The ability of growing pigs to control their protein intake when fed in different ways

1988 ◽  
Vol 1988 ◽  
pp. 10-10
Author(s):  
I. Kyriazakis ◽  
C.C. Emmans ◽  
C.T. Whittemore
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Feed Protein ◽  
Different Levels

On a single feed an animal can increase its intake of a nutrient (eg. protein), as its ratio to energy is reduced, only by increasing its rate of energy intake. When given, as a choice, two feeds of a different protein but equal energy contents, it can vary its protein intake independently of Its energy intake by varying the proportion of each feed in its diet.The experiment described here was designed to investigate the effect of feed protein content on the feed intake of young pigs and to test the proposition that young pigs, when given a choice between two feeds of different protein contents, a combination of which is non-limting, will select a diet which meets their protein requirements. In addition an investigation of the rules which govern the diet selection was carried out.Four feeds (L, A, B and H) with similar energy contents (16.5 MJ DE per kg fresh feed) but different levels of crude protein (CP) were formulated and made into pellets. All feeds were intended to be non-limiting in vitamins and minerals.

Single and choice-feeding of pigs as methods of investigating their ability to control protein intake

1987 ◽  
Vol 1987 ◽  
pp. 9-9
Author(s):  
I. Kyriazakis ◽  
G.C. Emmans ◽  
C.T. Whittemore
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Choice Feeding ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Control Protein

The experiment described here was designed to test the proposition that growing pigs can control their overall intake of protein: on a feed with a low level of crude protein (CP) by increasing their daily feed intake (up to a limit) and, given a choice of two feeds with different levels of CP, by selecting a diet with optimal protein content.

The response of sows to increased nutrient intake during mid to late gestation

2006 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. King ◽  
P. J. Eason ◽  
R. J. Smits ◽  
W. C. Morley ◽  
D. J. Henman
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Subsequent Fertility ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Five hundred and ten multiparous sows were allocated at 66 days after mating to one of 6 dietary treatments that were imposed for the subsequent 35 days. The dietary treatments were 5 feeding levels of 2.2, 2.6, 3.0, 3.4, and 3.8 kg/day of a gestation diet containing 12.9 MJ DE/kg, 127 g crude protein/kg, and 5.6 g lysine/kg, plus a protein intake treatment where sows received 2.8 kg/day of a lactation diet containing 13.8 MJ DE/kg, 168 g crude protein/kg, and 8.3 g lysine/kg. After the treatment period, all sows were offered the lactation diet at the common feeding level of 3.0 kg/day and after farrowing, all sows were offered this diet ad libitum throughout lactation. Increasing feeding levels between Day 66 and Day 101 of pregnancy increased (P < 0.001) liveweight gain prior to farrowing but increased (P < 0.001) liveweight loss during lactation. The majority of the extra maternal energy intake during mid to late gestation was deposited as maternal gain. These linear weight responses during lactation were explained by the significant inverse relationship between voluntary daily feed intake in lactation (FI) and average daily digestible energy intake in the previous gestation (DE): Neither increasing the feeding level during mid to late gestation nor increasing the protein content of the diet had any significant effect on litter birth weight, average piglet birth weight, or the standard deviation of individual piglet birth weight within the litter. In addition, there were no significant effects of gestation feeding treatments on litter size weaned or weaning weight. Furthermore, neither increasing the feeding level during mid to late gestation nor increasing the protein content of the gestation diet had any significant effect on subsequent fertility or litter size. In conclusion, when average individual piglet birth weight is already well in excess of 1.5 kg, there is no significant response to feed intake levels between 2.2 and 3.8 kg/day when offered between Day 66 and Day 101 of gestation.

scholarly journals Effects of feeding varying dietary crude protein and digestible energy concentrations on performance of pigs raised in a humid tropical environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-40
Author(s):  
O. M. Oyeleke
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Weanling Pigs ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Protein Levels

