Development of comparative approach elements in the classical natural geography

2020 ◽  
Vol 103-104 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 41-49
Author(s):  
Mykola Davydiuk
Keyword(s):  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Cognitive Tools ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Ancient Science ◽  
Significant Events ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Logical Method ◽  
Stage 1

At the current stage of scientific research development, the comparative approach, an efficient logical method of cognition of the Earth’s nature, does not lose its significance in the light of new and classic scientific methods, particularly in geography. The article presents the in-depth analysis of the origins and development of comparative approach in natural geography on the basis of national geographical sources. The researchers who applied comparative approach to their studies are also presented. The time intervals – stages of development of comparative approach in geography are defined. Two of them are considered – pre-antique and antique. Such periodization is based on time, because this approach has been developed and improved along with the development of physical-geographical ideas and knowledge. The stages of its development were defined on the basis of different, characteristic for them, logical features of comparative approach. Considering the various aspects, one can learn about various significant events during the various stages of developing of geographical sciences. The pre-antique stage of origin and the enriched development of the components of the comparative approach (stage 1) were characterized by all significant comparisons, and therefore comparisons, the content of which, in particular, even reached the idea of possible distant lands similar to the known ones. The beginnings of geospatial representations in our ancestors began to take shape at the dawn of human culture. On the background of the limited cognitive tools of ancient science, the comparative approach was distinguished by its capabilities and applications as one of the most effective in the then scientific and practical knowledge of the world.

Constitutional and Legal Institute of the Ombudsman and Specialized Ombudsman for Migration in Foreign Countries: Formation and Development

2021 ◽  
pp. 54-61
Author(s):  
S. G. Trifonov ◽  
◽  
K. V. Trifonova
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Legal Method ◽  
Special Scientific ◽  
Scientific Principles ◽  
Logical Method ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Rights And Interests

Currently, the Ombudsman is a traditional component of democratic legal systems. The creation of such a body, as noted in the Council of Europe Resolution «On the role of commissioners/ombudsmen in the protection of citizens’ rights», which would try to ensure justice, respect for the foundations of the rule of law and at the same time be able to establish a dialogue with citizens, is necessary in many States. The purpose and objectives of this article are to consider the issues of the emergence and development of the constitutional-legal institution as an Ombudsman in General, and the evolution of this institution, in which there were various models and types of ombudsmen. It is also necessary to describe the existing models of the Ombudsman applied in different States. The article examines the functional specialization of ombudsmen, which occurs through the introduction of ombudsmen in certain areas of public relations or to protect the rights and interests of the most legally vulnerable categories and groups of the population, and specifically the emergence of the institution of migration ombudsmen. The methodology of the article is based on a set of philosophical and worldview, General scientific principles and approaches and special scientific methods of cognition of constitutional and legal phenomena. When writing, a number of General scientific and special scientific methods were used, including: system and structural-functional methods, sociological method, formal-logical method, comparative-legal method. As a result of the research, we can conclude that the essential characteristics of the Ombudsman institution have changed from the institution of supervision of the administration and the court to the most important human rights mechanism that it represents at the present stage. Within the framework of the functioning of the institution of the Ombudsman, different models have been identified in different States and specialized ombudsmen have appeared, including those dealing with the protection of the legal rights and interests of migrant workers.

Building the Intentional University

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bob Kerrey
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Core Competencies ◽  
Effective Interaction ◽  
First Century ◽  
Cognitive Tools ◽  
Curriculum And Pedagogy ◽  
Novel Technology ◽  
The World

Higher education is in crisis. It is too expensive, ineffective, and impractical for many of the world’s students. But how would you reinvent it for the twenty-first century—how would you build it from the ground up? Many have speculated about changing higher education, but Minerva has actually created a new kind of university program. Its founders raised the funding, assembled the team, devised the curriculum and pedagogy, recruited the students, hired the faculty, and implemented a bold vision of a new and improved higher education. This book explains that vision and how it is being realized. The Minerva curriculum focuses on “practical knowledge” (knowledge students can use to adapt to a changing world); its pedagogy is based on scientific research on learning; it uses a novel technology platform to deliver small seminars in real time; and it offers a hybrid residential model where students live together, rotating through seven cities around the world. Minerva equips students with the cognitive tools they need to succeed in the world after graduation, building the core competencies of critical thinking, creative thinking, effective communication, and effective interaction. The book offers readers both the story of this grand and sweeping idea and a blueprint for transforming higher education.

Features of Financial and Legal Incentives of Investment Activities in the Regions

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 210
Author(s):  
Nikita K. POPADYUK ◽  
Olga V. PANINA ◽  
Sergey G. EREMIN ◽  
Andrey I. GALKIN ◽  
Alexander A. SAVELYEV
Keyword(s):  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Investment Activity ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Judicial Practice ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Logical Method ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of

Research of features of financial and legal incentives of investment activities in the regions. Methodological basis of the study raised issues were the following: general scientific methods of cognition generalization, analogy, analysis and synthesis, elaboration, comparison, logical method, etc. Conducted interdisciplinary analysis of literature and sources on stimulating investment activities, with particular emphasis given to the Institute financial and legal incentives. Formed the author's definition of the term ʼfinancial and legal stimulus of investment activity of regionsʼ. Studied types of financial and legal incentives of investment activities of the regions. Analyzed regional legislation and judicial practice on the subject of study places financial incentives in the legal field of regional legislation. Identified conflicts in the system of financial and legal incentives of investment activities of the regions. A proposal to optimize the preliminary control of the Prosecutor's offices of the legality of the investment legislation, in particular, the structure of which has different financial and legal incentives of investment activities in Russian regions.

