scholarly journals Diagnosis and treatment of invasive Candida infections – a review article

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Marta Dąbrowska ◽  
Monika Sienkiewicz ◽  
Paweł Kwiatkowski ◽  
Michał Dąbrowski
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Source Control ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Invasive Infections ◽  
Candida Infections ◽  
Short Time

<p>Candida albicans is the most common cause of fungal infections worldwide. Invasive candidiasis comprises candidemia and deep-seated candidiasis. Most yeast invasive infections are endogenous with a high mortality. Pathogenesis of candidiasis depends on avoiding host immune responses, as well as the virulence factors of the fungus enabling colonization and invasion of tissues. Adequate source control and antifungal therapy administered within a short time is critical to get a better prognosis. The emergence of drug resistance and the side effects of currently available antifungals are becoming the major problem in the management of Candida spp. infection.</p>

scholarly journals Diagnosis and treatment of mucosa Candida spp. infections – a review article

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Dąbrowska ◽  
Monika Sienkiewicz ◽  
Paweł Kwiatkowski ◽  
Michał Dąbrowski
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Immune Disorders ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Invasive Infections ◽  
Systemic Infections

<p>Candida albicans is the most common cause of fungal infections worldwide. Non-albicans Candida species play an important role in vulvovaginal candidiasis and invasive infections. Most cases of infections are endogenous. In case of patients with immune disorders this opportunistic pathogen causes both surface, systemic infections, and candidemia. Symptoms depend on the area affected. Candidiasis are treated with antimycotics; these include clotrimazole, nystatin, fluconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin B, and echinocandins. The emergence of drug resistance and the side effects of currently available antifungals are becoming a major problem in the management of Candida spp. infection.</p>

scholarly journals Recent advances in understanding inherited deficiencies in immunity to infections

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory M. Constantine ◽  
Michail S. Lionakis
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Vaccination Strategies ◽  
The World ◽  
Human Immunity ◽  
Immune Pathways ◽  
Resistance To Infection

The immune system is central to our interactions with the world in which we live and importantly dictates our response to potential allergens, toxins, and pathogens to which we are constantly exposed. Understanding the mechanisms that underlie protective host immune responses against microbial pathogens is vital for the development of improved treatment and vaccination strategies against infections. To that end, inherited immunodeficiencies that manifest with susceptibility to bacterial, viral, and/or fungal infections have provided fundamental insights into the indispensable contribution of key immune pathways in host defense against various pathogens. In this mini-review, we summarize the findings from a series of recent publications in which inherited immunodeficiencies have helped illuminate the interplay of human immunity and resistance to infection.

scholarly journals A Study on Prevalence and Characterization of Candida Species in Immunocompromised Patients

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhanapal Nandini ◽  
J. Manonmoney ◽  
J. Lavanya ◽  
K.V. Leela ◽  
Sujith
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Antifungal Susceptibility ◽  
Predisposing Factors ◽  
Immunocompromised Patients ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Gram Staining ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Candida Infections ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Candida spp. is one among the major causes of nosocomial infection, with candidemia gaining increasing prevalence worldwide in parallel with mortality rates ranging from 10-49%. Epidemiology and predisposing factors of candidemia have changed since the number of patients receiving transplants and immunosuppressive therapy, the use of broadspectrum antimicrobials, and the number of AIDS patients have increased. Candidemia is more common among patients with subcutaneous and cutaneous candida infections, through percutaneous inoculation. Major predisposing factors for invasive candidiasis includes neutropenia, haematological malignancies, bone marrow transplantation, total parenteral nutrition, chemotherapy, invasive procedures, and immune-suppressive agents. This study analyses the risk factors of immunocompromised patients with candidemia and antibiogram of Candida spp. isolated from ICU patients. To evaluate the prevalence, distribution and antibiogram of Candida spp., associated risk factors, and outcome in candidemia patients. Blood samples received from patients with clinically suspected fungal infections were subjected to gram staining, culture, sugar assimilation & fermentation, Candida Chrome agar (CCA) & Corn meal agar for identification and speciation. Antifungal susceptibility tests were performed by disk-diffusion tests. Among a total of 337 samples received, 22 (6.5%) samples were positive for candida infections, of which Candida tropicalis 9 (41%) was the predominant isolate followed by C. albicans 5 (23%), Candida glabrata 4 (18%), Candida parapsilosis 2 (9%) and Candida krusei 2 (9%). Male patients had a higher prevalence of candidemia 15 (68.2%). Among the age group of 51-70 years, uncontrolled DM(Diabetes mellitus) and CKD (chronic kidney disease) were found to be the predominant co-morbidities with candidemia.

