scholarly journals Effects of ghrelin agonist and antagonist on endogenous desacyl-ghrelin content in the brain limbical structures under psychoemotional stress in rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 22-27
Author(s):  
Platon P. Khokhlov ◽  
Sergey G. Tsikunov ◽  
Ilia Yu. Tissen ◽  
Andrei A. Lebedev ◽  
Eugenii R. Bychkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Addiction Treatment ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Stress Exposure ◽  
Pharmacological Modulation ◽  
Psychoemotional Stress ◽  
Agonist And Antagonist ◽  
Acyl Ghrelin ◽  
The Brain

Background. During last years it has been shown the ghrelin signaling system not only regulates energy balance and food intake. It also takes part in reinforcement mechanisms and addiction formation. So the ghrelin system may be considered as possible molecular target to study addiction treatment and post-stressor pharmacological modulation. The aim of this work was to study the effects of ghrelin agonist and antagonist administration on des-acyl ghrelin (DAG) content in the brain structures under stress exposure in Wistar rats. Methods. The acute psychoemotional stress was realized by means of exposure of experimental rats to predator, a tiger python. Ghrelin or ghrelin antagonist D-Lys3-GHRP-6 (Tocris, UK) 10 µg in 20 µl administered intranasally for 7 days after stress exposure. Then brain structures were obtained, homogenized with cryogenic system “Cryomill 200” (Retsch, Germany) and investigated with high-sensitive ELISA (SP-BIO, France). Results. DAG have been detected in every brain structures studied. That are amygdala, hippocampus and hypothalamus. In control group of animals the DAG concentration in hypothalamus was 3-fold more comparning to hippocampus and 2-fold more conparning to amygdala content. The acute stress have dramatically 8-12-fold decrease of DAG concentrations in every brain structures studied. The pharmacological actions on GHSR receptor by ghrelin agonist and antagonist have not affect significant changes in DAG concentrations in every brain structures. Conclusions. The different concentrations of DAG in brain structures in control gtoup supports the view about ghrelin releasing neurons in the hypothalamus. Intranasal administration of ghrelin agonist and antagonist changes the levels of DAG in the hippocampus and the hypothalamus but not in the amygdala nucleus. Our data confirm the opinion about ghrelin-releasing neurons in hypothalamus. The experiments showed the acute stress had caused great depression of ghrelin system in various brain structures. The response of ghrelin system to acute stress occur possibly besides GHSR receptor pathway. The last have been suggested by absence of significant response to ghrelin agonist and antagonist administration.

scholarly journals Effect of Hemin on Brain Alterations and Neuroglobin Expression in Water Immersion Restraint Stressed Rats

Scientifica ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merhan Ragy ◽  
Fatma Ali ◽  
Maggie M. Ramzy
Keyword(s):  
Acute Stress ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Stress Hormones ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Stress Markers ◽  
Stressed Group ◽  
Total Antioxidant ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier Damage

In the brain, the heme oxygenase (HO) system has been reported to be very active and its modulation seems to play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders. Hemin as HO-1 inducer has been shown to attenuate neuronal injury so the goal of this study was to assess the effect of hemin therapy on the acute stress and how it would modulate neurological outcome. Thirty male albino rats were divided into three groups: control group and stressed group with six-hour water immersion restraint stress (WIRS) and stressed group, treated with hemin, in which each rat received a single intraperitoneal injection of hemin at a dose level of 50 mg/kg body weight at 12 hours before exposure to WIRS. Stress hormones, oxidative stress markers, malondialdehyde (MDA), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were measured and expressions of neuroglobin and S100B mRNA in brain tissue were assayed. Our results revealed that hemin significantly affects brain alterations induced by acute stress and this may be through increased expression of neuroglobin and through antioxidant effect. Hemin decreased blood-brain barrier damage as it significantly decreased the expression of S100B. These results suggest that hemin may be an effective therapy for being neuroprotective against acute stress.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF NEURODEGENERATIVE CHANGES IN THE BRAIN ON THE FORMATION OF THE DISEASE CLINICAL PICTURE IN PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 52-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. N. Prakhova ◽  
Ye. P. Magonov ◽  
A. G. Ilves ◽  
A. A. Bogdan ◽  
G. V. Kataeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Cerebral Atrophy ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Neurological Impairment ◽  
Disease Assessment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Severity Of Disability ◽  
The Brain

The aim of the study was to determine the relationship of global and regional cerebral atrophy and volume of demyelination lesions in the brain with a clinical picture in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The study involved 55 patients with MS. Control group included 22 healthy volunteers. Patients were divided into groups according to the severity of disability, the type and duration of disease. Assessment of general and regional atrophy was performed by post-process volumetric segmentation of MRI data, which was acquired at 3T Philips Achieva scanner. The post-processing was done with the FreeSurfer software. It is shown that in MS patients brain atrophy develops both by means of gray matter (including the cortex and subcortical structures), and white matter, along with demyelination. Global and regional atrophy is associated with the severity of disability of patients according to EDSS scale, but not with the duration and type of the disease. Neurodegenerative changes of brain structures evolve with different rates, have different intensity and determine the set of symptoms of neurological impairment and severity of disability, which indicates the presence of certain patterns of the process of atrophy in the brain, forming the clinical picture of the disease.

