The role of hypoxia in the integrity of the genetic apparatus and the formation of memory in drosophila in the paradigm of conditioned reflex suppression of courtship

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 45-54
Author(s):  
Anna V. Medvedeva ◽  
Elena V. Tokmacheva ◽  
Ekaterina A. Nikitina ◽  
Svetlana Alexandrovna Vasilieva ◽  
Ekaterina S. Zalomaeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Conditioned Reflex ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
Hypoxic Exposure ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Adaptive Capabilities ◽  
Mechanisms Of Adaptation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Conditioned Connection

M.E. Lobashev and V.В. Savvateev in 1959 obtained unique data on the expansion of the adaptive capabilities of the organism when training the properties of higher nervous activity by the formation of conditioned food reflexes to stimuli that exhaust the nervous system. Apparently, the formation of a conditioned connection help to overcoming stressful effects, adaptation to restrictive conditions, and changes in the functioning of the nervous system. To test this assumption, the influence of stressful influences hypoxia on learning and memory of Drosophila in the paradigm of conditioned reflex suppression of courtship was studied. The results were obtained on the enhancement of the ability to learn under hypoxic exposure. These experimental conditions did not affect memory formation. The effect of hypoxia on chromosomes through the formation of double-stranded breaks was revealed. The data are discussed in light of the relationship between neuroplasticity processes and mechanisms of adaptation to stressors.

On humoral factors in nervous activity

1935 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 777-787
Author(s):  
D. S. Vorontsov
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
Active Part ◽  
Humoral Factors ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Not only in the peripheral working organs, irritating substances are formed, which, as we can see, take an active part in their regulation, but also in the central nervous system, in the relationship of its individual elements, such substances apparently play an important role.

Does peer tutoring in kindergarten exist? Thinking around the tutoring concept.

2019 ◽  
Vol X (4 (29)) ◽  
pp. 63-84
Author(s):  
Aneta Babiuk-Massalska
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Preschool Child ◽  
Social Experiences ◽  
The Other ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Student Relationship ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

The article reviews the definitions of the tutoring concept in preschoolers relationships. Can we qualify the relationships of preschool children in learning situations as tutoring? Or maybe a different name would be more suitable for them? Preschoolers are used to learning in a different way than adults and older children. They prefer learning mimicking or playing. They obtain knowldge occasionally an unintentionally. In turn, definitions of tutoring quite precisely contain formulated fortifications that a little child is not able to meet yet. Immaturity of the nervous system limit the level and length of attention span of little child and relatively small, compared to school children and adults number of social experiences can seriously hamper the classification of situations in which children learn from each other as tutoring. While the generally understood master-student relationship, associated with tutoring, is quite often noticeable during childhood collaboration and play in which one child can do more than the other, the more detailed assumptions of tutoring are not as accessible to the observer. For example, it is difficult to talk about the regularity or planned nature of children's relationships. The definition of tutoring also sets specific expectations regarding the teacher's skills, among which are: high interpersonal competences, commitment to the relationship with the mentee, professionalism and responsibility. From a preschool child who would play the role of a teacher, it is difficult to demand fluent speech, not to mention professionalism and regularity. A preschool child, who just start to learn numbers, is often unable to orient himself in time, which makes it difficult or even impossible to plan and systematize his activities. Little child needs adult help in this area.

scholarly journals Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction: Is There a Connection with Gut Microbiota?

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 2549
Author(s):  
Giulia Radocchia ◽  
Bruna Neroni ◽  
Massimiliano Marazzato ◽  
Elena Capuzzo ◽  
Simone Zuccari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Clinical Syndrome ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Significant Challenge ◽  
Severe Impairment ◽  
Intestinal Pseudo Obstruction ◽  
The Relationship

Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO) is a rare clinical syndrome characterized by severe impairment of gastrointestinal (GI) motility, and its symptoms are suggestive of partial or complete intestinal obstruction in the absence of any lesion restricting the intestinal lumen. Diagnosis and therapy of CIPO patients still represent a significant challenge for clinicians, despite their efforts to improve diagnostic workup and treatment strategies for this disease. The purpose of this review is to better understand what is currently known about the relationship between CIPO patients and intestinal microbiota, with a focus on the role of the enteric nervous system (ENS) and the intestinal endocrine system (IES) in intestinal motility, underling the importance of further studies to deeply understand the causes of gut motility dysfunction in these patients.