Emerging Virulence, Drug Resistance and Future Anti-fungal Drugs for Candida Pathogens

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 759-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vartika Srivastava ◽  
Rajeev Kumar Singla ◽  
Ashok Kumar Dubey
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Candida Sp ◽  
Invasive Infections ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Superficial Type ◽  
Anti Fungal

Increased incidences of Candida infection have augmented morbidity and mortality in human population, particularly among severely immunocompromised patients and those having a long stay in hospitals (nosocomial infections). Many virulence factors and fitness attributes are reported to be associated with the pathogenicity of Candida sp. It can cause infections ranging from easily treatable superficial type to life-threatening invasive infections. Additionally, it has the capability to infect humans of all age groups. Indeed, overutilization of broad-spectrum antibiotics has further complicated the scenario by leading the emergence of less sensitive Candida strains especially non-albicans. Despite our developed armamentarium, the diagnosis and treatment of human fungal infections remain a challenge. This review focuses on the prevalence of Candida spp. as human pathogens with emerging resistance to existing anti-fungal drugs. Furthermore, factors and mechanisms contributing to the pathogenicity of Candida spp. and the challenges being faced in combating the devastating infections associated with these pathogens have been discussed. Moreover, pros and cons of the current and future anti-mycotic drugs have been analyzed.

scholarly journals The Trends in the Distribution of Candida species Causing Candidemia at a Community Hospital in 2005 and 2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S87-S87
Author(s):  
Celestine Ishiekwene ◽  
Maxine Seales Kasangana ◽  
Monica Ghitan ◽  
Margaret Kuhn-Basti ◽  
Edward Chapnick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Antifungal Therapy ◽  
Candida Species ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Common Cause

Abstract Background Candida remains the most common cause of invasive fungal infections, with an attributable morality of 15–35%. Although five Candida species (C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, and C. krusei) account for 92% of cases of candidemia, Candida albicans remains the most common cause of candidemia. However, recent studies report that the frequency of non albicans species are increasing globally and the distribution of Candida spp. varies significantly among different geographic regions and hospitals units. Objective We determine the distribution of Candida species causing candidemia at an adult level 1 Trauma Center in Brooklyn, New York and compared the trends of Candida species between 2005 and 2014. The results were compared with trends of US data collected in 2004 and 2012. Knowledge of the frequency of causative species would facilitate appropriate selection of empiric antifungal therapy. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of patients with candidemia who were admitted in 2005 and 2014. We determined the frequency of Candida species and compared 2005 data with those in 2014. Results In total, 226 and 109 patients with candidemia were admitted to our hospital in 2005 and 2014, respectively. Although, C. albicans was the most common species (43% of candidemia in 2005), its frequency decreased to 33% in 2014. The frequencies of C. glabrata and C. parapsilosis increased in 2014 compared with those in 2005 (24% vs. 16% and 33% vs. 26%, respectively). Figure 1 compared the proportion of Candida species in Maimonides Medical Center to National data. Conclusion Our finding of an increase in non-albicans spp. causing candidemia is consistent with published reports. We saw more cases of C. parapsilosis compared with published data. Our results may be used to inform empiric antifungal therapy. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

scholarly journals Chitin, Chitinase Responses, and Invasive Fungal Infections

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karina Vega ◽  
Markus Kalkum
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Cell Wall Component ◽  
Diagnostic Assays ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