The evaluation of central pain mechanisms in patients with microvascular angina

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
I Leonova ◽  
N Burova ◽  
S Boldueva ◽  
M Demidova ◽  
A Khomulo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Supramarginal Gyrus ◽  
Pain Mechanisms ◽  
Microvascular Angina ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. In patients with microvascular angina (MVA) besides of chest pain, a high neuronal activity of certain parts of the head (right anterior insula cortex) was revealed, which is not observed in the control in patients with coronary heart disease with coronary atherosclerosis. There is an opinion that the abnormal sensation of pain is caused not by myocardial ischemia, but by a violation of neuronal regulation. Functional MRI (fMRI) is currently a widely used method of functional mapping of the brain. The principle of the method is to register a BOLD signal (blood oxygen level-depended) from voxels (volumetric points) when examining the brain in response to the fulfillment of a task (paradigm). In response to the activation of a particular region of the brain, hemodynamic parameters change in it, which leads to a decrease in the level of deoxyhemoglobin and an increase in the level of oxyhemoglobin. With neuroimaging, this phenomenon is characterized by an increase in signal intensity in a series of T2 * images, the quantitative assessment of which allows indirectly determining the degree of neuronal activation. The study included 11 patients with MVA (3 men, 8 women). The average age of the patients was 61.45 ± 7.80 years. MVA was proved classic criteria and microvascular disorders (perfusion abnormalities) by cardiac PET. Neuroimaging examination included positron emission tomography scanning using 18-fluoro deoxyglucose (18F-FDG PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning using the GO / NOGO two-stimulus experimental paradigm. Throughout the study, fMRI and PET data were obtained for 11 patients with MVA and 20 healthy volunteers (control group). Results In patients with MVA, a decrease in neuronal activity was detected during the execution of actions ("GO" tests) compared with the norm in some brain structures: bilateral anterior and middle cingulate gyrus, additional motor region, postcentral gyrus, left in the islet cortex, on the right in the supramarginal gyrus. When ignoring the second stimulus ("P-P ignore."). A decrease compared with the norm was found bilaterally in the anterior and posterior cingulate cortex, the wedge, on the right in the cortex of the rolandic operculum and supramarginal gyrus. The detected clusters of decreased neuronal activity when performing actions and ignoring the second stimulus intersect bilaterally in the middle and anterior cingulate cortex, in the left paracentral lobe, and the right supramarginal gyrus. When suppressing actions ("NOGO samples"), no significant differences were found. According to PET, no significant changes in the level of glucose metabolism in patients with MVA compared with the control group were found. Conclusion In patients with MVA, a decrease in neuronal activity was found when performing actions compared to the norm in some brain structures.

scholarly journals The Effect of Adiantum Capillus-veneris L. Hydroalcoholic Extract on the Oxidative Stress Rate of Mice’s Blood and Brain in the Depression Model Caused by Acute Immobilization Stress

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jafar Ahmadpouri ◽  
Saeid Valipour Chahardahcharic ◽  
Mahbubeh Setorki
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Immobilization Stress ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Forced Swimming ◽  
Stress Rate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hydroalcoholic Extract ◽  
Adiantum Capillus Veneris ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Different Doses

Background: The oxidant-antioxidants balance in the living organism is constantly challenged by internal and external pressures. Maidenhair or Adiantum capillus-veneris (Acv) is rich in bioactive compounds with antioxidant effects.  Objectives: The present study aimed at investigating the effect of Acv hydroalcoholic extract on the oxidative stress rate of blood and brain of mice in the depression model caused by acute immobilization stress. Methods: In this study, 40 male Balb/C mice were randomly divided into five groups, including 1 (control, 2, 3, and 4) intervention (receiving doses of 100, 200, and 400 Acv extracts) and diazepam group. Acute stress was induced by motion limitation (2 hours) and electrochemical shock (0.5 mA, 2 min), and then the mice were treated intraperitoneally with the extract or drug for 21 days. First, the rate of depression was assessed by forced swimming. Then, the Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), serum Malondialdehyde (MDA), and the MDA level of the brain were determined. Results: The prescription of different doses of Acv extract and diazepam significantly reduced the duration of immobilization in the forced swimming test compared with the control group (P<0.05). Besides, Acv extract at different doses of  200 and 400 significantly increased serum FRAP (TAC) and significantly increased TAC of the brain compared with the control group. Administration of Acv extract at different doses of 200 and 400  and diazepam significantly decreased serum MDA but significantly decreased MDA of the brain of mice compared with the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Acv extract can reduce the symptoms of depression and protect against acute stress-related oxidative stressors

