scholarly journals Contemporary diagnosis of HIV infection in pediatrician’s practice

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 73-80
Author(s):  
Jean-Claude Hakizimana ◽  
Dmitry O. Ivanov ◽  
Elena B. Yastrebova ◽  
Ruslan A. Nasyrov ◽  
Denis A. Gusev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Laboratory Diagnostics ◽  
Primary Diagnostics ◽  
Study Evaluation ◽  
P24 Antigen ◽  
Return Visits ◽  
The Cost ◽  
And Control ◽  
Late Detection ◽  
Hiv 1

The objective of the study: evaluation of the effectiveness of clinico-epidemiological and laboratory diagnostics of HIV infection in pediatric practice. Materials and methods. Under the supervision of pediatricians of the Department of motherhood and childhood of the St. Petersburg AIDS Center, there were 388 HIV-infected children aged from one month to 17 years inclusive. Due to the reasons of late detection and HIV dissidence of parents, 18 children (4%) died cumulatively among the children observed in St. Petersburg center for AIDS. The object of the immunohistochemical study was randomly selected HIV-infected children who applied to the center for prevention and control of AIDS for return visits. Material for testing for the presence of HIV-1 P24 antigen was taken from the back wall of the nasopharynx. Results. When analyzing the ways of HIV infection in children registered at the maternity and childhood Department of the Saint Petersburg AIDS Center, it turned out that 363 children were infected perinatally (93,6%), 23 (5,9%) sexually infected and 2 children through injecting drugs (0.5%). The proposed method of immunocytochemistry for the diagnosis of HIV infection in children can find its application, especially for primary diagnostics, which may simplify and reduce the cost of laboratory diagnostics.

scholarly journals Streptavidin-conjugated gold nanoclusters as ultrasensitive fluorescent sensors for early diagnosis of HIV infection

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
pp. eaar6280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditya Dileep Kurdekar ◽  
L. A. Avinash Chunduri ◽  
C. Sai Manohar ◽  
Mohan Kumar Haleyurgirisetty ◽  
Indira K. Hewlett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Gold Nanoclusters ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Metal Nanoclusters ◽  
Detection Range ◽  
In Silico Studies ◽  
P24 Antigen ◽  
Hiv 1

We have engineered streptavidin-labeled fluorescent gold nanoclusters to develop a gold nanocluster immunoassay (GNCIA) for the early and sensitive detection of HIV infection. We performed computational simulations on the mechanism of interaction between the nanoclusters and the streptavidin protein via in silico studies and showed that gold nanoclusters enhance the binding to the protein, by enhancing interaction between the Au atoms and the specific active site residues, compared to other metal nanoclusters. We also evaluated the role of glutathione conjugation in binding to gold nanoclusters with streptavidin. As proof of concept, GNCIA achieved a sensitivity limit of detection of HIV-1 p24 antigen in clinical specimens of 5 pg/ml, with a detection range up to1000 pg/ml in a linear dose-dependent manner. GNCIA demonstrated a threefold higher sensitivity and specificity compared to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of HIV p24 antigen. The specificity of the immunoassay was 100% when tested with plasma samples negative for HIV-1 p24 antigen and positive for viruses such as hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and dengue. GNCIA could be developed into a universal labeling technology using the relevant capture and detector antibodies for the specific detection of antigens of various pathogens in the future.

SENSITIVITY, SPECIFICITY, AND PREDICTIVE VALUE OF PHYSICAL EXAMINATION, CULTURE, AND OTHER LABORATORY STUDIES IN THE DIAGNOSIS DURING EARLY INFANCY OF VERTICALLY ACQUIRED HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-275
Author(s):  
Susan E. Pacheco ◽  
William T. Shearer
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Physical Examination ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
P24 Antigen ◽  
Aids Clinical Trials ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity ◽  
Hiv 1

Purpose of the Study. To determine the HIV vertical transmission rate in an unselected group of infants born to HIV-infected mothers, and to examine the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of physical examination and diagnostic laboratory studies (HIV culture, serum quantitative immunoglobulins and HIV-1 p24 antigen) in the diagnosis of HIV infection. Study Population. A group of 142 infants referred solely because they were born to HIV-infected mothers were selected for this study. Methods. Epidemiological and clinical data were obtained retrospectively from the Baylor Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group HIV Infection Registry and medical records. The information recorded included results of physical examination and diagnostic laboratory tests (HIV culture, serum quantitative immunoglobulins, and HIV-1 p24 antigen). HIV cultures were performed according to a consensus protocol developed for the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases AIDS Clinical Trials Group. Results. Of 142 infants whose HIV infection status was known at the time of the study, 17 (20%) had confirmed infection, and 68 (80%) had seroreverted with no evidence of infection. All HIV-infected infants were at least 3 months old when abnormal physical exam findings became apparent (lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly), but similar findings were noted in an equal number of HIV-uninfected infants. All infected infants available were HIV culture positive by 6 months of age (16/16). There was no positive cultures reported in the infants who seroreverted (32/32). Elevated immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM) were present by 6 months of age in a high percentage of infected infants. Nearly one-half of the uninfected infants had elevated immunoglobulin levels during the first 6 months of life, but in 50% of the cases it was IgG alone.

