Study of geographical distribution of number of cases of COVID-19 in different areas of Maharashtra

Background: Geographical differences in number of COVID-19 cases and death are affected by population density, age, gender distribution and mitigation measures like social distancing etc. The aim of this study was to determine the geographical distribution of number of cases of covid-19 in different areas of Maharashtra. The investigator wants to know, which area, which age group and which gender has been affected the most by COVID-19 along with the effect of lockdown.Methods: Area and population of all the COVID-19 affected area was collected and area wise number of cases till 31st May 2020 was considered. Association between number of COVID-19 cases and population of areas was calculated and gender-wise and age-wise case distribution was also calculated.Results: Cases are more in urban areas mainly in corporation (Chi square=114441; p<0.0001). Age group 31-40 years’ is most affected (11.5 per 100,000 population affected). Young adults as well males were affected most and even though population of children is quite big, they remained less affected (chi square=22117).Conclusions: This COVID-19 is a disease of urban area primarily affecting corporation areas. High population density and overcrowding are mainly responsible for initial phase of this disease only in corporation area. Strict lockdown and other social measures decreased both transmission and mortality rate.

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Analysis of Data on Socio-Demographic and Clinical Factors of the COVID-19 Coronavirus Epidemic in Spain on Cases of Recovered and Death Cases

Modern Applied Science ◽

10.5539/mas.v14n8p9 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (8) ◽

pp. 9

Author(s):

G. Sanglier Contreras ◽

M. Robas Mora ◽

P. Jimenez Gómez

Keyword(s):

Population Density ◽

Clinical Parameters ◽

High Population Density ◽

Clinical Factors ◽

Chi Square ◽

The People ◽

Statistical Program ◽

Speed Of Propagation ◽

Death Cases ◽

Relevant Factors

Carrying out a study of socio-demographic and clinical factors to determine which of these are more significant and have a greater influence on the speed of the spread of the virus, taking into account the behaviour of people who have died and been recovered in Spain. The objectives of this study have been to analyze the influence of socio-demographic and clinical factors on the speed of propagation of Covid-19, to determine the most relevant factors and to propose studies determining the prevalence of the disease. The Chi-square model supported by the statistical program Statgraphics Centurion xvi has been used to determine the dependence or not of the different variables studied on the speed of propagation of the virus. In relation to the clinical variables, a cluster study has been carried out to see their dependence. Very relevant conclusions have been obtained from the factor of age in the different analyzed bands, as well as from the little influence of the economic position of the people in the speed of propagation of the virus. The high population density and the areas studied are not always indicative of further spread of the disease A linear function has been determined to link the clinical parameters studied that could be used in subsequent prevalence and seroprevalence studies. The fundamental variables in the study of the coronavirus have been indicated according to socio-demographic and clinical factors. We warn about environmental factors to be studied.

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Assessment of Cryptosporidium in Patients With Gastroenteritis by Modified Ziehl-Neelsen Staining Method in East Azerbaijan Province of Iran During 2018-2019

International Journal of Medical Parasitology and Epidemiology Sciences ◽

10.34172/ijmpes.2020.17 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 56-60

Author(s):

Alireza Javidmehr ◽

Yagoob Garedaghi ◽

Amir Babak Sioufi

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Parasitic Infections ◽

Age Group ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Stool Samples ◽

East Azerbaijan

Introduction: Cryptosporidiosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease that is caused by Cryptosporidium species and leads to acute or chronic diarrhea and vomiting in patients. Due to the suitable conditions of East Azerbaijan province for parasite transmission, the present study was performed to evaluate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in patients with gastroenteritis referred to hospitals and reference laboratories of East Azerbaijan province during 2018-2019. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on patients with diarrhea who referred to hospitals and reference laboratories of East Azerbaijan province during 2018-2019. In this study, 180 fecal samples were collected from patients with gastroenteritis by cluster-random sampling. Stool samples were stored in 10% formalin and transferred to a parasitology laboratory and examined for parasite contamination by modified acid-fast staining (Modified Ziehl-Neelsen) method. Data were analyzed by chi-square test using SPSS. Results: Out of 180 samples, the highest number of diarrhea samples belonged to the age group over 40 years (35.5%) and the lowest belonged to the age group of 10-20 years (7.7%). Additionally, 56% of subjects were male and 44% were female. Of these patients, 57.7% lived in urban areas and 42.3% in rural areas. Cryptosporidium was observed in 1.6% (3 cases) of patients with gastroenteritis. There was a statistically significant relationship between Cryptosporidium infection and the age of patients with diarrhea (P<0.05). Conclusion: In the present study, a lower prevalence of cryptosporidiosis has been determined in comparison with previous studies in East Azerbaijan province. However, Cryptosporidium and other parasitic infections in the feces of patients with diarrhea referred to hospitals or reference laboratories need to be carefully diagnosed by appropriate parasitological methods.

