scholarly journals Therapeutic efficacy and safety of Unani formulation in patients of Fasaad-e-tashahhum-e-dam (dyslipidemia): a randomized open standard controlled clinical study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Sabahat ◽  
Naquib Ul-Islam
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Study ◽  
Lipoprotein Metabolism ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Control Drug ◽  
Open Standard ◽  
Controlled Clinical Study ◽  
Lipid Parameters

Background: Hyperlipidemia which is interchangeably used with the term dyslipidemia essentially refers to the condition of abnormality of lipid levels measured in the blood typically due to the disorder of lipoprotein metabolism. The objective of this study was to determine the therapeutic effect and safety of newly formulated drug on patients with Fasaad-e-Tashahhum-e-Dam (dyslipidemia) and compare it with the effect of Unani formulation and rosavastatin.Methods: The present study was open randomized controlled clinical study. The study subjects were divided in two groups, one group was given test drug (test group) and another group was given control drug (control group). All the patients who qualified the inclusion criteria were randomly placed in either test or control group.Results: In the present study we observed that both the groups were comparable with respect to age, sex lifestyle, family history and mizaj. We found that both Unani formulated drug and standard drug rosavastatin significantly improves the lipid parameters after the treatment with a p value of (<0.001*).Conclusions: We concluded that the overall effect of the proposed Unani formulated drug was found quite fascinating in the treatment of dyslipidemia. Apart from drug safety, visible improvements were evident in objective parameters like cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL, VLD. However, the present study did not revealed that Unani drug is superior to standard drug instead both the treatments are equally effective on the improvement of lipid profile parameters.

scholarly journals A CONTROLLED CLINICAL STUDY TO EVALUATE THE EFFICACY OF KARPASASTHYADI TAILA NASYAKARMA IN THE MANAGEMENT OF GREEVA ASTHIGATAVATA VIS- A-VIS CERVICAL SPONDYLOSIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 09 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Asha Rani K ◽  
Umashankar. K. S
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Study ◽  
Cervical Spondylosis ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Contingency Coefficient ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
B Test ◽  
Controlled Clinical Study

Asthigatavata is one among Shoola and Shosha Pradhana Vatavyadhi characterized by Asthishosha (Osteoporosis), Asthibheda (Cutting pain in bony joints), Asthishoola, Sandhishoola (Joint pain), Bedhaasthiparvanam (Splitting pain in bones and joints), Mamsabalakshaya (Loss of muscle strength), Aswapna (Insomnia) and Satata Ruk (Continuous pain). When Kupitha Vata Dosha enters in to the Asthi present in Greevapradesha causes series of changes producing symptoms and this clinical entity is named as Greeva Asthigatavata. Cervical Spondylosis is seen in the general population with the incidence rate of 83 per 100,000 and occurs mostly in fourth and fifth decades of life. More disability is seen over the age of 50years. Its prevalence is similar for both the sex, although the degree of severity is greater for males. Aim: To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of Karpasasthyadi Taila Nasyakarma in the management of Greeva Asthigatavata vis-à-vis Cervical Spondylosis. Materials and Methods: It was a controlled clinical study with pre and posttest design. Total 100 subjects were incidentally selected and assigned into two groups viz., Group A (Control group) and Group B (Test group), with 50 subjects in each group. Subjects of Control Group were subjected with Greevabasti with Mahamasha Taila for 7 consecutive days and Astavarga Kashaya internally for 14 consecutive days from the first day of Greevabasti. Subjects of Test Group were subjected to Nasyakarma with Karpasasthyadi Taila for 7 consecutive days along with Greevabasti with Mahamasha Taila for 7 consecutive days and Astavarga Kashaya internally for 14 consecutive days from the first day of Nasyakarma. The study consisted of 3 assessments i.e on 0th day, 7th day and on 14th day. Result: In the study it was observed that Group B (CC=0.529) showed clinically and statistically highly significant results with respect to reduction of symptoms than Group A (CC=0.389) with high contingency coefficient value. Also, the overall assessment showed clinically and statistically highly significant result in both groups with p value 0.000. Conclusion: On comparing the overall effect of the study, trial group (Group B) showed better results than control group (Group A). Hence, Karpasasthyadi Taila has a better role in the management of Greeva Asthigatavata.