scholarly journals Hyperbaric hyperoxia exposure in suppressing human immunodeficiencyvirus replication: An experimental in vitro in peripheral mononuclear blood cells culture

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Retno Budiarti ◽  
Siti Qamariyah Khairunisa ◽  
Nasronudin ◽  
Kuntaman ◽  
Guritno
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Hyperbaric Oxygen ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P24 Antigen ◽  
Hyperbaric Exposure ◽  
Interferon Α2 ◽  
Hiv 1

Cellular immune has an important role in response HIV infection, which is attack the infected cells to activate signaling molecule. Hyperbaric Oxygen (HBO) worked as complementary treatment for HIV infection. The production of ROS and RNS molecules during hyperbaric exposure can affect gene expression which contributes to cellular adaptative response. This study was conducted to explore the mechanisms of cellular adaptive response to HIV infection during hyperbaric exposure. This study was carried on in vitro using healthy volunteers’ PBMCs (Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells) cultures infected with HIV-1. The study was conducted as a post- test only group design. The experimental unit was PBMC from venous blood of healthy volunteers which were cultured in vitro and infected by co-culturing with HIV-1 in MT4 cell line. The experimental unit consist of treatment and control group. Each group examined the expression of transcription factor NFκB, Interferon α, reverse transcriptase inhibitors (p21), and the amount of HIV-1 p24 antigen. There were increasingly significant differences in the expression of the trancription factor of NFκB, p21, and HIV-1 p24 antigen,as well as mRNA transcription of interferon α2 between treatment and controlgroup. By decreasing p24 antigen showed that HBO exposure was able to suppress HIV-1 replication. The exposure to hyperbaric oxygen at the pressure of 2.4 ATAand 98% oxygen wasable to produce ROS and RNS molecules, which play a role in cellular adaptive responses through increasing the expression of nfĸb, p21 and mRNA of interferon α2 plays a role in inhibition mechanism of HIV-1 replication in cells.

scholarly journals 185 A NOVEL AND EFFECTIVE PROCEDURE FOR REMOVING HIV-1 AND HEPATITIS B AND C VIRUSES FROM SPIKED HUMAN SEMEN

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 243 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.M. Loskutoff ◽  
C. Huyser ◽  
R. Singh ◽  
K.A. Morfeld ◽  
D.L. Walker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Density Gradient ◽  
Syncytium Formation ◽  
Human Semen ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Antigen Production ◽  
P24 Antigen ◽  
And Control ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Supravital Staining

The objectives of this study were to determine the effectiveness of a novel, trypsinized density gradient treatment designed to remove viruses from semen and to evaluate sperm viability after treatment. Exp. 1: Cryopreserved human semen (n = 6 donors) was layered on 2-mL columns of 45% Isolate (Irvine Scientific, Santa Ana, CA, USA) with or without 0.25% trypsin (trypsin-exposed and control, respectively), which overlaid 2-mL columns of 90% Isolate with or without 10 μg/mL soy-based trypsin inactivator (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) and centrifuged (700g for 30 min). The layering of multiple density gradients is facilitated by a novel polypropylene tube insert, which also prevents contamination when extracting treated sperm (USA and international patents pending). Pellets were washed and then incubated at room temperature. Sperm were examined (motility and supravital staining) at 0, 2, 24, and 48 h post-treatment and the results evaluated using Wilcoxon Signed Rank and Rank Sum tests. Exp. 2: A cytopathic cell (MT-2) assay was conducted (6 replicates) to determine the effect of trypsin (1-min exposure) on HIV-1 RNA infectivity. Viral replication was assessed by syncytium formation and p24 antigen production. Exp. 3: Two pools of fresh human semen (N1 = 3 and N2 = 8 donors) were inoculated (1:1) with 1 × 108 copies/mL of cultured HIV-1 RNA, and one pool (N2) was inoculated (1:1) with plasma collected from patients infected with either Hepatitis B DNA (HBV) or C (HCV) RNA viruses; spiked and non-spiked aliquots were processed as in Exp. 1. Treated sperm pellets were analyzed for HIV-1 or HBV and HCV concentrations by the Bayer Versant branched DNA (bDNA; version 3.0) and/or the Roche Amplicor quantitative RT-PCR (1.5 ultrasensitive) assays at Toga Laboratories (Pty), Ltd. (Edenvale, South Africa). As a result of Exp. 1, there was significantly (P < 0.05) lower motility (but not supravital staining) between trypsin-treated and control sperm at 0 h (58.0 vs. 69.3%) and 2 h (54.7 vs. 62.9%) post-washing; however, no differences were noted after 24 h (P > 0.05). In Exp. 2, trypsin exposure affected HIV-1 RNA infectivity negatively as compared to controls in terms of MT-2 cell syncytium formation and p24 antigen production. Results of the bDNA and/or RT-PCR assays in Exp. 3 indicated that the procedure effectively reduced HIV-1, HBV, and HCV viral copies in the spiked semen samples to undetectable levels or levels below clinical relevance. In conclusion, the novel trypsin density gradient procedure was effective for removing HIV-1, HBV and HCV from spiked semen without markedly affecting sperm survival. Extrapolation of these results to natural infections may be unfounded for viruses (e.g. HBV) that are thought to integrate into sperm chromatin.

