scholarly journals Prevalence of cardiac autonomic dysfunction in patients with metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional, observational study

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 987
Author(s):  
Akash C. Lohakare ◽  
Pawan Mehta ◽  
Shuchi Singh
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Autonomic Dysfunction ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cardiac Autonomic Dysfunction

Background: Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is a distinguished disorder associated with diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. The pathogenesis of CAN in patients with metabolic syndrome still remains unclear. This study was undertaken to assess the prevalence of cardiac autonomic dysfunction in patients with metabolic syndrome and to correlate different parameters of metabolic syndrome with cardiac autonomic dysfunction.Methods: In this cross-sectional observational study, total 100 consecutive cases meeting the inclusion criteria and attending the Department of Medicine in Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi were enrolled. 50 subjects who satisfied the IDF criteria of metabolic syndrome were taken as cases and remaining 50 subjects (age and gender matched) who did not satisfy the IDF criteria were taken as controls. Comparison of categorical variables was made using chi-square or Fisher’s exact test. P-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant.Results: Majority of study population (i.e., 42%) belonged to the age group of 41-50 years. Overall prevalence of cardiac autonomic dysfunction (CAD) was 25%. Prevalence of CAD among cases and controls was 38% and 12%, respectively. Overall distribution of various parameters like waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, blood pressure, HDL-C and serum triglycerides was assessed in all subjects with respect to CAD. Statistically significant association of these parameters was seen with CAD (p-value ≤0.01).Conclusions: In this study, strong association was found between CAD and central obesity, impaired fasting glucose, high blood pressure and dyslipidemia. Thus, the metabolic disorders are good predictors of CAD.

Comparative Studies on Hormonal Changes and Metabolic Syndrome in Perimenopausal and Premenopausal Igbo Women in Enugu Metropolis Nigeria: A Cross-sectional Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 284-294
Author(s):  
Chinwe Ifeoma Ikegwuonu ◽  
Uchendu Kingsley Ikenna ◽  
Okonkwo Innocent Nwabueze ◽  
Mba Chika Betina ◽  
Maduka Ignatius Chukwudi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
International Diabetes Federation ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
World Health ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Perimenopausal Women

Background and Objective: Few studies have focused on the epidemiology of perimenopausal syndrome, and its prevalence in African women is concerningly high. This study investigated selected biochemical parameters, hormonal changes, and possible metabolic syndrome (MetS) in perimenopausal and premenopausal women among Igbo women in Enugu, Southeast of Nigeria. Methods: This study was conducted between March 2018 and November 2018. A total of 200 apparently healthy women, comprising 120 perimenopausal women (mean age 50 years) and 80 premenopausal women (mean age 35 years), living in Enugu, were randomly recruited for this study. Anthropometric indices (blood pressure, waist circumference, weight, and height) of these women were measured. Fasting blood samples were collected and used for measurement of luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and lipid profile using standard methods. MetS in the perimenopausal and premenopausal women was observed using three different criteria: the National Cholesterol Education Program- Adult Treatment Panel 111 (NCEP-ATP 111), the World Health Organization (WHO), and International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Student’s t-test and Chi-square were used to compare continuous and categorical variables. Results: There were significantly (p<0.05) higher values of blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), FPG, waist circumference, LH, FSH, total cholesterol, and LDL-C, but significantly (p<0.05) lower values of estradiol in perimenopausal women as compared to premenopausal women. The incidence of MetS was higher in perimenopausal women as compared to premenopausal women in all the three criteria studied. Interpretation and Conclusion: Perimenopausal women have a higher risk for the development of metabolic syndrome-associated diseases than premenopausal women.