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Gender differences in patients who underwent root canal treatment in anterior teeth after trauma

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl4.4003 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (SPL4) ◽

pp. 609-613

Author(s):

Reshmi B ◽

Bhagyalakshmi T ◽

Arvind S

Keyword(s):

Root Canal ◽

Anterior Tooth ◽

Root Canal Treatment ◽

P Value ◽

Age Group ◽

Chi Square ◽

Anterior Teeth ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Spss Software ◽

And Gender

Anterior tooth fractures are more commonly found in younger patients than in adults. Kids in school accidentally fall and break their anterior tooth. It not only has an impact on aesthetics but physiological disturbances due to their friends. The aim of this study is to assess the gender difference in patients who underwent root canal treatment in anterior teeth after trauma. The data was collected from the dental information archiving software of saveetha dental college, from June 2019 to March 2020. The parameters collected were age, gender, a tooth which had undergone trauma. The data was collected and tabulated in the excel sheet and was transferred to the SPSS software by IBM for statistical analysis like chi-square test between trauma teeth and age and gender and traumatized tooth. This study reveals that males had a higher incidence of fracture than females and they belonged to the age group of 2-4 years with a P-value of 0.213 >0.05 (statistically insignificant). This study concludes that male children are more prone for anterior tooth fracture than the female children, and they must be educated on the importance of teeth and safety during sporting or any other physical activities.

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Analysis of pre-prosthetic surgeries performed in a private dental institution

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl3.3504 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (SPL3) ◽

pp. 1737-1742

Author(s):

Nurul Syamimi Binti Mohd Azlan Sunil ◽

Santhosh Kumar M P ◽

Revathi Duraisamy

Keyword(s):

Maxillofacial Surgery ◽

Categorical Variables ◽

P Value ◽

Oral And Maxillofacial Surgery ◽

Age Group ◽

Chi Square ◽

Tests Of Association ◽

Spss Software ◽

And Gender ◽

Prosthetic Surgery

Pre-prosthetic surgery is part of the oral and maxillofacial surgery, which concerns restoration of facial form and oral function. Pre-prosthetic surgery is a surgery done to obtain a better anatomic environment and to provide proper supporting structures for denture construction. The aim of this study was to analyse the various pre-prosthetic surgeries performed in a private dental institution. In this retrospective study, digital case records of all patients who underwent pre-prosthetic surgeries in Saveetha Dental College and Hospital from June 2019 to March 2020 were reviewed. Demographic details of patients and types of pre-prosthetic surgeries performed were recorded from digital case records. Retrieved data was analysed using IBM SPSS Software Version 23.0. Descriptive statistics and tests of association for categorical variables by Chi square tests were done and results were obtained. P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. In this study, we observed that pre-prosthetic surgery was more commonly performed in the age group of 51-60 yrs (23.3%). Pre-prosthetic surgeries were done more in males than females. The most common type of pre-prosthetic surgery was valvuloplasty (62.2%), followed by frenectomy (20.7%). Statistically, a significant association was found between pre-prosthetic surgery and age group; pre-prosthetic surgery and gender; pre-prosthetic surgery and quadrant involved (p<0.05) Within the limits of this study, it can be concluded that the most common pre-prosthetic surgery performed was valvuloplasty. Pre-prosthetic surgery was performed more in males and the age group of 51-60 years, mostly in the third quadrant.

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PROFIL SKABIES DIPOLIKLINIK KULIT DAN KELAMIN BLU RSUP PROF. DR. R. D. KANDOU MANADO PERIODE JANUARI – DESEMBER 2012

e-CliniC ◽

10.35790/ecl.2.1.2014.3606 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Author(s):