Immunocytochemical identification of HIV (p24) antigen in parotid lymphoid lesions

1989 ◽  
Vol 103 (11) ◽  
pp. 1063-1066 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Bruner ◽  
K. R. Cleary ◽  
F. B. Smith ◽  
J. G. Batsakis
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Gag Protein ◽  
Laboratory Markers ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Lymphoepithelial Cysts ◽  
Patients At Risk ◽  
P24 Antigen ◽  
Hiv 1

AbstractAntibodies to specific human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) polypeptides are important laboratory markers of HIV infection. We have used an antibody to the major structural gag protein p24 of HIV-1 virus to immunochemically localize this capsid antigen in lymphoid cells from seven of eight patients at risk for HIV infection and who presented with parotid lymphadenopathy and lymphoepithelial cysts of the parotid gland. A clinicopathological assessment of these two manifestations as they relate to HIV infection is also presented.

Laboratory Diagnosis and Monitoring of HIV Infection

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Jeffery- Smith ◽  
C. Y. William Tong
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Window Period ◽  
P24 Antigen ◽  
Exposure Risks ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Hiv 1

In the majority of UK laboratories initial testing for HIV is now performed using a fourth generation test, which is a combination test for antibody to HIV and p24 antigen. These tests should be able to detect antibody to both HIV-1 and HIV-2. In addition, due to the heterogeneity of the virus they should be able to reliably detect antibody to the main circulating subtypes of HIV-1, i.e. group M (Major), O (Outlier), and N (non-M, non-O). The p24 antigen is an HIV capsid protein which is produced in large quantities during initial infection, prior to seroconversion. The sensitivity and specificity of fourth generation tests is typically > 99%. However, all positive results need further confirmation tests, as discussed below. Third generation laboratory assays only test for the presence of antibody to HIV. Though it includes the detection of IgM (which is not included in second generation assays), they do not detect early infection with isolated HIV antigen prior to seroconversion. Point-of-care testing for HIV is performed in the clinic or at bedside. Like laboratory based assays these tests can be either third or fourth generation. The sensitivity and specificity of point-of-care tests is considered lower than that of laboratory tests, and all positive results require confirmation with a laboratory assay. The window period is the length of time following infection with HIV until the appearance of laboratory markers of HIV infection in the blood. This period varies depending on which marker, i.e. antibody or antigen, is being tested for. The window period for fourth-generation tests is between eleven days and one month. Patients being counselled prior to this testing should be advised that a negative result does not cover risk exposures in the preceding month. These patients should be advised to have repeat testing if they have any further exposure risks in the preceding month prior to testing. For third-generation tests the window period is up to three months, correlating with the amount of time it may take for antibodies to HIV to develop.

Sentinel Surveillance of HIV-1 Infection in Tamilnadu, India

1994 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 445-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suniti Solomon ◽  
S Anuradha ◽  
M Ganapathy ◽  
Jagadeeswaril
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Preventive Intervention ◽  
Sentinel Surveillance ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Hiv Seropositivity ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
And Control ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Sentinel Population

The objective was to determine the time trends in the prevalence of HIV infection and to evaluate appropriate preventive intervention in different population groups. Sentinel surveillance of HIV-1 infection by anonymous unlinked technique was carried out in Tamilnadu from December 1989 to March 1993. The sentinel population monitored were attendees of STD clinics, blood donors and antenatal mothers. The results of HIV seropositivity were compared for each 6-month period. During the study period there was 10-fold rise of HIV seropositivity among STD patients (1% to 10%), 2-fold rise among antenatal attendees (0.37% to 0.76%), and 3-fold rise in blood donors (0.24% to 0.72%). There was a steady increase in the incidence of HIV infection among those with high risk bheaviour (STD attendees) as well as in the general population. This information is of value in planning and evaluation of preventive and control programmes in India.