scholarly journals A CONTROLLED CLINICAL STUDY TO EVALUATE THE EFFICACY OF KARPASASTHYADI TAILA NASYAKARMA IN THE MANAGEMENT OF GREEVA ASTHIGATAVATA VIS- A-VIS CERVICAL SPONDYLOSIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 09 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Asha Rani K, ◽  
Umashankar. K. S
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Study ◽  
Cervical Spondylosis ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Contingency Coefficient ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
B Test ◽  
Controlled Clinical Study

Asthigatavata is one among Shoola and Shosha Pradhana Vatavyadhi characterized by Asthishosha (Osteoporosis), Asthibheda (Cutting pain in bony joints), Asthishoola, Sandhishoola (Joint pain), Bedhaasthiparvanam (Splitting pain in bones and joints), Mamsabalakshaya (Loss of muscle strength), Aswapna (Insomnia) and Satata Ruk (Continuous pain). When Kupitha Vata Dosha enters in to the Asthi present in Greevapradesha causes series of changes producing symptoms and this clinical entity is named as Greeva Asthigatavata. Cervical Spondylosis is seen in the general population with the incidence rate of 83 per 100,000 and occurs mostly in fourth and fifth decades of life. More disability is seen over the age of 50years. Its prevalence is similar for both the sex, although the degree of severity is greater for males. Aim: To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of Karpasasthyadi Taila Nasyakarma in the management of Greeva Asthigatavata vis-à-vis Cervical Spondylosis. Materials and Methods: It was a controlled clinical study with pre and posttest design. Total 100 subjects were incidentally selected and assigned into two groups viz., Group A (Control group) and Group B (Test group), with 50 subjects in each group. Subjects of Control Group were subjected with Greevabasti with Mahamasha Taila for 7 consecutive days and Astavarga Kashaya internally for 14 consecutive days from the first day of Greevabasti. Subjects of Test Group were subjected to Nasyakarma with Karpasasthyadi Taila for 7 consecutive days along with Greevabasti with Mahamasha Taila for 7 consecutive days and Astavarga Kashaya internally for 14 consecutive days from the first day of Nasyakarma. The study consisted of 3 assessments i.e on 0th day, 7th day and on 14th day. Result: In the study it was observed that Group B (CC=0.529) showed clinically and statistically highly significant results with respect to reduction of symptoms than Group A (CC=0.389) with high contingency coefficient value. Also, the overall assessment showed clinically and statistically highly significant result in both groups with p value 0.000. Conclusion: On comparing the overall effect of the study, trial group (Group B) showed better results than control group (Group A). Hence, Karpasasthyadi Taila has a better role in the management of Greeva Asthigatavata.

A CONTROLLED CLINICAL STUDY TO EVALUATE A PROPRIETARY NON-INVASIVE SMARTPHONE BASED DIGITAL BIOMARKER TOOL LYFAS® IN ENABLING EARLY DETECTION OF COVID-19 INFECTION AMONG ASYMPTOMATIC INDIVIDUALS

2021 ◽  
pp. 37-39
Author(s):  
Rupam Das ◽  
Shushila Kataria ◽  
Pooja Sharma ◽  
Kannan Janakiraman ◽  
Madhur Shrivastava ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Study ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Screening And Surveillance ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Asymptomatic Individuals ◽  
Controlled Clinical Study

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is a pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). With the increasing number of individuals infected with COVID-19, there is a growing need for easy, dependable, accurate, scalable, and cost-effective tools. These tools should serve the purpose of population screening/surveillance, diagnosis, and prognosis. Unlike the other pandemics in the past, the current viral infection presents itself with long incubation period up to 14days. This situation is challenging because it results in an extremely high proportion of asymptomatic individuals (up to 80% and more). These individuals in turn contribute to high risk of transmission among the vulnerable population with coexisting diseases and the aged. Currently, the real time PCR test and serology is being largely employed only in symptomatic individuals. Therefore, there is a need for a dependable additional test to identify the asymptomatic individuals, to qualify them for the conrmatory rtPCR and/or serology tests. To meet these the above requirement, we decided to repurpose and test our proprietary non-invasive smartphone-based health screening mobile application Lyfas. The validated parameters captured from Lyfas were found to be inherent indicators of several cardiorespiratory, cardiovascular, autonomic nervous system, hematology and biochemistry anomalies. Apparently, these anomalies were also found and reported as early indicators of COVID-19 infection. Therefore, by means of rationale selection of these parameters, we derived a unique LYFAS_COVID_SCORE to enable detection and prioritize conrmatory testing for asymptomatic individuals. A controlled clinical study was conducted in 25(n=25) subjects to prove the hypothesis and establish the difference in LYFAS_COVID_SCORE between an infected and non-infected group of individuals. The LYFAS_COVID_SCORE derived out of this clinical study was found to be different between the two groups. The positive infected test group had a signicantly high(p=.00012) median score of 19.8(range 9.9 to 22.1) compared to 6.9(range 2.2 to 7.8) that of the healthy uninfected control group. The accuracy, sensitivity and the specicity of the study was found to be 92%, 93.2% and 90% respectively. The result of this study is therefore an evidence to use Lyfas as a potential tool in the identication, screening, and surveillance of asymptomatic individuals. The ndings from the study deserves to be extended to a large population conrmatory clinical study to add proof and value to the tool.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Tissue Response to Modification of the Surface of Dental Implants with Carboxyethylphosphonic Acid and Basic Fibroblastic Growth Factor Immobilization (Fgf-2): An Experimental Study on Minipigs

