Decision onRegional Logistics Network Based on H-S and P-P Network: Taking Tobacco Transportation Logistics as anExample

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 5340-5353
Author(s):  
Wang Bangjun ◽  
Wei Yixi ◽  
Ji Feng ◽  
Zhu Wei ◽  
Yu Pan
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Cost ◽  
Particle Swarm Algorithm ◽  
Cost Difference ◽  
Hub And Spoke ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Logistics Network ◽  
Logistics Enterprise ◽  
Transportation Logistics ◽  
Point To Point ◽  
The Cost

Objectives: The logistics hub construction has always been the short board of logistics network planning in China. In order to improve the decision-making efficiency of logistics enterprise’s hub selection and reduce its comprehensive operation cost, this paper establishes a cost difference model for hub-and-spoke(H-S) and point-to-point(P-P) networks considering the fixed cost of hubs, transportation and route costs based on the 0-1 integer nonlinear programming. The model aims at minimizing the cost difference between the two networks, and divides the fixed cost of the hubs into three situations: full lease, lease and self-built, and fully self-built. Finally, this paper takes tobacco transportation logistics as an example, and use particle swarm algorithm to solve the model by using tobacco transportation logistics data of a logistics enterprise in Jiangsu Province. The results show that: (i) in the case of complete leasing, the total cost of the H-S network decreases with the increase of the number of hubs, and the cost change has a point of intersection with the total cost of the P-P network;(ii) when the lease and self-build are mixed, the increase is first reduced and then increased, it is U-shaped and has a minimum value, and there are two intersections with the total cost of the P-P network;(iii) the situation of completely self-built and fully leased is just the opposite. This paper takes tobacco transportation logistics as a representative, and provides a reference for logistics companies to choose the appropriate regional logistics network structure and different pivot points.

scholarly journals A Framework for Modeling "Real-Life" Airline Networks

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Bilotkach
Keyword(s):  
Airline Industry ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Hub And Spoke ◽  
Mixed Network ◽  
One Stop ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Point To Point ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cost

This paper develops a new model, which allows for the co-existence of hub-and-spoke and point-to-point networks in the airline industry. Passengers are segmented between the non-stop and one-stop services. In the baseline model, the monopoly airline’s ability to segment the market and effectively set up the mixed network depends on the cost savings due to the through-hub service relative to exogenous quality difference between the one-stop and non-stop flights. Socially inefficient entry with the new non-stop service where an incumbent is operating the hub-and-spoke network is possible.

scholarly journals ANALISIS USAHA HOME INDUSTRI KERUPUK RAMBAK

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-45
Author(s):  
Syarifah Aini ◽  
Erlin Widya Fatmawati
Keyword(s):  
Variable Cost ◽  
Fixed Cost ◽  
Business Activity ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Total Variable Cost ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Breakeven Point

The purpose of this research is to know the amount of cost, acceptance, profit, profitability, and R / C Ratio from home industry crackers rambak in Sembon Village Satreyan District Kanigoro Blitar District. The result of this research shows that the total variable cost at rambak cracker agroindustry center is equal to Total variable cost Rp 1,139,783, - per day, total fixed cost Rp 4,953, - per day. So the total total cost of production is Rp 1,144,076, - per month. The breakeven point or BEP unit is 3 units. BEP Rp for RP 16,017, -. BEP revenue of Rp 16,017, - per day. Received revenue of Rp 1.650.000, - so the profit earned by employers is amounted to Rp 505,924, -. While the profitability of business is 44% which means this business is profitable. Home industry that run during this efficiency has been shown with R / C ratio of more than 1 that is equal to 1.44. Based on the criteria used, this business has been efficient because the efficiency value of more than 1. This means that every Rp 1.00 issued by the entrepreneur at the beginning of the business activities will get 1.44 times revenue from the cost incurred at the end of the business activity. This can be interpreted that home industry crackers rambak said Eligible to run. From this research it is suggested that entrepreneurs do creations by adding a sense of the product, so that the quality of the product can be increased and not less competitive with similar entrepreneurs from other regions. For the government, the Government of Blitar Regency through the Department of Industry and Trade and other related agencies should try to help develop the business crackers rambak by providing low-interest capital loans to entrepreneurs agro-industry crackers rambak.