Melatonin and cryptochrome 2 in metabolic syndrome patients with or without diabetes: a cross-sectional study

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Abdul Kareem Al-Sarraf ◽  
Violet Kasabri ◽  
Amal Akour ◽  
Randa Naffa
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
P Value ◽  
Metabolic Risk ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cryptochrome 2

Abstract Background Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic risk factors which increases the chances for future cardiovascular diseases, as well as diabetes. The underlying causes of MetS include overweight and obesity, physical inactivity and genetic factors. Our intension here was to focus in this study on the importance of the chronobiology, represented by melatonin (MT) and cryptochrome 2 (CRY2), in developing MetS and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Thus, we aimed to compare MT and CRY2 plasma levels and correlate both biomarkers with adiposity, atherogenicity and hematological indices in MetS and T2DM cohorts. Methods In a cross-sectional study, 28 normoglycemic lean subjects (controls), 29 normoglycemic MetS subjects and 30 MetS (pre-diabetic/diabetic) were recruited. Results MT (pg/mL) was elevated significantly in MetS arm p-value < 0.05, whereas CRY2 levels (ng/mL) were markedly higher in both MetS groups (non-diabetic and pre-diabetic/diabetic) (all with p-value < 0.001). A reciprocal MT-CRY2 relationship was observed in the MetS (non-diabetic) group (p-value = 0.003). Of note in the total study population, both MT and CRY2 proportionally correlated with each of the following: atherogenicity index of plasma (AIP), waist circumference (WC) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) (all with p-value < 0.05) for MT and CRY2, respectively). Whereas MT correlated inversely with high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) (p-value < 0.05). Additionally, CRY2 correlated directly with each of the following: diastolic blood pressure (DBP), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), hip circumference (HC), body adiposity index (BAI), weight-to-height (WHtR) ratio, mean platelet volume (MPV) and platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) (p-value < 0.05). Conclusion These findings substantiate that both metabolic risk biomarkers can be prognostic tools and pharmacotherapeutic targets to slowdown the accelerated nature of T2DM.

scholarly journals METABOLIC SYNDROME;

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (09) ◽  
pp. 1286-1294
Author(s):  
Sumbul Sohail ◽  
Shabnum Nadeem ◽  
Fouzia Ali
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Female Population ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Study Laboratory

Metabolic syndrome is a congregation of central obesity, dyslipidemia, raised bloodsugar levels, increasing the individual’s susceptibility to Type II Diabetes and cardiovasculardiseases. Objectives: (1) To determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in young, urban,female population. (2) To determine the risk factors in poor, urban, female population. StudyDesign: This was a descriptive cross sectional study. Setting: The department of Gynae/Obst Unit II KMDC/Abbasi Shaheed hospital. Period: One year starting from January 2016 toDecember 2016. Material and Method: Approval was taken from ESRC of KMDC. All healthyasymptomatic married/single women between 18-49 years of age were included while women<18 or >50 years of age, diabetic, hypertensive or having bleeding disorders were excludedfrom study. Laboratory data included blood sugar, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, collected byphlebotomist from the participants in fasting state through venipuncture. A Chi-square test wasapplied to evaluate the association of demographic group variables and metabolic syndrome.P-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. There was no conflict of interest. Result:A total of 343 participants were recruited. The socio and demographic data is summarized inTable-I. The prevalence of Metabolic syndrome was found to be high. 227(66.2%) of participantswere having Metabolic syndrome according to NCEP ATP III criteria. 63(18.4 %) had history ofPIH while 52(15.2%) had family history of hypertension and 126(36.7 %) had family historyof both Hypertension and Diabetes. 232 (67.6 %) of women had sedentary life style and only3(0.9%) practiced aerobic exercises. 287(83.7%) had their waist circumference of >80cm, themean systolic blood pressure was 127.5 +-23.76 while the mean diastolic blood pressure was86.99+-57.36. The mean of BMI was at higher level 30.97+-6.41. Obesity is the most commonrisk factor for Metabolic syndrome. The mean of fasting blood sugar was 105.08+-42.16which was on higher side. The mean of Triglycerides 142.43+-61.12 and HDL 39.04+-12.45were within normal limits. Increased prevalence was observed in women who had PIH duringpregnancy and childbirth 25.1% v 5.2%(p value=0.001). Conclusion: Prevention and treatmentof metabolic syndrome is a big challenge. Lifestyle interventions should begin from the earlychildhood to reduce weight and to prevent development of obesity and metabolic syndrome.

