detection are given. It is concluded that: (1) vibration-based damage detection methods are successful to a certain extent, especially when the overall damage is significant and, low frequency vibration can identify those areas where more detailed local inspection should be concentrated; (2) robust identification techniques that are able to locate damage based on realistic measured data sets still seem a long way from reality, and, basic research is still necessary in the mean time; (3) the rapid development of computer technology and digital signal processing (DSP) techniques greatly impacts upon the conventional NDT techniques, especially in control data processing and data displaying, as well as in simulation and modeling; (4) most of the NDT&E techniques introduced in this paper have their own practical commercial systems, but the effort required for combining the theoretical, experimental and engineering achievements, is still a challenging task when establishing the relationship between the unknown quantities and the measured signal parameters and specialised instruments have shown great advantages for doing some things more effectively than general ones; (5) in bridge damage detection, a problem usually requires the application of different NDT&E techniques; two or more independent techniques are needed to enable confidence in the results.

scholarly journals On BRT Spread around the World: Analysis of Some Particular Cities

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Salvatore Trubia ◽  
Alessandro Severino ◽  
Salvatore Curto ◽  
Fabio Arena ◽  
Giovanni Pau
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Civil Engineering ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Economic Point

The goal of civil engineering has always been the research and implementation of methods, technologies, and infrastructures to improve the community’s quality of life. One of the branches of civil engineering that has the strongest effect on progress is transport. The quality of transport has a profound economic and social impact on our communities regarding trade (freight transport) and city livability (public transport systems). However, innovation is not the only way to improve the features above-mentioned, especially public transport, considering that it is usually beneficial to enhance and repurpose vehicles with appropriate adjustments to offer more efficient services. Other perspectives that influence public transport systems are the costs and times of design and construction, maintenance, operating costs, and environmental impact, especially concerning CO2 emissions. Considering these issues, among the various types of existing public transport systems, those of the so-called Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) offer worthwhile results. The BRT system is a type of public road transport operated by bus on reserved lanes, and it is significantly profitable, especially from an economic point of view, in areas where there are existing bus routes. Nonetheless, for the construction of works minimization, it is closely linked to other features that improve its usefulness, depending on the vehicles’ quality such as capacity, but above all, the propulsion or driving autonomy that would guarantee high efficiency. This paper introduces an analysis of some BRT systems operating worldwide, presenting the background, general technical features, and the correlation with autonomous vehicles.

scholarly journals Role of Organo-Modifier and Metal Impurities of Commercial Nanoclays in the Photo- and Thermo-Oxidation of Polyamide 11 Nanocomposites

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1034
Author(s):  
Martina Ussia ◽  
Giusy Curcuruto ◽  
Daniela Zampino ◽  
Nadka Tzankova Dintcheva ◽  
Giovanni Filippone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Oxidative Degradation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Polyamide 11 ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Exclusion Chromatography ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry

The photo-oxidative degradation processes of bio-based PA11 nanocomposites containing montmorillonite (MMT) and the organo-modified Cloisite®30B were investigated to discriminate the influence of organo-modified components on the polymer durability. Indeed, despite the extensive studies reported, there are still ambiguous points to be clarified from the chemical point of view. To this aim, UV-aged materials were analyzed by Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC), Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). This enabled determining changes in both chemical structure and Molar Masses (MMs) induced by light, heat and oxygen exposure. The addition of organo-modified nanoclays strongly affected the PA11 light durability, triggering the macromolecular chains scission due to the typical αH, Norrish I and II mechanisms. However, the main contribution in boosting the photo-oxidative degradation is induced by iron impurities contained into the clays. Conversely, thermo-oxidation process performed at 215 °C was unambiguously affected by the presence of the organo-modifiers, whose presence determined an enhancement of crosslinking reactions.

scholarly journals Optimization of Tubular Microalgal Photobioreactors with Spiral Ribs under Single-Sided and Double-Sided Illuminations

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei ◽  
Wang ◽  
Wu
Keyword(s):  
Relative Position ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Incident Light ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Cycle Frequency ◽  
Algal Suspension ◽  
Rib Structure