Arrival directions of extensive air showers of primary energy ~1017 eV

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. S78-S80 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Blake ◽  
J. D. Hollows ◽  
H. W. Hunter ◽  
R. J. O. Reid ◽  
R. M. Tennent ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Particle ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Running Time ◽  
Upper Limits ◽  
Primary Particles ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Right Ascension ◽  
Arrival Directions

A detailed study of the arrival directions of primary particles of mean energy 2 × 1017 eV recorded by the Haverah Park Stage 1 (500-m) EAS array is reported. After rejecting time intervals randomly to equalize the sidereal running time of the array, upwards of 30 000 showers were available for analysis. In two energy intervals with mean energies about 1017 eV and 5 × 1017 eV significantly lower upper limits have been set on primary particle anistropy, and for all showers the amplitude of the first harmonic in right ascension is 0.6 ± 1.1% with a maximum at about 210°.An azimuthal asymmetry in detected showers (mainly arising from a 2° tilt of the array plane) limits the precision with which variations in declinations could be detected, and no analysis in galactic coordinates has been attempted. However, a plot in squares 10° RA by 10° declination reveals no deviations from isotropy within declination bands, and the overall distribution of intensity fluctuations is consistent with statistical expectation.Some general remarks are made on isotropy measurements.

scholarly journals Escaping from multiple visual threats: Modulation of escape responses in Pacific staghorn sculpin (Leptocottus armatus).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hibiki Kimura ◽  
Tilo Pfalzgraff ◽  
Marie Levet ◽  
Yuuki Kawabata ◽  
John F Steffensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Escape Response ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Motion ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Escape Responses ◽  
Leptocottus Armatus ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Staghorn Sculpin

Fish perform rapid escape responses to avoid sudden predatory attacks. During escape responses, fish bend their bodies into a C-shape and quickly turn away from the predator and accelerate. The escape trajectory is determined by the initial turn (Stage 1) and a contralateral bend (Stage 2). Previous studies have used a single threat or model predator as a stimulus. In nature, however, multiple predators may attack from different directions simultaneously or in close succession. It is unknown whether fish are able to change the course of their escape response when startled by multiple stimuli at various time intervals. Pacific staghorn sculpin (Leptocottus armatus) were startled with a left and right visual stimulus in close succession. By varying the timing of the second stimulus, we were able to determine when and how a second stimulus could affect the escape response direction. Four treatments were used: a single visual stimulus (control); or two stimuli coming from opposite sides separated by a 0 ms (simultaneous treatment); a 33 ms; or a 83 ms time interval. The 33 ms and 83 ms time intervals were chosen to occur shortly before and after a predicted 60 ms visual escape latency (i.e. during Stage 1). The 0 ms and 33 ms treatments influenced both the escape trajectory and the Stage 1 turning angle, compared to a single stimulation, whereas the 83 ms treatment had no effect on the escape response. We conclude that Pacific staghorn sculpin can modulate their escape response only between stimulation and the onset of the response, but that escape responses are ballistic after the body motion has started.

Liability for Climate Change: Cases, Challenges and Concepts

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Spitzer ◽  
Bernhard Burtscher
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Mother Country ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Liability For Tort

AbstractThe authors examine the intricate questions of liability for climate change-related damage. They take a comparative approach and after informing about the developments in the mother country of climate change litigation – the United States of America – turn to an in-depth analysis of liability for tort.

Scholars’ temporal participation on, temporary disengagement from, and return to Twitter

First Monday ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Veletsianos ◽  
Royce Kimmons ◽  
Olga Belikov ◽  
Nicole Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Media Use ◽  
Mixed Methods Study ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Social Media Use ◽  
Significant Events ◽  
The Social ◽  
Media Platform ◽  
Traditional Work

Even though the extant literature investigates how and why academics use social media, much less is known about academics’ temporal patterns of social media use. This mixed methods study provides a first-of-its-kind investigation into temporal social media use. In particular, we study how academics’ use of Twitter varies over time and examine the reasons why academics temporarily disengage and return to the social media platform. We employ data mining methods to identify a sample of academics on Twitter (n = 3,996) and retrieve the tweets they posted (n = 9,025,127). We analyze quantitative data using descriptive and inferential statistics, and qualitative data using the constant comparative approach. Results show that Twitter use is predominantly connected to traditional work hours and is well-integrated into academics’ professional endeavors, suggesting that professional use of Twitter has become “ordinary.” Though scholars rarely announce their departure from or return to Twitter, approximately half of this study’s participants took some kind of a break from Twitter. Although users returned to Twitter for both professional and personal reasons, conferences and workshops were found to be significant events stimulating the return of academic users.