scholarly journals Magnitude, components and predictors of metabolic syndrome in Northern Ethiopia: Evidences from regional NCDs STEPS survey, 2016

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0253317
Author(s):  
Kiros Fenta Ajemu ◽  
Abraham Aregay Desta ◽  
Asfawosen Aregay Berhe ◽  
Ataklti Gebretsadik Woldegebriel ◽  
Nega Mamo Bezabih ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
P Value ◽  
Northern Ethiopia ◽  
Tigray Region ◽  
Steps Survey ◽  
Low Hdl

Background Individuals with metabolic syndrome are five times more susceptible to chronic diseases. Assessment of its magnitude, components, and risk factors is essentials to deploy visible interventions needed to avoid further complications. The study aimed to assess magnitude, components, and predictors of metabolic syndrome in Tigray region northern Ethiopia, 2016. Methods Data were reviewed from Tigray region NCDs STEPs survey data base between May to June 2016. A total of 1476 adults aged 18–64 years were enrolled for the study. Multi-variable regression analysis was performed to estimate the net effect of size to risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome. Statistical significance was declared at p-value of ≤0.05 at 95% confidence interval (CI) for an adjusted odds ratio (AOR). Results The study revealed that unadjusted and adjusted prevalence rate of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) were (CPR = 33.79%; 95%CI: 31.29%–36.36%) and (APR = 34.2%; 95% CI: 30.31%–38.06%) respectively. The most prevalent MetS component was low HDL concentration (CPR = 70.91%; 95%CI: 68.47%–73.27%) and (APR = 70.61; 95%CI; 67.17–74.05). While; high fasting blood glucose (CPR = 20.01% (95%CI: 18.03–22.12) and (APR = 21.72; 95%CI; 18.41–25.03) was the least ones. Eating vegetables four days a week, (AOR = 3.69, 95%CI; 1.33–10.22), a salt sauce added in the food some times (AOR = 5.06, 95%CI; 2.07–12.34), overweight (AOR = 24.28, 95%CI; 10.08–58.47] and obesity (AOR = 38.81; 12.20–111.04) had strong association with MetS. Conclusion The magnitude of metabolic syndrome was found to be close to the national estimate. Community awareness on life style modification based on identified MetS components and risk factors is needed to avoid further complications.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Associated Factors among Vegetarians in Malaysia

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 2031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Ching ◽  
Yit Chin ◽  
Mahenderan Appukutty ◽  
Wan Gan ◽  
Vasudevan Ramanchadran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Lipid ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Kuala Lumpur ◽  
Intervention Programme ◽  
Cross Sectional

The prevalence and factors associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) remain unknown in Malaysian vegetarians. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence of MetS among vegetarians in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor and its associated factors. The data on socio-demographic characteristics, vegetarianism practises, lifestyle behaviours, body weight, height, waist circumference (WC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting blood glucose (FBG), and blood lipid profiles were collected from 273 vegetarians. A majority of the respondents were lacto-ovo vegetarians (44.0%), females (64.8%) and Chinese (54.9%). The prevalence of MetS was 24.2%. High BP (48.7%) and high WC (43.6%) were the most common MetS components. Females had lower WC, SBP, DBP, FBG, TG and higher HDL-c (p < 0.05) as compared to males. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that being overweight and obese (Odds Ratio (OR) = 7.74, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 4.04–14.82) was the main risk factor of MetS after being adjusted for sex and age. This study found that one in four vegetarians had MetS. An intervention programme should be developed to reduce Body Mass Index (BMI) among vegetarians, especially among those who are found to be overweight and obese.