This paper aims at investigating relationships and effects of varying protein and energy levels on growth performance, efficiency of feed conversion and efficiency of nutrient utilization of weanling pigs fed from of 9 to 60kg. A total of one hundred and twenty weanling pigs weighing ± 9kg were allotted randomly to sixteen groups of eight pigs each. for females and four castrated males in a 4x 4factorial design. The sixteen diets consist of four digestible energy levels (3,000: 3300: 3,600 and 3,900 kcal/kg) and four crude protein levels (18; 21: 24 and 27%). The pigs were fed these experimental diets until they attained a predetermined liveweight of 60 +1.5 kg. The effects of the varying crude protein and digestible energy were studied on growth and performance parameters Neither protein nor energy levels significantly affected daily feed intake, but significantly decreased daily feed intake at 27protein level. Daily protein intake was influenced by protein intake and digestible energy intake was also significantly influenced by digestible energy intake. There were no significant interactions between protein and energy levels with respect to feed intake and intake of protein and energy Energy but no protein levels significantly influenced rate of live weight gain. Feed conversion efficiency (FEC) was highly (P 0.001) influenced by energy but not protein levels. In both sexes, females and castrated males, increasing dietary levels of protein and energy resulted in improved efficiency of feed utilization within protein levels but there were significant differences between the two highest energy levels for castrated males and within the diets with 3.300, 3.600 and 3.900 kcal/DE/kg for the females. When high protein levels were combined with high energy levels feed intakes were depressed only on the 279% protein level. Feed conversion efficiency was maximized on the diet with 21 and 249% protein levels with appreciable sex diferences, with female pigs requiring more protein than males. Digestible Energy range of 3,300 and 3,600 kcalkg would be adequate for maximum gain and efficiency of feed utilization in pigs under the humid tropical environment tropical. Feed to gain ratio, a very important economic index should be an important index of the quality of any diet for promoting growth. 

Experiments on the nutrition of the dairy heifer IV. Protein requirements of 2-year-old heifers

1963 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Broster ◽  
Valerie J. Tuck ◽  
C. C. Balch
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein

1. In the winters of 1959–61 three randomized block experiments were carried out to study protein requirements of heifers of 800–1000 lb. live weight. 24 animals were used in each experiment. Half the animals were kept indoors; the remainder stayed out of doors except for 1 hr. per day when they came into covered yards to receive their concenrates ration.2. Rations were based on straw, cereals and roots. The intake of crude protein was varied by replacing cereals by decorticated ground nut meal. The estimated level of energy intake varied from 7·2–8·2 lb. starch equivalent/day between experiments, but the level was constant for all treatments within an experiment.3. At the end of each feeding trial the nitrogen balance was measured for 2 animals from each treatment. The results confirmed the estimated levels of digestible crude protein intakes upon which the experiments were based.4. An increase in intake of digestible crude protein (as determined in the metabolism trials) from 0·35 lb./day to 0·72 lb./day gave a marked response of 0·45 lb./day in the rate of live-weight gain. Further increases in protein intake gave little response in live-weight gain. It was concluded that for heifers of 800–900 lb. live weight the protein requirement for maintenance and a live-weight gain of 1·2 lb./day was 0·70 lb. digestible crude protein/day.5. Comparison of the estimated starch equivalent intakes in the three experiments showed that in heifers receiving 0·52 lb. digestible crude protein per day the rate of gain increased from 0·25 to 0·90 lb./day as the level of energy intake increased from 0·78 lb. starch equivalent/100 lb. live weight per day to 1·01 lb./100 lb. live weight.6. Biological value of the dietary nitrogen decreased as level of protein intake increased. The values for individual animals ranged from 61·3 to 82·4. The mean value was 69·5.7. The weather during these experiments was typical of winters in south-east England with mean minimum ground temperatures about 30° F. and mean maximum and minimum air temperatures of about 50° F. and 35° F., respectively. Snow fell occasionally only; 3½–5½ in. of rain fell in the period 1 January to 31 March. In 2 years out of 3 the outdoor group grew slightly faster than the indoor groups. In the third year this trend was reversed.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Pemberian Ransum dengan Kualitas Berbeda Terhadap Profil Darah, Produksi Susu dan Pertambahan Bobot Badan Sapi Perah