I Made Erik Sastra Gunawan ◽

Renate T. Kandou ◽

Herry E. J. Pandaleke

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Population Density ◽

Skin Disease ◽

Sarcoptes Scabiei ◽

Age Group ◽

High Population Density ◽

Low Socioeconomic ◽

The World ◽

Unhealthy Behaviour ◽

Keywords Scabies

Abstract: Scabies is a skin disease caused by sentization of Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis and its products. Scabies affects skin and highly contagious in humans and animals, affects all races and classes in all over the world. Risk factors of this disease is low socioeconomic, individual’s poor hygiene, dirty environment, unhealthy behaviour, and high population density. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the profile of scabies patients in Dermatovenereology clinic of Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital Manado during the period from January – December 2012. The Method used in this study was descriptive retrospective. The result showed that among 41 scabies patients (3.74%), the highest rate was from age group between 15 – 24 years (29.26%), male (63.41%), most occupation was students (48.78%), most location affected was generalized (80.48%) and most therapy used was anti-scabies combined with antihistamine (60.98%) Keywords: scabies, profile Abstract: Skabies adalah penyakit kulit yang di sebabkan oleh sensitisasi terhadap sarcoptes scabiei varietas hominis dan produknya. Skabies menyerang kulit dan mudah menular dari manusia ke manusia, dari hewan ke manusia atau sebaliknya, dapat mengenai semua ras dan golongan di seluruh dunia. Faktor risiko penyakit ini adalah sosial ekonomi yang rendah, higiene perorangan yang jelek, lingkungan yang tidak bersih, perilaku yang tidak sehat, serta kepadatan penduduk. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui profil pasien skabies di poliklinik Kulit dan Kelamin RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado periode Januari – Desember 2012. Metode penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif retrospektif. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan dari 41 penderita skabies (3,74%) terbanyak dari kelompok umur 15 – 24 tahun (29,26%), jenis kelamin laki – laki (63,41%), pekerjaan sebagai pelajar (48,78%), lokasi secara generalisata (80,48%) dan terapi antiskabies yang di kombinasikan dengan antialergi (60,98%). Kata kunci: skabies, profil

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Contribution Factors on Congenital Malformations in Neonates in Iran

Iranian Journal of Pediatrics ◽

10.5812/ijp.105984 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol In Press (In Press) ◽

Author(s):

Sevda Riyahifar ◽

Reza Ali Akbari Khoei ◽

Kayvan Mirnia

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Congenital Malformations ◽

Family Relationship ◽

Chi Square ◽

Significance Level ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Education Of Patients ◽

And Gender ◽

Hands And Feet

Background: Congenital malformations are one of the most important and common types of anomalies in infants, and they are considered as the leading causes of disability and mortality in children. These malformations impose enormous costs on families and organizations involved in the treatment, maintenance, and education of patients. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the risk factors affecting the incidence of congenital anomalies in infants born in Iran. Methods: In this retrospective descriptive-analytical study, we registered various information of all newborns examined and their mothers, including gender, family relationship of parents, type of delivery, types of congenital malformations, anomalies of the hands and feet, and anomalies of the nervous and reproductive systems in the maternity wards of hospitals in Iran. Data were gathered using a checklist. The relationships between different factors were assessed by chi-square test, and the factors influencing congenital malformations were investigated by logistic regression using SPSS-26 software. The significance level of all tests was 0.05. Results: According to the results, 7.5% of newborns had congenital malformations. Eclampsia and diabetes mellitus increased the risk of congenital malformations by 15 and 11%, respectively. The risk of congenital malformations in rural areas was 12% higher than in urban areas. Factors such as consanguineous marriages, history of abortion, and gender also affected the risk of congenital malformations. Conclusions: Necessary measures and plans in the field of premarital counseling, regular pre-pregnancy and post-pregnancy tests and controls, especially in rural and deprived areas, are essential and effective in reducing the incidence of congenital malformations.

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Interplay between intra-urban population density and mobility in determining the spread of epidemics

10.21203/rs.3.rs-186291/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Surendra Hazarie ◽

David Soriano Panos ◽

Alex Arenas ◽

Jesus Gomez-Gardenes ◽

Gourab Ghoshal

Keyword(s):

Population Density ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Human Mobility ◽

The United States ◽

Mitigation Strategies ◽

High Population Density ◽

Mobility Patterns ◽

Optimal Control Strategy ◽

Spreading Process ◽

Contagious Diseases

Abstract In this work, we address the connection between population density centers in urban areas, and the nature of human flows between such centers, in shaping the vulnerability to the onset of contagious diseases. A study of 163 cities, chosen from four different continents reveals a universal trend, whereby the risk induced by human mobility increases in those cities where mobility flows are predominantly between high population density centers. We apply our formalism to the spread of SARS-COV-2 in the United States, providing a plausible explanation for the observed heterogeneity in the spreading process across cities. Armed with this insight, we propose realistic mitigation strategies (less severe than lockdowns), based on modifying the mobility in cities. Our results suggest that an optimal control strategy involves an asymmetric policy that restricts flows entering the most vulnerable areas but allowing residents to continue their usual mobility patterns.