scholarly journals ANÁLISE DOS CUSTOS DO RENDIMENTO EM MADEIRA SERRADA DE Pinus taeda PARA DUAS METODOLOGIAS DE DESDOBRO

FLORESTA ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Itamar Murara Júnior ◽  
Márcio Pereira da Rocha ◽  
Romano Timofeiczyk Júnior
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Production Cost ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Fixed Cost ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Unit Production Cost ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Unit Costs ◽  
Total Unit ◽  
The Cost

Este trabalho teve o objetivo de analisar a estrutura de custos de madeira serrada de Pinus taeda com duas metodologias de desdobro, denominadas de sistema convencional e sistema otimizado. Os diâmetros das toras variaram de 18 a 44 cm. Foram testadas 100 toras, sendo 50 toras divididas em cinco classes diamétricas para cada sistema de desdobro. Utilizando o sistema convencional de desdobro, verificou-se que os custos fixos representaram 12,03% do custo unitário de produção. Desses, os gastos com salários e encargos sociais foram os mais significativos, representando 9,22% do custo total unitário de produção, e por 76,61% dos custos fixos. O custo variável representou 87,97% do custo total unitário de produção, sendo que 84,64% foram relativos a aquisição de toras. Utilizando o sistema programado de desdobro das toras, a participação percentual do custo fixo aumentou para 14,87%, decorrente da queda ocorrida nos custos variáveis. A participação do custo variável unitário representou 85,13% do total dos custos unitários, apresentando uma redução de 3,23% em relação ao desdobro convencional. Com o desdobro programado, a redução no custo total foi de 5,12%.Palavras-chave: Pinus; classificação de toras; modelos de corte; otimização. AbstractIncome analysis costs in Pinus taeda sawn wood using two methodologies. This study aimed to examine the cost structure of Pinus taeda sawn wood using two methodologies of log sawing, called conventional and optimized systems. The logs diameter ranged from 18 to 44 cm. A total of 100 logs were tested, being 50 logs divided into five diameter classes for each sawing system tested. Using the conventional sawing method, the fixed costs accounted for 12.03% of the unit production cost. From these, wages and social charges accounted for 9.22% of the total unit production cost, and for 76.61% of the fixed costs. The variable cost represented 87.97% of the total unit production cost, and the logs acquisition accounted for 84.64% of the variable cost. Using the optimized sawing system, the percentage of fixed cost increased to 14.87%, due to the decrease in the variable costs. The participation of variable cost unit accounted for 85.13% of total the unit costs, showing a reduction of 3.23%, compared to the conventional sawing method. The reduction in the total cost using the optimized sawing method was 5.12%.Keywords: Pine; logs classification; sawn models; optimization.

scholarly journals ESTRUTURA DE CUSTOS DO MANEJO DE BAIXO IMPACTO EM FLORESTAS TROPICAIS – UM ESTUDO DE CASO

FLORESTA ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Romano Timofeiczyk Junior ◽  
Luiz Roberto Graça ◽  
Ricardo Berger ◽  
Roberto Antonio Ticle De Melo e Sousa ◽  
Roberto Tuyoshi Hosokawa
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Forest ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Fixed Cost ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Production Cycles ◽  
City State ◽  
The Cost