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aqni Hanifa
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Blood Profile ◽  
Hb Concentration

<div class="Section1"><p class="Style1"><em>An experiment was conducted to study blood profile, milk yield and </em><em>liveweight gain of dairy cows as affected by dietary different quality of diets. The </em><em>experiment used </em><em>15 </em><em>lactating PFH were assigned into three treatments of diets and</em></p></div><em><br clear="all" /> </em><p class="Style1"><em> </em><em>five replication, three treatments of diets were </em><em>: </em><em>1) T1 (CP </em><em>12% dan TDN 65%); 2) T2 (CP 14% dan TDN 70%) dan 3) T3 (CP 16% dan TDN 75%).</em></p><p class="Style1"><em>The results of this experiment showed that the average of dry matter (DM) intake on Tl, T2 and T3 treatments were </em><em>8,59; </em><em>10,03 and </em><em>10,94 </em><em>kg/d, respectively </em><em>(P&lt;0,01). The average of crude protein intake (CP) on T1, </em><em>T2 and T3 treatments were 1,06; 1,44 and 1,71 kg/d (P&lt;0,01), also the average of TDN intake on T1, T2 and T3 treatments were 5,52; 6,86 and 8,02 kg/d (P&lt;0,01). The average of Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration on T1, T2 and T3 treatments were 10,21: 11,18 and 10,44 g/dl (P&gt;0,05), also the average of eritrosit value on TI, T2 and T3 treatments were 3,37; 3,73 and 3,48 million/mm<sup>3;</sup>, respectively (P&gt;0,05). The average of milk yield on T1, T2 and T3 treatments were 8,12; 11,29 and 13,42 l/d (P&lt;0,05). The average of liveweight gain on TI, T2 and T3 treatments were 81,66; 117,71 and 320,00 g/d (P&gt;0,05). </em></p><p class="Style1"><em>The conclusions of this research was the highest level of CP and </em><em>"1'DN </em><em>in </em><em>diets (CP 16% and </em><em>TDN 75%) showed that feed intake (DM, CP and TDN) and milk yield gave the best than other treatments. Different dietary quality of diets altered significant on feed intake (DM, CP and TDN) and milk yield, but the treatments did not affect on liveweight gain, Fib and eritrosit concentration.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><em>Key words :     diets quality, feed intake, blood profile, milk yield, liveweight gain, dairy cows</em>

scholarly journals Crude protein requirements in feeding for hybrid jundiara (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum x Leiarius marmoratus)

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. e978986866
Author(s):  
Rafael Pereira Barros ◽  
Joaldo Rocha Luz ◽  
Ana Paula de Souza Ramos ◽  
Deise Silva Costa ◽  
Luís Gustavo Tavares Braga
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Total Plasma Protein

The objective of this study was to determine the crude protein requirements for juvenile jundiara fish, a hybrid of Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum X Leiarius marmoratus. A total of 240 juveniles of the hybrid, with an initial mean weight of 8.4 ± 1.41 g, were distributed in 15 fiberglass tanks (170 L) in a closed water recirculation and constant aeration system, with a density of 16 fish/tank. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments and three replications. The treatments consisted of diets with 32, 34, 36, 38 and 40% crude protein. Seventy days into the experiment the final fish weight and feed intake were measured. Two specimens from each experimental unit were collected for evaluation of carcass chemical composition, nutritional efficiency and blood parameters. The increase in crude protein content promoted the significant, increasing linear effect for mean weight gain, mean feed intake and specific growth rate, and decreasing effect for feed conversion. Significant differences were also observed in carcass chemical composition, nutritional efficiency, total plasma protein, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and lipase enzymatic activity. Thus, the increase in crude protein levels of up to 40% in jundiara diets promotes improvement in the productive performance of juvenile jundiara.