The schistosome in the mammalian host: understanding the mechanisms of adaptation

Parasitology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 134 (11) ◽  
pp. 1477-1526 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. KUSEL ◽  
B. H. AL-ADHAMI ◽  
M. J. DOENHOFF
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Surface Membrane ◽  
Membrane Rafts ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Parasite Communities ◽  
Mechanisms Of Adaptation ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Relationship

SUMMARYIn this review, we envisage the host environment, not as a hostile one, since the schistosome thrives there, but as one in which the relationship between the two organisms consists of constant communication, through signalling mechanisms involving sense organs, surface glycocalyx, surface membrane and internal organs of the parasite, with host fluids and cells. The surface and secretions of the schistosome egg have very different properties from those of other parasite stages, but adapted for the dispersal of the eggs and for the preservation of host liver function. We draw from studies of mammalian cells and other organisms to indicate how further work might be carried out on the signalling function of the surface glycocalyx, the raft structure of the surface and existence of pores in the surface membrane, the repair of the surface membrane, the role of the membrane structure in ion channel function (including recent work on the actin cytoskeleton and calcium channels) and the possible role of P-glycoproteins in the adaptation of the parasite to its environment. We are speculative in some areas, such as the suggestions that variability in surface properties of schistosomes may relate to the existence of membrane rafts and that parasite communities may exhibit quorum sensing. This speculative approach is adopted with the hope that future work on the whole organisms and their interactions will be encouraged.

Role of the autonomic nervous system in the thermogenic response to food in lean individuals

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (5) ◽  
pp. E775-E780 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. De Jonge ◽  
D. R. Garrel
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
Oral Feeding ◽  
Oral Ingestion ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Thermogenic Response

The aim of this study was to determine the role of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in obligatory and facultative components of the thermogenic response to food (TRF). Nineteen lean, healthy subjects participated in this study, which comprised two protocols, each exploring one component of the ANS. In the first experimental group, propranolol (prime: 80 micrograms/kg; continuous: 1 microgram.kg-1.min-1) was infused intravenously to inhibit sympathetic nervous activity (SNA), whereas in the second group atropine (prime: 5 micrograms/kg; continuous: 5 micrograms.kg-1.min-1) was used to inhibit parasympathetic nervous activity (PNA). The TRF was measured on four occasions: 1) after oral ingestion of a breakfast, during 0.9% NaCl perfusion, 2) after oral ingestion of the same breakfast, during the perfusion of one of the drugs, 3) after intragastric injection of a pureed form of the same meal as in part 1, during 0.9% NaCl perfusion, and 4) after intragastric feeding, during the administration of one of the drugs. Energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry for 30 min before and 6 h after ingestion of the meal. Facultative TRF was defined as the difference between oral and intragastric TRF. Intragastric feeding significantly reduced TRF in both studies: 6.6 +/- 1.0 vs. 8.7 +/- 0.8% of the ingested energy in the SNA study and 5.5 +/- 1.6 vs. 7.4 +/- 3.1% in the PNA study. During propranolol infusion, TRF was significantly lower than it was during saline infusion after oral feeding (6.9 +/- 1.0% vs. 8.7 +/- 0.8% of ingested energy) but not after intragastric feeding. During atropine administration, TRF was reduced after both oral and intragastric feeding, although statistical significance was not reached in the latter. Atropine administration decreased gastric emptying (measured with an isotopic method) 2 h postingestion by 50%. These results show that the SNA is necessary for the facultative component of TRF to occur in humans. The role of the PNA appears to be related to its action on gastric emptying.