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Emotional Intelligence and Gender Differences: A Study among the Youth in Bangalore City, India

International Journal of Indian Psychology ◽

10.25215/0404.023 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Mrs. Sudha A Rao ◽

Dr. Komala M

Keyword(s):

Emotional Intelligence ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Age Groups ◽

Age Group ◽

Bangalore City ◽

Technical Competencies ◽

The Difference ◽

And Gender ◽

Personal Success ◽

Demographic Background

Emotional Intelligence (EI) plays a significant role in a person’s academic, professional and personal success. Youth, who are at the verge of entry into their professional lives, need to cultivate their EI that has now become the most essential skill for survival in an organisation along with the job-specific technical competencies. The aim of this study was to assess the EI among the youth of Bangalore city. The sample comprised 800 youth in the age group of 18 to 24 years, consisting 333 boys and 467 girls. Results revealed that overall EI among the youth was higher (115.90±30.91) than the normal range (68±16). Though the boys had slightly higher scores (116.92±31.45) than the girls (115.17±30.54), the difference was statically not significant. This may be due to similar socio-demographic background (family structure, religion, economic groups), up-bringing in urban areas and/or forward-looking culture in the region. With respect to age groups, mean difference was highly significant where older age group (22-24 years) had higher mean score (127.74±23.309) of EI than the younger (18-20 years) age group (72.95±20.589),confirming that EI develops with age.

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IMPROVING COMMUNITY AWARENESS FOR A CLEAN AND HEALTHY LIFE TO PREVENT THE SPREAD OF COVID 19 IN TANAH KALI KEDINDING, KENJERAN, SURABAYA

Journal of Community Based Environmental Engineering and Management ◽

10.23969/jcbeem.v5i1.3807 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Taty Alfiah ◽

Rachmanu Eko Handriyono ◽

Talent Nia Pramestyawati

Keyword(s):

Population Density ◽

Community Service ◽

Urban Areas ◽

High Population ◽

High Population Density ◽

Healthy Living ◽

Healthy Behaviors ◽

Community Awareness ◽

Engineering Department ◽

Healthier Living

High population density in urban areas is a challenge in preventing the spread of Covid 19. High population density encourages the occurrence of crowds in public facilities, which has a great potential for the spread of the Covid 19 virus. People's awareness to live clean and healthy is an individual's role in realizing personal health, family and the environment. One of the healthy behaviors is the habit of washing hands with soap, which is an effort to prevent the spread of Covid 19. However, everyone's awareness is different, influenced by their socio-economic background. Education on clean and healthy living needs to be carried out continuously, therefore, ITATS Environmental Engineering Department, conducts community service activities in the form of education on clean and healthy living in Tanah Kali Kedinding Village, Kenjeran, Surabaya. Activities of this community service include assisstantship and facilities donation. The result shows that Covid 19 spreading was lowering after the event. The community awareness on cleaner and healthier living is improved.

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Population density and the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: comparing the geography of the first and second wave in the Netherlands

10.31235/osf.io/9zsjf ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Willem Rogier Boterman

Keyword(s):

Population Density ◽

The Netherlands ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Mitigation Measures ◽

Simple Diffusion ◽

Panel Regressions ◽

National Networks ◽

The Relationship ◽

Second Wave

The COVID-19 pandemic has boosted public and scholarly debate about the relationship between infectious disease and the urban. Cities are considered contagious because they are hubs in (inter)national networks and contain high densities of people. However, the role of the urban and population density in the spread of pathogens is complex and is mediated by the wider bio-social environment. This paper analsyes the role of population density in the outbreak of COVID-19 in the densely and highly urbanized context of the Netherlands. It compares the geography of the different phases in the epidemic and assesses when and where density plays a role. Using municipal data on the rate of infections and hospitalizations this paper reveals that spatial patterns differ substantially in time, which does not appear to be simple diffusion. Using panel regressions it is demonstrated that population density plays a role in those stages in which containment and mitigation measures were least strict, while in periods of lock down other factors such as household size are associated with higher infection rates. It concludes that lock downs may have greater effect in urban areas as key elements of urbanity are temporarily cancelled out.

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