scholarly journals Association of microalbuminuria with metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study in Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muntakim Mahmud Saadi ◽  
Manindra Nath Roy ◽  
Rubena Haque ◽  
Farida Akhter Tania ◽  
Shakil Mahmood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
College Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background and aims The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of microalbuminuria and examine the association of microalbuminuria with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its component in a Bangladeshi adult cohort. Methods This cross-sectional study included 175 subjects (84 males and 91 females; aged 19–59 years), recruited from the outdoor Department of Medicine and Endocrinology of a medical college hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Lipid profile and fasting blood glucose (FBG) were measured in serum and albumin and creatinine were determined in urine samples. Microalbuminuria was defined as the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) of 30 to 300 mg/g. The MetS was defined according to the criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NECP). The association of microalbuminuria with MetS and its components was evaluated by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results Among the study subjects, 66.3% were hypertensive and 70.3% were diabetic individuals. Overall, the prevalence of microalbuminuria was 29.7% with 31% in males and 28.6% in females. Microalbuminuria was 2.6 fold higher in hypertensive and diabetic adults than in the non-hypertensive or non-diabetic adults. The prevalence of microalbuminuria was much more frequent in persons with the MetS (36.0%) than the persons without the MetS (5.4%). The levels of FBG, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and triglycerides were significantly higher (p < 0.01 for all cases) in subjects with microalbuminuria. In regression analysis, after adjusting for sex, age, and body mass index, microalbuminuria was strongly correlated with MetS followed by elevated BP and FBG (p < 0.01 for all cases). Conclusions Microalbuminuria was strongly associated with MetS in Bangladeshi adults. Elevated BP and FBG were the most predominant components of MetS among the study subjects. Comprehensive management of MetS at its early stage can be effective to prevent and reduce the progression of kidney injury and cardiovascular complications.

scholarly journals Metabolic Syndrome Among Physicians: A Pilot Study from Chattogram, Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-68
Author(s):  
Anisul Awal ◽  
Farid Uddin Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Preventive Health Care ◽  
Medical College Hospital ◽  
High Density Lipoproteins ◽  
College Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College

Background : Although the information on Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) in the general population from different parts of Bangladesh is available, the information regarding the same is scarcely available from physicians of Bangladesh. This study was aimed to assess the prevalence of MetS among physicians working at Chattogram Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh. Materials and methods : Data was collected for this cross-sectional study from 255 working physicians of Chittagong Medical College Hospital in 2018. The participants filled a structured questionnaire followed by physical and biochemical measurements including waist circumference, blood pressure, lipid profile, and fasting blood glucose. National Cholesterol Education Program’s Adult Treatment Panel III report (ATP III) defines criteria were used to identify physicians with the MetS. Results : Among 255 participants (males - 192 and females - 63), 100 (39.2%) were with MetS. Prevalence of same was higher in females (41.3%) than males (38.5%). The elderly physicians (>40 years) had a higher prevalence compared to the younger (£40 years) physicians [72 (50.3%) vs. 28 (25.0%)]. In the males, low High-Density Lipoproteins-Cholesterol (HDL-C) was the major contributor to the prevalence of MetS followed by high blood pressure. However, in females, low HDL-C and greater waist circumference contributed the maximum to MetS. Conclusion : This study showed a high prevalence of MetS among physicians of Bangladesh, and thereby warrants the urgent implementation of preventive health care strategies to reduce both morbidity and mortality related to this medical problem. Further studies ought to focus on the working conditions and lifestyles of individuals in these high-risk groups. Chatt Maa Shi Hosp Med Coll J; Vol.20 (2); July 2021; Page 65-68

Prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension among primary and secondary schools adolescents in AL Diwaniya province

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (SPL1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Abdul Hamza Yassin ◽  
Jomah Nasir Al- Obaidi
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Secondary Schools ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cardiovascular Morbidity And Mortality