Este estudo teve o objetivo de analisar de forma pontual a estrutura de custos do manejo de baixo impacto em florestas tropicais com dois ciclos de corte. Os dados utilizados foram fornecidos por uma empresa que explora uma floresta situada no município de Marcelândia, Estado do Mato Grosso, e comercializa as toras com as indústrias da região. Os resultados demonstraram elevação dos custos variáveis ao longo do primeiro ciclo em função da implantação dos tratos silviculturais, com o custo fixo permanecendo inalterado. No segundo ciclo, ocorreu redução no custo total em razão do aumento da produtividade para 15m3/ha e da eliminação de operações das atividades pré-exploratória e exploratória. Dos componentes do custo fixo, o custo administrativo é o mais elevado, representando 26,2% do custo total, ou R$ 16,27/m3. Dos custos variáveis, a atividade exploratória é a mais onerosa, custando R$ 22,33/m3, dos quais R$ 12,92/m3 são consumidos pela abertura de estradas e o arraste. Structure of costs for low impact manegement in the tropical forest – a case study Abstract This work had the objective to analyze the structure of the cost of low impact management in the tropical forest in two production cycles. The data utilized were supplied from the company that explores a forest land localized In the Marcelândia city, State of Mato Grosso and commercializes the logs with the industries of the region. The results showed the increasing of the variables costs to long of first cycle in function of the silvicultures treatments, with the same fixed costs. In the second cycle it was observed a reduction in the total cost due to the increasing of productivity to 15m³/ha, and the elimination of pre-harvesting and harvesting operations. Inside the fixed cost, the administrative cost is higher, with 26.2% of the total cost or R$ 16.27/m³. From the variables costs, the harvest activity is the more expensive, having a cost of R$ 22.22/m³, from which R$ 12.92/m³ accounted for road construction and skidding operations.

ANALISIS PENDAPATAN PEDAGANG BAKSO SAPI DI KABUPATEN KOLAKA

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Astri Yusuf ◽  
Harapin Hafid ◽  
Andi Murlina Tasse
Keyword(s):  
Formal Education ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Fixed Cost ◽  
Fixed Income ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Fixed Price ◽  
Key Word ◽  
To Come ◽  
Hedonic Scale ◽  
The Cost

This study aimed to find out the cost variable, fixed price, earned profits, and B/C ratio, as well as to determine consumers’ preference for beef meatballs in Kolaka regency. Population of the study included all sellers of beet meatballs in Kolaka. Samples were drawn using Slovin formula with 1% tolerance degree to come up with 64 mobile sellers of meatballs, whereas consumers’ preference was determined by using accidental sampling method to obtain 100 panelist of consumers. Data were analyzed by calculating cost, incomes, profits, as well as B/C ratio, whereas consumer’s, preference was analyzed by using 1-5 hedonic scale on a variety of characteristics including color, texture, chewiness, crack poer, and acceptance. On average, 81.25% of the beef meatballs sellers were within a category of productive age, 54,68% of 64 respondents had formal education (senior high school), 43.75% had 4-6 members of family, and 57.18% had more than 20 years of experiences in business. The majority of the sellers chose this business because it was considered more profitable than others. The average fixed income of the sellers was Rp 1.840.000 labor 81% of fixed cost. In terms of cost variable , as much as Rp. 13.341.000 was spent for materials, which was the largest portion or 67% of the total of cost variable. The total cost was Rp. 15.181.000 or 87% of the total of cost. The everage of income generated per month was Rp 23.000.000. The average of profits earned the sellers was Rp. 7.819.000. The B/C ratio per month was 0.51, indicating that the ratio was higher than 0, therefore the business of beef meatballs was profitable and feasible enough to run. Key Word : Beef meatballs sellers, Profit, Cost

scholarly journals Cost and Benefit Analysis of Contract Farming

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
N Harish
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Fixed Cost ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Total Income ◽  
Contract Farming ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Cost And Benefit Analysis ◽  
The Cost

This article focused on cost-benefit analysis of contract farming. The cost benefit analysis includes total cost, total income and profit before and after contract farming of respondents. Total cost calculated without fixed cost and with fixed cost, profit also calculated with fixed cost and without fixed cost. Contract farming is beneficial to farmers after contract farming. The total cost should be considered without fixed cost.

scholarly journals EFISIENSI USAHATANI PADI SAWAH (Oryza sativa L.) DI DESA TANAH ABANG KECAMATAN LONG MESANGAT KABUPATEN KUTAI TIMUR (Efficiency of Paddy Farming (Oryza sativa L.) in Tanah Abang Village Long Mesangat Subregency East Kutai Regency)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
MURKAD MURKAD ◽  
MURSIDAH MURSIDAH ◽  
NIKE WIDURI
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Fixed Cost ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Field Observation Data ◽  
The Cost