L-Dopa metabolism in genetically hypertensive mice: effect of pargyline

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (12) ◽  
pp. 2390-2395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen T. Buu ◽  
Johanne Duhaime ◽  
Karoly Racz ◽  
Otto Kuchel ◽  
Gunther Schlager
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Monoamine Oxidase ◽  
Hydroxylase Activity ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Genetically Hypertensive

This study on the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the development of hypertension involves the measurement of dopamine and norepinephrine accumulation in various tissues of the hypertensive and random-bred normotensive strains of mice at basal levels, and following a pargyline–L-dopa treatment. Under such a treatment, designed to suppress the homeostatic action of monoamine oxidase and to better expose the relationship between dopamine and norepinephrine, the brain and heart of the hypertensive mice accumulated more dopamine than the normotensive mice. There was a significantly lower norepinephrine accumulation in the heart of the hypertensive mice in spite of comparable dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity in this tissue between the two strains of mice. Under the pargyline–L-dopa treatment, the brain and heart of the older mice in both hypertensive and normotensive strains accumulated significantly (p < 0.05) more dopamine than those of their younger counterparts, while their norepinephrine accumulation remained unchanged. The results demonstrated different patterns of response of dopamine and norepinephrine in the development of hypertension.

scholarly journals The Role of Mammalian Target of Rapamycine Signaling Pathway in Central Nervous System Cancers: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 472-485
Author(s):  
Forough Alemi Serej ◽  
◽  
Hosein Aliyari Serej ◽  
Abbas Ebrahimi Kalan ◽  
Ahmad Mehdipour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Protein Function ◽  
Molecular Pathways ◽  
Serine Threonine Kinase ◽  
Central Nervous System Cancers ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cancerous Cells

Mammalian mechanistic target of rapamycine (mTOR) is a conserved serine/threonine kinase in the cellular PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. This pathway is modified by cellular alterations such as level of energy, growth factors, stresses, as well as the increased environmental level of cancerous cytokines. In general, increase of this kinase protein function is seen in various types of cancers, especially in cancer stem-like cell. Additionally, activation of this pathway in the most common malignant central nervous system cancers such as glioblastoma, medulloblastomas and tuberous sclerosis complex is under investigation. Recent studies have shown the relationship between different cellular signaling pathways and genetic mutations, that involved in the cancer of CNS, with mTOR pathway. Based on previous studies, different treatments like surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, aren’t more effective and have some side-effects. Therefore, the researchers are trying to find better ways to treat cancer. One approach to this aim is about the essence of understanding all of molecular pathways, proteins and mutations involved in cancers. This study tries to analysis some of the unknown molecular pathways on mentioned cancerous cells and interaction among this pathway with mTOR kinase protein.

scholarly journals Do the results of the sensomotor response reflect the typological properties of the central nervous system?

