scholarly journals Language attrition: mechanisms of occurrence, features of study and prospects for further research

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-124
Author(s):  
A.S. Malyshevskaya ◽  
F. Gallо ◽  
B. Bermudez-Margaretto ◽  
Yu.Yu. Shtyrov ◽  
T.D. Chitaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Language Attrition ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Working Hypotheses ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Existing Data

This theoretical review clarifies the concept of "language attrition " by defining the phenomenological and contextual features of its utilization, discussing the definition of contradictions, and suggesting potential directions for future research. Taking into account existing data, we regard the existing approaches to language attrition and analyze the mechanisms underlying the phenomenon. This analysis seems to be the first step in building up an integral theoretical model summarizing the available empirical data. It helps to apply a neurobiological approach, allowing to identify neural markers of language attrition at different levels of language processing and within different language categories. To this end, we propose specific experimental approaches to recording neural traces of attrition and formulate working hypotheses based on proposed experimental paradigms.

scholarly journals Organizational Adaptation

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Sarta ◽  
Rodolphe Durand ◽  
Jean-Philippe Vergne
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Change ◽  
Organizational Adaptation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Observable Actions ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Different Levels

Organizational adaptation is equivocal. On the one hand, the concept is ubiquitous in management research and acts as the glue binding together the central issues of organizational change, performance, and survival. On the other hand, it lurks around in various guises (e.g., “fit,” “alignment,” “congruence,” and “strategic change”) studied from multiple theoretical streams (e.g., behavioral, resource based, and institutional) and at different levels of analysis (e.g., organization and industry levels). In a novel approach to reviewing 443 adaptation articles that leverages both computational and hand-coded analysis, we produce an interactive visual of the themes most studied by adaptation scholars. We inductively draw out a definition of adaptation as intentional decision making undertaken by organizational members, leading to observable actions that aim to reduce the distance between an organization and its economic and institutional environments. We then review the literature across three main areas of inquiry and six theoretical perspectives that surfaced from our analysis and identify 11 difficulties that have hampered adaptation research in the past 50 years. Our review suggests ways to address these difficulties to enable future research to develop and cumulate.

scholarly journals Guessing the Game: An Individual’s Awareness and Assessment of a Game’s Existence

Games ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Katarina Kostelic
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Strategic Behavior ◽  
Strategic Interaction ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Scenario Technique ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Game Elements ◽  
Different Levels

In everyday life, games begin inconspicuously, leaving an individual to stumble upon their assessment of a situation. An unaware individual is unlikely to exhibit strategic behavior in a given situation, which highlights the importance of awareness examination. The purpose of this exploratory analysis is to examine awareness and assessment of a game’s existence at the individual level. That requires examination of respondents’ detection (as an indication of their awareness) and identification (as an indication of their assessment) of game elements in game-like situations and their relation to awareness of the game existence. The empirical data is collected using a scenario technique and is statistically analyzed. The results show that the respondents are, on average, at least partially aware of possibility for strategic interaction (even in vague situations). The revealed regularities point out to the relation of the game elements to game existence belief, but also indicate the presence of psychological biases and information utilization issues. For example, the respondents assign different levels of belief to game existence regarding possible losses or gains. Research limitations involve the use of a small convenience sample and lead to suggestions for results validation in future research. Possible implications of the results are discussed.

The Cyber Domains

2019 ◽  
pp. 717-739
Author(s):  
Robert Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Intrusion Detection ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Clear Definition ◽  
Work Roles ◽  
Detection Software ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Different Levels

In this chapter, the historical and continuing evolution of the cyber domains, and how current research in cyber expertise can be operationalized, are described. Research into cyber expertise is in its infancy; in fact, there is no clear definition of what constitutes cyber expertise or how it may be unique when compared to other technical fields. The work roles of cyber operators are described and results from cognitive task analyses of their workplace are reviewed. The chapter then reviews several paradigms in detail including experiments using simulated intrusion detection software to study different levels of expertise and how information is shared between multiple teammates in these environments. Finally, some candidate topics for future research are presented, including the use of realistic synthetic environments to study cyber operations with more ecological validity.

scholarly journals Consumers Quality Evaluation Process

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen B. Castleberry ◽  
Faye S. McIntyre
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Quality Evaluation ◽  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Quality Perception ◽  
Conceptual Definition ◽  
Perception Process ◽  
Definition Of

A conceptual definition of quality for marketers of consumer products is offered along with a theoretical model of the quality perception process. Application examples are provided and future research needs are outlined.

scholarly journals Peer Assessment: Channels of Operation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Keith Topping
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Linear Order ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Peer Assessment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Many ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Order Set

The present paper offers a definition of peer assessment and then reviews the major syntheses on its effectiveness. However, the main part of this paper is preoccupied with how to do PA successfully. A typology of 44 elements explains the differences between the many types of peer assessment. Then a theoretical model outlines some of the processes which may occur during PA. Initially, only a few of these will be used, but as those engaged in PA become more experienced, an increasing number of elements will feature. However, these may not appear in the linear order set out here, and indeed may be recursive. The implications for the design and organisation of PA are outlined, as well as the implications for future research.