Tanah Abang Village is a region of paddy farming development.  The purposes of this study were to know the cost, revenue, income, production, and efficiency of paddy farming in Tanah Abang Village. This study was conducted during three months from January to March 2018 in Tanah Abang Village, Long Mesangat Subregency, East Kutai Regency. Sampling was done with stratified random sampling method with total of 37 respondents. Data retrieving was done by interview and field observation. Data analysis was done to count of fixed cost, variable cost, total cost, revenue, income, and R/C ratio. The results of study show that the production of 2,168.92 kg ps-1 ha-1, the revenue of IDR13,966,622.00 ps-1 ha-1, the income of IDR12,437,394.00 ps-1 ha-1, and R/C ratio 7.37 which meant paddy farming is efficient and feasible to be done.

scholarly journals Comparative Economic Analysis of Zero Budget Natural Farming for Kharif Groundnut under Central Dry Zone of Karnataka, India

2020 ◽  
pp. 27-34
Author(s):  
A. H. Kumar Naik ◽  
S. Brunda ◽  
G. M. Chaithra
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Fixed Cost ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Dry Zone ◽  
Natural Farming ◽  
The Cost

This research work is mainly focused on comparative economic analysis of Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF) for Kharif Groundnut under Central Dry Zone of Karnataka. The purpose of conducting the study is to examine the cost of cultivation for ZBNF with other treatments. This is mainly due to farmers are facing high cost of cultivation by practicing conventional farming as it is highly depends on external inputs. ZBNF is low cost technology where, farming is practiced by using jeevamrutha, beejamrutha, mulching and whapsa etc. The Groundnut experiment was conducted at ZAHRS, Babbur Farm, Hiriyur during Kharif 2019-20 in order to estimate economics for different treatments. Each treatment was having different input usage. For calculating economics of each treatment, conventional cost of cultivation method was followed (i.e. calculation of Variable cost, Fixed cost, Gross returns, Net returns and B:C).The results of economic analysis revealed that the per hectare yield (17.46 q/ha) total cost ( 53,019), gross returns ( 88,871), net returns ( 35,852) and B:C (1.68) were found to be highest in RPP among all treatments i.e. ZBNF, OPS and Control. The cost of cultivation of ZBNF 22.55 per cent lesser than RPP. The B:C ratio was found to be more in ZBNF (1.66) than OPS (1.58).This is due to highest cost for purchase of excess quantity of FYM in case of OPS. It is concluded from the study that RPP was best treatment among all treatments. This is due to highest yield, net returns and B:C was found in RPP treatment  as compared to all treatments. In the economic point of view, there was reduction in total cost in case of ZBNF with fewer yields as compared to RPP.

scholarly journals ANALISIS BIAYA DAN PENDAPATAN USAHA PEDAGANG SAYURAN DI PASAR TAMIN KOTA BANDAR LAMPUNG

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 288
Author(s):  
Romidah Astuti ◽  
Wan Abbas Zakaria ◽  
Teguh Endaryanto
Keyword(s):  
Income Level ◽  
Cost Structure ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Fixed Cost ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Business Cost

This study aims to analyze the cost structure and the income level of vegetable traders in Tamin Market Bandar Lampung City. This research is conducted in purposively chosen Tamin Market with the consideration that Tamin Market is a center of vegetable trade and the main market in Bandar Lampung City.  The data were collected in March 2017 and respondents were 15 vegetable traders who are willing to be interviewed, consisting of five stall traders, five los traders, and five street traders.  Data are analyzed descriptively using qualitative and quantitative of cost and income analysis. The result showed that the traders' business cost structure consists of fixed cost and variable cost.  The propotion of variable cost is higher than the fixed cost, which is 99 percent of total cost. Variable costs include plastic cost, vegetable purchase, transport, labor, and information.  And fixed costs include rent cost, electricity and market facility fees. The average income of stall traders is higher than the loser traders and the street traders. The average income of stall traders is Rp817,055.00 per day, los traders is Rp737,604.00 per day, and street traders is Rp183,455.00 per day.Key words: cost structure, the level of income, vegetable traders

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