Microalgae can be raw materials for the production of clean energy and have great potential for development. The design of the microalgal photobioreactor (PBR) affects the mixing of the algal suspension and the utilization efficiency of the light energy, thereby affecting the high-efficiency cultivation of the microalgae. In this study, a spiral rib structure was introduced into a tubular microalgal PBR to improve the mixing performance and the light utilization efficiency. The number of spiral ribs, the inclination angle, and the velocity of the algal suspension were optimized for single-sided and double-sided parallel light illuminations with the same total incident light intensity. Next, the optimization results under the two illumination modes were compared. The results showed that the double-sided illumination did not increase the average light/dark (L/D) cycle frequency of the microalgae particles, but it reduced the efficiency of the L/D cycle enhancement. This outcome was analyzed from the point of view of the relative position between the L/D boundary and the vortex in the flow field. Finally, a method to increase the average L/D cycle frequency was proposed and validated. In this method, the relative position between the L/D boundary and the vortex was adjusted so that the L/D boundary passed through the central region of the vortex. This method can also be applied to the design of other types of PBRs to increase the average L/D cycle frequency.

scholarly journals Topology optimization of induction heating model using sequential linear programming based on move limit with adaptive relaxation

Open Physics ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 845-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Masuda ◽  
Yutaro Kanda ◽  
Yoshifumi Okamoto ◽  
Kazuki Hirono ◽  
Reona Hoshino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Programming ◽  
Topology Optimization ◽  
Induction Heating ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Magnetic Energy ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Sequential Linear Programming ◽  
Electrical Machinery ◽  
Heating Model

AbstractIt is very important to design electrical machineries with high efficiency from the point of view of saving energy. Therefore, topology optimization (TO) is occasionally used as a design method for improving the performance of electrical machinery under the reasonable constraints. Because TO can achieve a design with much higher degree of freedom in terms of structure, there is a possibility for deriving the novel structure which would be quite different from the conventional structure. In this paper, topology optimization using sequential linear programming using move limit based on adaptive relaxation is applied to two models. The magnetic shielding, in which there are many local minima, is firstly employed as firstly benchmarking for the performance evaluation among several mathematical programming methods. Secondly, induction heating model is defined in 2-D axisymmetric field. In this model, the magnetic energy stored in the magnetic body is maximized under the constraint on the volume of magnetic body. Furthermore, the influence of the location of the design domain on the solutions is investigated.

scholarly journals The Contribution of Spanish Science to Patents: Medicine as Case of Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 3638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mila Cascajares ◽  
Alfredo Alcayde ◽  
José Antonio Garrido-Cardenas ◽  
Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro
Keyword(s):  
Citation Impact ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Medical Problems ◽  
Spanish Science ◽  
International Patent ◽  
The Social ◽  
Great Relevance ◽  
Set Up

Investments in research and development (R&D) and innovation are expensive, and one wishes to be assured that there is positive feedback and to receive guidance on how to direct investments in the future. The social or economic benefits of investments in R&D are of particular interest to policymakers. In this regard, public expense in research, especially through universities, is sometimes being questioned. This paper establishes a measure of how research in Spain, and specifically in its universities, is involved. In this study, we have analyzed all the literature cited in the period 1998–2018 produced by Spanish institutions and which has been cited in at least one international patent, obtaining more than 40,000 publications from more than 160,000 different authors. The data have been surprisingly positive, showing that practically all public universities contribute to this subject and that there is a great deal of international collaboration, both in terms of the number of countries with which they collaborate and the prestige of the institutions involved. Regarding the specific scientific fields in which this collaboration is most relevant, biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology, and medicine together account for almost 40% of the total works. The topics most used by these publications were those of diseases or medical problems such as: Neoplams, Carcinoma, Alzheimer Disease, or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). Oncology was according to the All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) the leading and central issue. Therefore, although the result of basic research is difficult to quantify, when it is observed that there is a return in fields such as medicine or global health, it can be said that it is well employed. In terms of journals from a purely bibliometric point of view, it has been observed that some journals do not have a great impact or relative position within their categories, but they do have a great relevance in this area of patent support. Therefore, it would be worthwhile to set up a rank for scientific journals based on the citations of patents, so the percentage of articles cited in patents with Field-Weighted Citation Impact (FWCI) >1, and as an indicator of scientific transfer from universities or research centres, the transference index in patents (TIP) is also proposed.

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