scholarly journals THE USE OF PROGRESSIVE GRAVITATIONAL METHODS IN THE LOGISTICS OF RAIL PASSENGER TRANSPORT

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
Milan Dedík ◽  
Karol Hrudkay ◽  
Adrián Šperka
Keyword(s):  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Theoretical Concept ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Passenger Transport ◽  
Railway Transport ◽  
Empirical Methods ◽  
Theoretical Formulation ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Railway Passenger Transport ◽  
Railway Passenger

The main strategic goal of EU transport policy is to support public passenger transport and railway transport as a key transport mode. It is also very important to develop and improve logistic processes in passenger transport. To meet these goals it is necessary to use professional and scientific methods, for example gravitational methods. These methods can be included among progressive empirical methods and models that are used to generalize specific results and offer a general solution to the problem, from practical knowledge to theoretical formulation. These methods are utilised in the natural sciences but their using in transport processes is very important too. One of the best known empirical methods are Nyvig´s and Lill´s gravitational methods. They are especially used in transport planning and organizing, determining of the traffic potential, optimization and rationalization of timetables and traffic service. In the contribution the authors deals with using of the current and new progressive gravitational methods in the context of rail passenger transport logistics. The first chapter comprises narrow connection of the logistics and rail passenger transport including the explanation of their function in rail passenger transport. The next chapter contains an analysis the current research of raised issues. The most important scientific part conssists of theoretical concept of the gravitational methods in railway passenger transport and its various modifications. Theoretical principles of the new progressive Lill´s gravitational model form including its practical application at the chosen railway passenger transport routes are explained and analyzed in the fourth and the fifth chapter.

scholarly journals Sole will and joint will of spouses: a comparative approach (permissible aspect)

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 ◽  
pp. 04018
Author(s):  
Ruslan Mikhailovich Ushakov ◽  
Vladimir Nikolaevich Gavrilov
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Legal Structure ◽  
Legal Method ◽  
Technical Aids ◽  
Bona Fide ◽  
Legitimate Interests ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right

The research is aimed at structuring doctrinal developments on the stated topic, comparing them with the related Russian and foreign practices and formulating their own scientific position. The subject of the research is the legal relationship arising in connection with a) the right to make a sole will and b) the determination by the spouses subject to the joint will of the corresponding rights and obligations for a heir. In the course of the study, the dialectical method, general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, analogy as well as the systemic method were used; special legal methods were used, in particular, the comparative approach. The problem of civil law regulation of the institution of will, and in particular of the joint will of spouses, with the comparative legal method was analysed. As a result, the authors, on the basis of an analysis of the current domestic and foreign civil legislation, have developed ways to solve the identified problems by making appropriate changes to the civil legislation. In particular, the concept of a classic will has been formulated and substantiated. It was established that the mandatory provision concerning the loss of effect of a joint will in the event of a marriage being declared invalid after the death of one of the spouses violates the legitimate interests of a bona fide spouse, and therefore it was proposed to supplement the civil legislation with provisions that would allow the court to keep such a will in force. It has been substantiated that the Russian legislator needs to supplement the legal structure of the institution under research by allowing to draw up a joint will of spouses in extraordinary circumstances. The novelty of the research lies in the proposal to amend the articles of the current civil legislation in order to secure the possibility of making a sole will with electronic or any other technical aids.

scholarly journals POVERTY IN RUSSIA: REGIONAL FEATURES AND PROSPECTS FOR POVERTY REDUCTION INSTRUMENTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 75-88
Author(s):  
A.A. Razumov ◽  
◽  
O.V. Selivanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Subsistence Level ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Territorial Differentiation ◽  
Scope Of Application ◽  
Regional Programs

The article examines the theoretical and methodological, and methodical approaches to the definition and measurement of poverty, proposed by international organizations and Russian and foreign experts, and shows their evolution. The paper reveals the relationship between socio-economic crises leading to a worsening employment situation and the level of poverty. The subject of the research is poverty in Russian regions and regional programs contributing to its reduction. The aim of the study is to monitor and analyze regional data on poverty reduction in Russian regions. Methods of work: dialectical method of cognition, systems approach, structural analysis, comparative approach, methods of statistical information processing, general scientific methods of cognition (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, abstraction and concretization, etc.), analysis of the materials provided by Russian regions. Research results: the reasons and specific features of the regional poverty in Russia are determined, considering the multifactorial territorial differentiation; based on the monitoring of regional programs, existing measures to reduce poverty were systematized and classified, and the most promising instruments for reducing poverty were substantiated both in the area of employment and wage policies and in the area of increasing efficiency of social support measures. The scope of application: the results of the analysis and monitoring of regional programs to reduce the share of the population with incomes below the subsistence level and the proposals and recommendations formulated on their basis, can be used by federal executive bodies, executive bodies of the Russian regions in the development of poverty reduction mechanisms both at the territorial and federal levels.

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