Abstract High blood pressure in children and adolescents is a growing health problem that is often overlooked by doctors. Hypertension in children can progress into adulthood and contributing to the increase in the cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in adults. To determine the prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension among primary and secondary schools adolescents in Al Diwaniya province.also to determine the association between hypertension and BMI for age in both genders in the adolescents. A cross sectional study was conducted on adolescents from primary and secondary schools in Al Diwaniya province from November 2014 to march 2015. A total of 754 students was participated in the study,of them 387 males and 367 females between age 10-18 years. Subjects with a history of disease,including diabetes,heart disease,kidney disease,gastrointestinal disease,or use of any medications,were excluded from the study. Data about age, sex, height, weight, BMI, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were collected. We classified BMI into 4 categories (underweight,normal,overweight, obese )according to specific tables chart as we did with blood pressure which classified into 3 categories (normal, prehypertension,hypertension ). Mean SBP (111.4mmHg ± 11.8) and DBP (64.5mmHg ± 9.1) in males were (111.9mmHg±10.9) and (63.9mmHg±8.9) and in females were (111mmHg±12.6) and (65.1mmHg ±9.2) respectively. With no statistically significant differences between them. The prevalence of overweight and obesity were (15.1% and 6.5% respectively ) it was higher in females (16.3% and 8.7%) than males (14% and 4.4%) respectively. The prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension were 15.5% and 4.9% respectively again it was higher in females (16.6% and 6.8%) than males (14.5% and 3.1%) respectively. There was significant association between hypertension and BMI in both genders, 45.9% from hypertensive adolescents were obese (25% males,56% females ), p-value < 0.0005.]2[ High prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension among adolescents, it was more common in females than in males, there were strong association between blood pressure and BMI.

scholarly journals Role of sleep and stress in metabolic syndrome: a community based cross sectional study in Rishikesh, Uttarakhand

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 3553
Author(s):  
Senkadhirdasan Dakshinamurthy ◽  
Vartika Saxena ◽  
Ranjeeta Kumari ◽  
Anissa Atif Mirza ◽  
Minakshi Dhar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Excessive Daytime Sleepiness ◽  
Daytime Sleepiness ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
P Value ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increased Risk

Background: Sleep disturbances and stress may intervene with the physiological processes in human body and act as a modulator of metabolic homeostasis. The aim and objectives of the study were to estimate the person’s average sleep propensity; to estimate the stress level in the study subjects; and to determine the association of sleep and stress with metabolic syndrome.Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted in an urban area of Rishikesh. Sample size was calculated to be 478. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS Version 20.0. Chi-square test was used to examine the association between categorical variables. A p value of <0.05 was considered significant.Results: It was observed that different levels of stress did not have any significant association with metabolic syndrome (MetS) though the odds among individuals with moderate stress were 1.1 times (95% CI 0.6-2.2) higher than those with low stress. The overall sleepiness grading was not significantly associated with Metabolic Syndrome. However, people with mild excessive daytime sleepiness have 4.7 times (95% CI 1.2-18) higher odds of MetS as compared to those with low normal daytime sleepiness. Those with moderate excessive day sleepiness had 1.59 times (95% CI 0.3-8) higher odds of MetS, however it was not statistically significant.Conclusions: Mild excessive daytime sleepiness was associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome. People with perceived stress are having higher chance of getting MetS.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Associated Factors among Vegetarians in Malaysia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Kei Ching ◽  
Yit Siew Chin ◽  
Mahenderan Appukutty ◽  
Wan Ying Gan ◽  
Vasudevan Ramanchadran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Intervention Program ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Lipid ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Cross Sectional

The prevalence and factors associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) remain unknown in Malaysian vegetarians. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence of MetS among vegetarians in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor and its associated factors. The data on socio-demographic characteristics, vegetarianism practices, lifestyle behaviours, body weight, height, waist circumference (WC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting blood glucose (FBG), and blood lipid profiles were collected from 273 vegetarians. A majority of the respondents were lacto-ovo vegetarians (44.0%), females (64.8%) and Chinese (54.9%). The prevalence of MetS was 24.2%. High BP (48.7%) and high WC (43.6%) were the most common MetS components. Females had lower WC, SBP, DBP, FBG, TG and higher HDL-c (p &lt; 0.05) as compared to males. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that advancing in age (OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.00-1.06), and overweight and obesity (OR = 7.90, 95% CI: 4.13-15.11) were the risk factors of MetS after adjusted for sex. This study found that one in four vegetarians had MetS. The present findings emphasize the need to focus among vegetarians with older age. An intervention program to reduce BMI should be established among vegetarians, especially among those vegetarians who were overweight and obese.

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