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 358
Author(s):  
Javier Aragoneses ◽  
Ana Suárez ◽  
Nansi López-Valverde ◽  
Francisco Martínez-Martínez ◽  
Juan Manuel Aragoneses
Keyword(s):  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Implant Surface ◽  
Bone Contact ◽  
Bone Implant ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of implant surface treatment with carboxyethylphosphonic acid and fibroblast growth factor 2 on the bone–implant interface during the osseointegration period in vivo using an animal model. The present research was carried out in six minipigs, in whose left tibia implants were inserted as follows: eight implants with a standard surface treatment, for the control group, and eight implants with a surface treatment of carboxyethylphosphonic acid and immobilization of FGF-2, for the test group. At 4 weeks after the insertion of the implants, the animals were sacrificed for the histomorphometric analysis of the samples. The means of the results for the implant–bone contact variable (BIC) were 46.39 ± 17.49% for the test group and 34.00 ± 9.92% for the control group; the difference was not statistically significant. For the corrected implant–bone contact variable (BICc), the mean value of the test group was 60.48 ± 18.11%, and that for the control group, 43.08 ± 10.77%; the difference was statistically significant (p-value = 0.035). The new bone formation (BV/TV) showed average results of 27.28 ± 3.88% for the test group and 26.63 ± 7.90% for the control group, meaning that the differences were not statistically significant (p-value = 0.839). Regarding the bone density at the interthread level (BAI/TA), the mean value of the test group was 32.27 ± 6.70%, and that of the control group was 32.91 ± 7.76%, with a p-value of 0.863, while for the peri-implant density (BAP/TA), the mean value of the test group was 44.96 ± 7.55%, and that for the control group was 44.80 ± 8.68%, without a significant difference between the groups. The current research only found a significant difference for the bone–implant contact at the cortical level; therefore, it could be considered that FGF-2 acts on the mineralization of bone tissue. The application of carboxyethylphosphonic acid on the surface of implants can be considered a promising alternative as a biomimetic coating for the immobilization of FGF-2. Despite no differences in the new bone formation around the implants or in the interthread or peri-implant bone density being detected, the biofunctionalization of the implant surface with FGF-2 accelerates the mineralization of the bone–implant interface at the cortical level, thereby reducing the osseointegration period.

scholarly journals Senam Irama Lagu Gizi Seimbang Meningkatkan Kebugaran Pada Anak Sekolah

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
Een Juliasti ◽  
Mury Kuswari ◽  
Idrus Jus’at
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Elementary School ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Fitness Level ◽  
Rhythmic Gymnastics ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Experimental Group

Physical activity on students in Jakarta is the lowest if it is compared to various regions in Indonesia. The low physical activity has an impact on the declining of health and fitness so that it affects toward the risk of various non-communicable diseases. The purpose of this research is to know the influence of gymnastics rhythm of Gizi Seimbang’s song to the level of fitness on students in State Elementary School Kebon Jeruk 08 Pagi West Jakarta. The type of research uses design experimental quasi research with design of Pre test - post test group control design. This design involves two groups of subjects, one is given an experimental group and one group is not enforced (control group). The population of this study are children aged 10-12 years old with 60 respondents (30 students of gymnastic group and 30 control group students) with gymnastics 3x/week for 12 times. Data analysis use t-dependent test, wilcoxon test because the data is not normally distributed. The result of the research shows that there is the influence of rhythmic gymnastics of Gizi Seimbang’s song to the significant fitness level (p value = 0.0001). Based on the results of this study, gymnastics rhythm of Gizi Seimbang’s song increases the level of fitness compared with control group on students in State Elementary School Kebon Jeruk 08 Pagi West Jakarta.