The Emergence and Maintenance of Ethical Leadership in Organizations

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silke Astrid Eisenbeiß ◽  
Steffen R. Giessner
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Ethical Leadership ◽  
Leadership Behavior ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Organizational Characteristics ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Environmental Complexity ◽  
Group Influence ◽  
Analysis Society ◽  
Different Levels

The present paper gives a review of empirical research on ethical leadership and shows that still little is known known about the contextual antecedents of ethical leadership. To address this important issue, a conceptual framework is developed that analyzes the embeddedness of organizational ethical leadership. This framework identifies manifest and latent contextual factors on three different levels of analysis – society, industry, and organization – which can affect the development and maintenance of ethical leadership. In particular, propositions are offered about how (1) societal characteristics, notably the implementation and the spirit of human rights in a society and societal cultural values of responsibility, justice, humanity, and transparency; (2) industry characteristics such as environmental complexity, the content of the organizational mandate, and the interests of stakeholder networks; and (3) intra-organizational characteristics, including the organizational ethical infrastructure and the ethical leadership behavior of a leader’s peer group, influence the development and maintenance of ethical leadership in organizations. This list of factors is not exhaustive, but illustrates how the three levels may impact ethical leadership. Implications for managerial practice and future research are discussed.

Development and Evaluation of Fuzzy Criteria for the Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis

1996 ◽  
Vol 35 (04/05) ◽  
pp. 334-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.-P. Adlassnig ◽  
G. Kolarz ◽  
H. Leitich
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Reference Model ◽  
American Rheumatism Association ◽  
Uniform Definition ◽  
Sensitivity Rate ◽  
Fuzzy Techniques ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Specificity Rate

Abstract:In 1987, the American Rheumatism Association issued a set of criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to provide a uniform definition of RA patients. Fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic were used to transform this set of criteria into a diagnostic tool that offers diagnoses at different levels of confidence: a definite level, which was consistent with the original criteria definition, as well as several possible and superdefinite levels. Two fuzzy models and a reference model which provided results at a definite level only were applied to 292 clinical cases from a hospital for rheumatic diseases. At the definite level, all models yielded a sensitivity rate of 72.6% and a specificity rate of 87.0%. Sensitivity and specificity rates at the possible levels ranged from 73.3% to 85.6% and from 83.6% to 87.0%. At the superdefinite levels, sensitivity rates ranged from 39.0% to 63.7% and specificity rates from 90.4% to 95.2%. Fuzzy techniques were helpful to add flexibility to preexisting diagnostic criteria in order to obtain diagnoses at the desired level of confidence.

Ways and Voices in the Psychoanalysis of Links According to Enrique Pichon-Rivière

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Jaitin
Keyword(s):  
Couple Therapy ◽  
Clinical Observation ◽  
Clinical Work ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Voice ◽  
Different Levels

This article covers several stages of the work of Pichon-Rivière. In the 1950s he introduced the hypothesis of "the link as a four way relationship" (of reciprocal love and hate) between the baby and the mother. Clinical work with psychosis and psychosomatic disorders prompted him to examine how mental illness arises; its areas of expression, the degree of symbolisation, and the different fields of clinical observation. From the 1960s onwards, his experience with groups and families led him to explore a second path leading to "the voices of the link"—the voice of the internal family sub-group, and the place of the social and cultural voice where the link develops. This brought him to the definition of the link as a "bi-corporal and tri-personal structure". The author brings together the different levels of the analysis of the link, using as a clinical example the process of a psychoanalytic couple therapy with second generation descendants of a genocide within the limits of the transferential and countertransferential field. Body language (the core of the transgenerational link) and the couple's absences and presence during sessions create a rhythm that gives rise to an illusion, ultimately transforming the intersubjective link between the partners in the couple and with the analyst.

Applying personalized medicine to adult severe asthma

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. e8-e16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelica Tiotiu
Keyword(s):  
Personalized Medicine ◽  
Severe Asthma ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Target Therapy ◽  
Asthma Management ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Biologic Therapies ◽  
Eosinophilic Asthma ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Structured Approach

Background: Severe asthma is a heterogeneous disease that consists of various phenotypes driven by different pathways. Associated with significant morbidity, an important negative impact on the quality of life of patients, and increased health care costs, severe asthma represents a challenge for the clinician. With the introduction of various antibodies that target type 2 inflammation (T2) pathways, severe asthma therapy is gradually moving to a personalized medicine approach. Objective: The purpose of this review was to emphasize the important role of personalized medicine in adult severe asthma management. Methods: An extensive research was conducted in medical literature data bases by applying terms such as “severe asthma” associated with “structured approach,” “comorbidities,” “biomarkers,” “phenotypes/endotypes,” and “biologic therapies.” Results: The management of severe asthma starts with a structured approach to confirm the diagnosis, assess the adherence to medications and identify confounding factors and comorbidities. The definition of phenotypes or endotypes (phenotypes defined by mechanisms and identified through biomarkers) is an important step toward the use of personalized medicine in asthma. Severe allergic and nonallergic eosinophilic asthma are two defined T2 phenotypes for which there are efficacious targeted biologic therapies currently available. Non-T2 phenotype remains to be characterized, and less efficient target therapy exists. Conclusion: Despite important progress in applying personalized medicine to severe asthma, especially in T2 inflammatory phenotypes, future research is needed to find valid biomarkers predictive for the response to available biologic therapies to develop more effective therapies in non-T2 phenotype.

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