Influence the Baths of Bishophite on Indicators of Protein S100B in Blood in Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 48-54
Author(s):  
T.F. Golubova ◽  
L.A. Tsukurova ◽  
A.V. Nuvoli ◽  
S.V. Vlasenko ◽  
E.A. Savchuk E.A.
Keyword(s):  
Children With Autism ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Children With Asd ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Protein S100b ◽  
The Brain

The aim of the study was to study the effect of bishovite baths on the dynamics of plasma S100B protein in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Material and methods. 45 children with autism (F84) aged from 6 to 15 years were examined – general croup (GG). The control group (KG) consisted of 25 healthy children. I group – 22 children who received the health research therapy (HRT); II group – 23 children who received a course of the baths with bishophite. The examination included examination by specialists, an assessment of the severity of the disease using the CARS scale (Children’s Rating Scale of Autism), evaluation in blood serum of protein S100B. Results. The content of S100B in children with autism was significantly higher in comparison with KG. The level of S100B in children with ASD with abnormal development of brain structures (MRI) was significantly higher in comparison with KG and with a group of children without signs of violation of brain structures. With hard ASD the S100B indicators were higher, and at medium severity did not differ significantly from the KG. After the treatment only in the II group, there was a significant decrease in S100B in GG in children with abnormalities in the development of the brain and with severe severity. Conclusions. The majority of children with ASD with anomalies of brain structures, there are signs of hypoxia of the brain and violation of the blood-brain barrier. A positive effect of bischophite baths was revealed in children with ASD, having antioxidant, antitoxic, and neuroprotective effects.

scholarly journals Volumetric analysis of the brain structures of children with down’s syndrome: A 3D MRI study

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-203
Author(s):  
Fatma ÖZ ◽  
Niyazi ACER ◽  
Yasin CEVİZ ◽  
Recep ERÖZ ◽  
Halit CANATAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Down's Syndrome ◽  
Down’S Syndrome ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Volumetric Analysis ◽  
Physical Symptoms ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Brain Volumes ◽  
The Brain

Down’s syndrome (DS) is one of the most common genetic causes of mental and cognitive retardation. In fact, it results in a number of characteristic neuropsychological and physical symptoms, including mental retardation. The aim of this study was to compare the brain structure volumes of children with DS to those of healthy children using MRI Studio in order to investigate whether there exists correlation between the developmental stages of DS and the results of both the Denver II Developmental Screening Test and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) quantitative analysis. Five children diagnosed with Down’s syndrome (age range = 2–6 years) were matched for gender and age with five healthy comparison subjects. To analyse the overall and regional brain volumes, high-resolution MRI scans were performed and a morphometric analysis was conducted via MRI Studio software. The MRI T1 volumetric images were normalised using a linear transformation, which was followed by large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping. Significant decreases (p<0.05) in the volumes of the right pons, cerebellum and left superior frontal gyrus (prefrontal cortex) were observed in the children with DS when compared with the control group (p<0.05). Although decreases were detected in the regional volumes of other brain locations, they were not significant (p>0.05). It was further found that the developmental retardation observed in the children with DS, as detected using the Denver II test, increased due to decreases in the volumes of certain regions of the brain, although this was also not statistically significant (p>0.05). The results of this study generally confirm the findings of prior studies concerning the overall patterns of the brain volumes in children with DS and also provide new evidence of the abnormal volumes of specific regional tissue components among such a population. These results suggest that the brain volume reduction associated with DS may primarily be due to early developmental differences rather than neurodegenerative changes.

scholarly journals FUNCTIONAL BRAIN CORRELATES OF RISK FOR MAJOR DEPRESSION IN CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
pp. 25-35
Author(s):  
N. Senthilkumar ◽  
R. Thangarajan
Keyword(s):  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Statistical Parametric Mapping ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Medical Problem ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Brain Correlates ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Fmri Analysis ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

The brain is arguably the most important organ in the human body. It controls and coordinates actions and reactions, allows us to think and feel, and enables us to have memories and feelings. Three brain structures namely the hippocampus, amygdala and prefrontal cortex help the brain determine what is stressful and how to respond. Depression in teenagers is a very serious medical problem that leads to long-lasting feelings of sadness along with a loss of interest in once enjoyed activities. Neuroimaging is the use of various techniques to either directly or indirectly image the structure and function of the nervous system. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are two in types, viz., structural and functional imaging. Functional neuroimaging has greatly helped in understanding the cognitive functions of the brain and its impact on mental health and human behaviour. This paper describes the different types of neuroimaging techniques and its needed software configurations with statistical parametric mapping. This paper also elaborates the basic operations and MATLAB activities and it compare the at-risk and control group depression imaging fMRI analysis techniques with its snapshots.