scholarly journals Individual Pharmacotherapy Management (IPM) - I: a group-matched retrospective controlled clinical study on prevention of complicating delirium in the elderly trauma patients and identification of associated factors

2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luise Drewas ◽  
Hassan Ghadir ◽  
Rüdiger Neef ◽  
Karl-Stefan Delank ◽  
Ursula Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Study ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Multivariable Regression ◽  
Elderly Trauma Patients ◽  
Controlled Clinical Study

Abstract Background Delirium is one of the most frequent complications in hospitalized elderly patients with additional costs such as prolongation of hospital stays and institutionalization, with risk of reduced functional recovery, long-term cognitive impairment, and increased morbidity and mortality. We analyzed the effect of individual pharmacotherapy management (IPM) in the University Hospital Halle in geriatric trauma patients on complicating delirium and aimed to identify associated factors. Methods In a retrospective controlled clinical study of 404 hospitalized trauma patients ≥70 years we compared the IPM intervention group (IG) with a control group (CG) before IPM implementation. Delirium was recorded from the hospital discharge letter. The medication review and data records included baseline data, all medications, diagnoses, electrocardiogram (ECG), laboratory and vital parameters during hospitalization. The IPM internist and the senior trauma physician guaranteed personnel and structural continuity in the implementation of the interdisciplinary patient rounds. Results There was a highly matched congruence between CG and IG in terms of age, gender, residency, BMI, most diagnoses, and injury patterns to compare the two groups. The total number of medications per patient was 11.1 ± 4.9 (CG) versus 10.4 ± 3.6 (IG). Our targeted IPM focus on 6 frontline aspects with reduction of antipsychotics, anticholinergic burden, benzodiazepines, serotonergic opioids, elimination of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions and overdosage reduced complicating delirium from 5% to almost zero at 0.5%. The association of IPM with a significant 10-fold reduction, OR = 0.09 [95% CI 0.01–0.7], in univariable regression, maintained of clinical relevance in multivariable regression OR = 0.1 [95% CI 0.01–1.1]. Factors most strongly associated with complicating delirium in univariable regression were cognitive dysfunction, nursing home residency, muscle relaxants, antiparkinsonian agents, xanthines, transient disorientation documented in the fall risk scale, antibiotic-requiring infections, antifungals, antipsychotics, and intensive care stay, the two latter maintaining significance in multivariable regression. Conclusions IPM is associated with a highly effective prevention of complicating delirium in the elderly trauma patients. For patient safety it should be integrated as an essential preventative contribution. The associated factors help identify patients at risk.

scholarly journals ‘Vidangadi Lauha’ for Obese Type 2 Diabetes mellitus; Randomized controlled clinical study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Punam Khobarkar ◽  
Jayant Gulhane ◽  
Amit Nakanekar
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Clinical Study ◽  
Targeted Treatment ◽  
High Density Lipoproteins ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Controlled Clinical Study

Abstract Type 2 Diabetes mellitus in obese persons is becoming threatening disease due to increasing prevalence of its microvascular and macro vascular complications. A multi targeted treatment can be considered better over single targeted treatment; in view of multiple pathways involved in pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. This open labelled randomized controlled clinical Study was aimed to evaluate clinical efficacy of ‘Vidangadi Lauha’(An Ayurveda formulation) in comparison with metformin for obese type II diabetes mellitus. Participants were divided into two groups. Trial group received Vidangadi Lauha 5gm BID and control group received tablet metformin 500mg BID for duration of 3 months. Among 550 screened participants 120 participants were eligible, out of them 100 participants were enrolled and randomized by computer generated method, out of them 80 patients (40 in each group) completed the trial. Both the treatments were equally effective in reducing blood sugar fasting(F), post meal(PM) glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1C) and Body Mass Index (BMI). Vidangadi Lauha is more effective in reducing Ayurvedic Symptoms, waist hip ratio and cholesterol as compared to Metformin. High Density Lipoproteins (HDL) were improved by minor clinical difference in both the groups. Both the treatment does not have statistically significant effect in reducing Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL).

scholarly journals Assessment of the Role of the Anti-Mullerian Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone/Follicle Stimulating Hormone Ratio in the Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Sudanese Women