The human immune system is capable of recognizing and degrading chitin, an important cell wall component of pathogenic fungi. In the context of host-immune responses to fungal infections, herein we review the particular contributions and interplay of fungus and chitin recognition, and chitin-degrading enzymes, known as chitinases. The mechanisms of host chitinase responses may have implications for diagnostic assays as well as novel therapeutic approaches for patients that are at risk of contracting fatal fungal infections.

scholarly journals Modulating host immune responses to fight invasive fungal infections

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 95-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E Scriven ◽  
Mark W Tenforde ◽  
Stuart M Levitz ◽  
Joseph N Jarvis
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Invasive Fungal Infections ◽  
Host Immune Responses

scholarly journals An Invertebrate Host to Study Fungal Infections, Mycotoxins and Antifungal Drugs: Tenebrio molitor

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrícia Canteri de Souza ◽  
Carla Custódio Caloni ◽  
Duncan Wilson ◽  
Ricardo Sergio Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Potential Model ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Tenebrio Molitor ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Fungal Virulence ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved

Faced with ethical conflict and social pressure, researchers have increasingly chosen to use alternative models over vertebrates in their research. Since the innate immune system is evolutionarily conserved in insects, the use of these animals in research is gaining ground. This review discusses Tenebrio molitor as a potential model host for the study of pathogenic fungi. Larvae of T. molitor are known as cereal pests and, in addition, are widely used as animal and human feed. A number of studies on mechanisms of the humoral system, especially in the synthesis of antimicrobial peptides, which have similar characteristics to vertebrates, have been performed. These studies demonstrate the potential of T. molitor larvae as a model host that can be used to study fungal virulence, mycotoxin effects, host immune responses to fungal infection, and the action of antifungal compounds.

Invasive Candidiasis and the Utility of Antifungal Susceptibility Testing in the ICU

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Coyle
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Invasive Candidiasis ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Antifungal Susceptibility ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Antifungal Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Candida Infections ◽  
Prompt Diagnosis

Invasive fungal infections are a major cause of health care–associated morbidity and mortality in the ICU. In particular, Candida spp. are among one of the leading causes of bloodstream infections and sepsis. Advances in antifungal therapy in the last decade have led to many more options in the treatment of fungal infections, yet increasing resistance and clinical failures are common, especially in the management of invasive candidiasis in the ICU. Prompt diagnosis of these infections and appropriate antifungal treatment are imperative for improving survival. Although reliable antifungal susceptibility testing is available to aid in the therapy of fungal infections, testing is not always recommended. This review addresses the epidemiology of Candida infections in the ICU, antifungal resistance, therapy, and the usefulness of antifungal susceptibility testing in the ICU setting.

scholarly journals Invasive Candida Infections in the ICU: Diagnosis and Therapy

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 129-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Péter Hankovszky ◽  
Domokos Társy ◽  
Nándor Öveges ◽  
Zsolt Molnár
Keyword(s):  
Critically Ill ◽  
Candida Species ◽  
Antifungal Agents ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Invasive Fungal Infections ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Invasive Infections ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Candida Infections ◽  
Current Guidelines

AbstractInvasive fungal infections have become a serious problem in the critically ill. One of the main reasons is the development of an immunocompromised condition. The most frequently found pathogens are Candida species. In order to provide adequate treatment, understanding this potentially life-threatening infection is mandatory. The aim of this summary is to view Candida infections from a different perspective and to give an overview on epidemiology, the range of pathophysiology from colonization to the invasive infections, and its impact on mortality. New therapeutic options will also be discussed and how these relate to current guidelines. Finally, the key issue of the choice of antifungal agents will be evaluated.

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