scholarly journals MOLECULAR-BIOLOGICAL METHODS OF DIAGNOSTICS FOR INVESTIGATION OF HIV INFECTION TRANSMISSION

2017 ◽  
pp. 59-66
Author(s):  
A. V. Semenov ◽  
Yu. V. Ostankova ◽  
M. A. Churina ◽  
N. A. Nikitina ◽  
A. P. Rosolovsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Gene Segment ◽  
Target Group ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Laboratory Diagnostics ◽  
Infection Transmission ◽  
Epidemiologic Investigation ◽  
Hiv 1

Aim. Epidemiologic examination of the case of group HIV-1 infection based on data obtained by general diagnostics methods for confirmation of the investigation hypothesis of deliberate HIV infection during heterosexual intercourse. Materials and methods. Sera samples from 8 HIV infected patients (5 female and 3 male) from Veliky Novgorod sent for epidemiologic investigation were used. Determination was carried out based on 1285 nt sequence analysis of polymerase gene segment (pol). Results. The study allowed to identify HIV in clinical samples sent to the expertise and establish phylogenetic connections between virus isolates obtained from both target and control group patients. Analysis of the results allowed to isolate samples grouped in a separate cluster that indicates tight cordial connections between the vims isolates from clinical material of these patients. Patients of the target group were infected with HIV-1 isolate ofthe circulating recombinant form CRF03_AB from the same origin that is confirmed by high homology ofthe nucleotide sequences. Conclusion. Epidemiologic investigation of a group case of HIV-1 infection has determined that the infection of the women of the target group occurred from the same source. Phylogenetic analysis results indicate the presence of an epidemiologic connection within the examined group that confirms the HIV infection transmission and conclusions ofthe investigation. Use of molecular-phylogenetic analysis of data obtained by laboratory diagnostics methods of HIV resistance to antiretroviral preparations allows with anamnestic and investigation information (in the context of available evidence) to investigate cases of HIV infection.

Cost-Effectiveness of Childhood Immunization Reminder/Recall Systems in Urban Private Practices

PEDIATRICS ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 106 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 177-183
Author(s):  
Luisa Franzini ◽  
Jorge Rosenthal ◽  
William Spears ◽  
Heather S. Martin ◽  
Lorena Balderas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Equipment And Supplies ◽  
Telephone System ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Return Visits ◽  
The Cost ◽  
And Control

Objective. To assess cost and cost-effectiveness of immunization reminder/recall systems in the private sector. Methods. A manual postcard system (mail) was compared with a computer-based telephone system (autodialer) and control. Costs included time costs and the cost of equipment and supplies. The cost per child and the incremental cost of the intervention relative to control were computed. Cost-effectiveness ratios were computed for return visits and for immunizations delivered. Results. The average cost per child was $2.28 for the mail group and $1.47 for the autodialer group. The incremental visit cost relative to the control was higher for the mail group ($9.52) than for the autodialer group ($3.48). The autodialer was more cost-effective in delivering immunizations: $4.06 per extra immunization (autodialer) versus $12.82 (mail). Conclusions. Excluding start-up costs, the autodialer system was most cost-effective. Including autodialer equipment costs, the autodialer system is more cost-effective only for larger practices.

scholarly journals The influence of CD 4+t cells, hiv disease stage and zidovudine on hiv isolation in Bahia, Brazil

1996 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
Carlos Brites ◽  
Célia Pedroso ◽  
Nanci Silva ◽  
Warren D Johnson Jr ◽  
Roberto Badaró
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Disease Stage ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Capture Assay ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Cd4 Cell Counts ◽  
P24 Antigen ◽  
Cd4 Cell ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Indeterminate Western Blot

HIV-l isolation was attempted on 72 individuais, including persons with knoum HIV infection and five without proven HIV infection but with indeterminate Western blot patterns, as well as on low-risk HIV seronegative persons. The ahility to detect HIV- 1 frorn culture supernatant by p24 antigen capture assay was evaluated by segregating patients by absolute CD4+ cell counts, clinicai stage of disease, p24 antigenemia and zidovudine use. The likelihood of a p24 positive HIV culture was highest among patients with CD4+ T-cell counts below 200/ul and patients with advanced clinical disease. Use of zidovudine did not affect the rate ofHIV positwity in cultures.

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