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 1244-1247
Author(s):  
Hafza Tola ◽  
Mohammed Abbas ◽  
Elsir Abu Alhassan ◽  
Nassr Eldin Shrif ◽  
Mohammed Rida
Keyword(s):  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Diagnostic Efficiency ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is not an easy procedure, as the signs and symptoms are heterogeneous and of undefined aetiology.AIM: This study is aimed to evaluate serum anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) level and luteinizing hormone (LH)/folic stimulating hormone (FSH) ratio in women with PCOS in Sudan and to assess the diagnostic efficiency for the diagnosis of PCOS.METHODS: In a case-control study, Serum AMH, LH, FSH was measured in the early follicular phase from Sudanese patients (N = 230) with PCOS and100 controls. The LH/FSH ratio was calculated, and its diagnostic power was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curves.RESULTS: The means of serum AMH, serum LH level and LH/FSH ratio of the test, were significantly increased in the test group compared to the control group (P-value < 0.000). The AMH sensitivity, specificity, Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV) were found to be 83%, 99%, 99%, and 72% respectively. Serum AMH was considered adequate measures for the diagnosis of PCOS; its level showed an area under the ROC curve of 0.98 (95% confidence, P-value < 0.000). The best compromise between 98% specificity and 90% sensitivity was obtained with a cut-off value of 3.3 ng/mL for PCOS diagnosis. There was no correlation between age, body mass index (BMI) and AMH level in the test group.CONCLUSIONS: The Serum AMH level and LH/FSH ratio were higher in patients than in control. However AMH level has better discriminative power and good diagnostic potency for the diagnosis of the PCOS among Sudanese women.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Ayarij Faiqura in Qarah-e-Hazmiya - Randomized controlled Clinical study

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-117
Author(s):  
MA Siddiqui ◽  
Abdul Quavi ◽  
Mohd Aleemuddin Quamri
Keyword(s):  
Medical Science ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Burning Sensation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Test Drug ◽  
Ulcer Disease ◽  
Control Drug ◽  
Pain Abdomen ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Control

Background and Objective: Qarahe Hazmiya (Peptic ulcer disease) is one of the commonest ailment of Gastro intestinal tract, reported to affect around 4% of the population and 10% of people developed it at some point in their life. Etiopathology of the disease is considered as multi factorial mostly treated with medications and rarely with surgery. Several Unani formulation have been indicated effective in Qarahe Hazmiya, one of such formulation has been selected to evaluate its efficacy and to validate the same on scientific parametersMethods: This study was conducted as a single blind, randomized standard control clinical trial on 28 patients (n=20) in test and (n=8) control groups. Test group received Ayarij Faiqura 5gm and control group received Pantoprazole 40 mg, orally in empty stomach for 45 days. The study outcome was assessed as the difference in pre and post treatment through subjective and objective parameters.Result: The test drugs revealed statistically significant improvement in burning sensation in abdomen (p<0.0001), pain abdomen (p<0.0001) as subjective parameters in comparison to control group where as objectivecally endoscopic report showed significantly improvement (p<0.0196) in comparison to control group with respect to the healing of ulcer / erosions.Interpretation and conclusion: The study revealed that the test drug had good response in controlling burning sensation and pain abdomen, along with healing of ulcer / erosions in comparison to control drug. No side effect or toxicity was observed during and or after the study. Thus, it could be concluded that the test drug was found to be safe and effective without any adverse effect.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.17(1) 2018 p.112-117

scholarly journals EFFECT OF HERBAL TOOTHPASTE CONTAINING NEEM LEAVES EXTRACT (AZADIRACHTA INDICA) AGAINST GINGIVITIS: A CLINICAL STUDY

2019 ◽  
pp. 117-119
Author(s):  
AMELIA PRISCILLA SUGIARTA ◽  
ROBERT LESSANG ◽  
NATALINA .
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Study ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Azadirachta Indica ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Tooth Brushing ◽  
Plaque Index ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Neem Leaves ◽  
And Control

Objective: Neem leaves are known to have antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antiseptic, antitumor, antihyperglycemic, antiulcer, andantiviral effects. In addition, they can reduce the counts of plaque-forming bacteria in the oral cavity. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of anherbal toothpaste containing neem leaves extract against gingivitis.Methods: A total of 40 subjects were divided into two groups (n=20 each): Experimental and control. Those in the test group were instructed to brushtheir teeth twice a day for 7 days with neem leaves extract toothpaste, whereas the control group subjects were asked to continue with the non-herbalpaste they used for tooth brushing. Plaque index (PI) and papillary bleeding index (PBI) were measured on day 0 and day 7.Results: Significant reductions in PI and PBI were noted between the test and control groups.Conclusion: The findings of this clinical study provide evidence that neem leaf extracts are effective in reducing gingivitis.

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