2021 ◽  
pp. 69-77
Author(s):  
V. S. Lyzohub ◽  
V. V. Shpanyuk ◽  
V. O. Pustovalov ◽  
T. V. Kozhemyako ◽  
V. O. Suprunovich
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
Functional Mobility ◽  
Temporal Characteristics ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Visual Motor ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction.During the study, we tried to find out whether the temporal characteristics of sensory-motor response can reflect the typological properties of the central nervous system. Such research is essential to reveal the mechanisms of development of higher mental functions and mental capacity.Purpose.To establish the relationship between the speed characteristics of visual-motor reaction different complexity and individual-typological properties of the central nervous system.Methods.Individual differences of sensorimotor reaction and the properties of the main nervous processes were determined by the method of M. V. Makarenko [8] using the computer system "Diagnost-1". 32 teenagers aged 10-11 were examined. During the study, the indicators of latent periods of simple (SVMR) and complex visual-motor reactions of choice (RC1-2, RC2-3), functional mobility of nervous processes (FMNS) were investigated. Results.Speed characteristics of simple (SVMR) and complex visual-motor reactions of choice of one (RC1-3) and choice of two (RC2-3) excitatory and inhibitory signals were studied in order to 202177use them to assess individual typological properties of the central nervous system (CNS) in adolescents 10-11 years old. There is no evidence of a relationship between the rate of SVMR with different levels of functional mobility (FMNS) of nervous processes in adolescents 10-11 years old.The reaction rate did not differ statistically and was the same in representatives with high, medium and low levels oftypological properties of nervous system. The results of the correlation analysis between SVMR and FMNP were r = 0.13 (p = 0.59), which indicated no relationship between them. The relationship of sensorimotor response time with individual-typological features of the CNS was established in complex information differentiation RC2-3. The temporal characteristics of RC2-3 were dependent on the individual-typological properties of the CNS.The reaction rate of RC2-3 was higher in adolescents 10-11 years old with high levels of -3 were r = 0.35 (p = 0.034).The results show that the velocity characteristics of complex neurodynamic acts, in contrast to simple ones, can be used as quantitative characteristics of the typological properties of the CNS.Originality.The results of our research may be evidence that the indicator RC2-3 can be used as an additional informative criterion for assessing the individual-typological properties of the higher parts of the central nervous system.Conclusion. The temporal characteristics of SVMR and RC1-3 cannot be considered as informative criteria for assessing the individual-typological properties of CNS in adolescents 10-11 years. Time characteristics of RC2-3 differentiation reactions can be used as additional indicators for assessing the individual-typological properties of higher nervous activity in adolescents 10-11 years, namely, the level of functional mobility of nervous processes.Key words:processing of information of various complexity, speed characteristics of simple reactions, motor acts of choice and differentiation, individual-typological properties, functional mobility of nervous processes

scholarly journals Relationship between Zinc (Zn2+) and Glutamate Receptors in the Processes Underlying Neurodegeneration

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bartłomiej Pochwat ◽  
Gabriel Nowak ◽  
Bernadeta Szewczyk
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Efficient Control ◽  
Brain Circuit ◽  
The One ◽  
Clinical Conditions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Glutamate System ◽  
Regulative Function

The results from numerous studies have shown that an imbalance between particular neurotransmitters may lead to brain circuit dysfunction and development of many pathological states. The significance of glutamate pathways for the functioning of the nervous system is equivocal. On the one hand, glutamate transmission is necessary for neuroplasticity, synaptogenesis, or cell survival, but on the other hand an excessive and long-lasting increased level of glutamate in the synapse may lead to cell death. Under clinical conditions, hyperactivity of the glutamate system is associated with ischemia, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, and many others. The achievement of glutamate activity in the physiological range requires efficient control by endogenous regulatory factors. Due to the fact that the free pool of ion Zn2+is a cotransmitter in some glutamate neurons; the role of this element in the pathophysiology of a neurodegenerative diseases has been intensively studied. There is a lot of evidence for Zn2+dyshomeostasis and glutamate system abnormalities in ischemic and neurodegenerative disorders. However, the precise interaction between Zn2+regulative function and the glutamate system is still not fully understood. This review describes the relationship between Zn2+and glutamate dependent signaling pathways under selected pathological central nervous system (CNS) conditions.

scholarly journals Role of the autonomic nervous system in atrial fibrillation pathogenesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 3663
Author(s):  
E. P. Popova ◽  
O. T. Bogova ◽  
S. N. Puzin ◽  
V. P. Fisenko
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Cardiac Regulation ◽  
Autonomic Cardiac Regulation ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this review was to study the role of the autonomic nervous system in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation (AF), as well as to establish the relationship of autonomic regulation with other mechanisms underlying the AF At present, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the AF have not been precisely established. There is interest in evidence showing that both sympathetic outflow and an increased vagal tone can initiate and support AF. As modern studies have shown, autonomic cardiac regulation can be an important factor in the pathogenesis of AF.

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