Threshold of Daily Energy and Protein Requirements to Prevent Weight Loss in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nakamura T ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Point Energy ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Food Records ◽  
Daily Energy

Background and Aims: Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) frequently develop weight loss. However, little is known about the energy and protein thresholds that cause weight loss. The purpose of this study was to determine the threshold of daily energy and protein requirements to prevent weight loss in patients with AD. Methods: We included 75 Japanese long-term care hospital patients with probable AD (22 men and 53 women, aged 65–101 years) in an interventional study. After a one-week survey using weighed food records weighed food records, the relationship between the obtained energy and protein intake and weight loss after three months was examined. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the daily determinants of weight loss. Subsequently, receiver operating characteristic curves were used to examine the threshold for discriminating weight loss. Results: Sixty-one (81.3%) patients were malnourished or at risk of malnutrition. Twenty patients (26.7%) had >5% weight loss. The significant associations with weight loss were Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) point, energy intake, and protein intake; with a MNA point at cutoff of 17.25, an energy intake at cutoff of 29.93kcal/kg, and a protein intake at cutoff of 1.122g/kg. Conclusion: To prevent weight loss in AD patients, it is important to prevent malnutrition and administer more than 30kcal/kg energy intake and more than 1.1g/kg protein intake. Future studies with a larger sample size are needed to determine the threshold of daily energy and protein requirements to prevent weight loss.

Effect of altering the protein intake of spring-born calves on calf performance

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 ◽  
pp. 192-192
Author(s):  
H. C. F. Wicks ◽  
R. J. Fallon ◽  
J. Twigge ◽  
L. E. R. Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Early Phase ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Calf Performance

Results of a recent study (Wicks et al. 2005) indicate that increasing the protein content of the milk replacer fed to autumn-born Holstein-Friesian calves reduced growth rates in the first 8 weeks of life. Van Amburgh et al., (2001) previously suggested that increasing both milk replacer intake and protein content maximised the growth of calves during this early phase of life. An experiment was undertaken to investigate the influence of level of milk replacer and crude protein content on calf performance during the first 8 weeks of life of spring-born calves.

Effect of feeding level and dietary protein content on the growth, body composition and rate of protein deposition in pigs growing from 45 to 90 kg

1984 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
M. R. Taverner ◽  
D. M. Curic
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Diets

ABSTRACT1. Eight diets of similar energy content, ranging in crude protein concentration from 95 to 256 g/kg, were given at either 2·5 or 3·2 times the energy level for maintenance to entire male pigs growing from 45 to 90 kg live weight.2. Growth rate improved with increase in feeding level and with increasing dietary crude protein up to 164 g/kg (P < 0·05). The food conversion ratio improved with each increase in dietary CP up to 186 and 164 g/kg on the lower and higher feeding treatments, respectively (P < 0·05). It was also improved with increase in level of feeding of the lower-protein diets but deteriorated with increase in level of intake of the higher-protein diets (P < 005).3. Rate of protein deposition improved with increasing dietary crude protein up to 186 and 164 g/kg on the lower and higher feeding treatments, respectively (P < 005). The results showed that, for pigs given diets deficient in crude protein, rate of protein deposition was linearly related to protein intake (P < 0·001) but independent of energy intake. For pigs given a diet adequate in crude protein, rate of protein deposition was related to energy intake and independent of crude protein intake.4. Body fat content at 90 kg decreased with increasing dietary crude protein up to 210 and 164 g/kg on the lower and higher feeding treatments, respectively (P < 0·05), and was increased by raising the level of intake of the higher-crude protein diets (P < 0·05). However, the influence of feeding level on body fat diminished as dietary crude protein was reduced.

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