Reactive changes of gastric mucosa and reduction of desacyl grelin in rat brain due to psychoemotional stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-210
Author(s):  
Vladislava A. Raptanova ◽  
Andrei V. Droblenkov ◽  
Andrei A. Lebedev ◽  
Pavel S. Bobkov ◽  
Platon P. Khokhlov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Mucosa ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Stress Disorders ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Mucous Cells ◽  
Psychoemotional Stress ◽  
Desacyl Ghrelin ◽  
Reactive Changes ◽  
The Brain

BACKGROUND: The work is devoted to the analysis of the elements the reactivity of grelin system in the model of psychogenic stress. In recent years, it has been shown that the ghrelin brain system is not limited only to the regulation of energy balance and eating behavior. Along with other peptide regulatory systems, it plays an important role in the mechanisms of stress, reward and addiction. Therefore, the elements of this system should be considered primarily as molecular targets of pharmacological action in order to correct the states of addiction and post-stress disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To produce psychoemotional stress, we used an acute single traumatic situation in male Wistar rats. The animals were placed in the tiger python, one animal died as a result of its nutritional needs, the rest of the rats experienced the death of a partner. One week after exposure to python, the animals were decapitated, and the brain structures were isolated. Aliquots of the brain structures suspensions were examined for the content of desacyl ghrelin (DAG) using a highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In another group, rats were decapitated on the 4th day after exposure to python, stomachs were removed, which were fixed in 10% formalin solution. In horizontal paraffin sections of the gastric mucosa, after staining with hematoxylin and eosin, the heights of superficial and dimple mucous cells, the height of the dimple stroma, the area of superficial, dimple mucocytes and stroma of the dimples, and the number of dead mucocytes were calculated. To clarify the differentiation of epithelial cells, they were stained with alcian blue RESULTS: DAG was detected in all studied brain structures: amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus. The highest concentration of DAG was noted in the hypothalamus (p 0.05), which may serve as an indirect confirmation of the data on the presence of ghrelin-containing neurons in the nuclei of the hypothalamus. After exposure to stress, a sharp decrease in the level of DAG was observed in all studied brain structures (812 times, p 0.01): amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus. It has been established that the experience of the stress of the death of a partner is expressed by erosive inflammation of the gastric mucosa, the death of many mucous cells, and an increase in mucus production in viable epithelial cells. CONCLUSION: Psychoemotional stress completely suppresses the content of desacyl ghrelin of the brain in rats, which may be based on both a disturbance of the central mechanisms of limbic regulation and a violation of peripheral mechanisms, in particular, reactive changes in the gastric mucosa.

Effects of preferred relaxing music after acute stress exposure: A randomized controlled trial

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 795-813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro de la Torre-Luque ◽  
Carolina Díaz-Piedra ◽  
Gualberto Buela-Casal
Keyword(s):  
Acute Stress ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Stress Recovery ◽  
Great Level ◽  
Stress Exposure ◽  
Stress Induction ◽  
Differential Outcomes ◽  
Experimental Group

In daily contexts, coping with stressful events involves a great level of personal resources to recover baseline conditions efficiently, a process called stress recovery. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of an intervention based on preferred relaxing music on the recovery after stress exposure. We also analyzed the effect of gender on stress recovery. Fifty-eight undergraduates underwent a paradigm of laboratory-based stress induction and were randomly assigned to either the control or the experimental group. The recovery period included either silent resting (control group) or listening to their preferred music to become relaxed (experimental group) for 15 minutes. Cardiovascular measures and self-reported emotional states were monitored across the stress induction and recovery stages. Participants in the experimental group exhibited higher levels of heart-derived high frequency power, and greater sample entropy in the recovery period. They also showed lower levels of self-reported states of anxiety, depression, and negative affect, as well as greater levels of positive affect. Gender-related differences were also found during recovery for both cardiovascular and self-reported measures. To conclude, interventions based on preferred relaxing music allow promotion of a healthier recovery and improve affective state after acute stress exposure considering differential outcomes according to gender.

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