Expression of transaminase enzymes and effect of potassium iodide on its production in mycelial form of Sporothrix schenckii

The in vitro susceptibility of 62 isolates of Sporothrix schenckii in its mycelial form, from Latin-American countries (Peru, Venezuela, Brazil and Uruguay) and Spain, to amphotericin B (AB), itraconazole (IZ), posaconazole (PZ) and terbinafine (TB) was determined by measuring the MICs and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) using a standardized Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute method. In general, TB was the most active drug, with the lowest geometric mean (GM) MIC and MFC values amongst isolates from the five countries tested. IZ and PZ showed almost the same activity against all strains tested, except for isolates from Uruguay where IZ gave the highest GM MIC (10.68 mg l−1). AB showed the widest MIC range (0.03–16.0 mg l−1); however, this drug was less active against 79 % of isolates (MICs above 1 mg l−1). MFCs were 5 to 20 times higher than the MICs, but the lowest GM MFC and range values were found for TB. IZ and PZ gave the highest GM MFC. MFC may be a better predictor of therapeutic response than MIC, especially in immunosuppressed patients, making the use of IZ and PZ an inappropriate treatment. There were some differences in susceptibility according to the geographical source of the isolates, with the MIC being lower for TB in Venezuelan strains (P=0.066) and the MFC higher for PZ in Peruvian strains (P=0.02). Thus, geographical origin may be important for appropriate treatment, and may relate to the identification of species of the S. schenckii complex.

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A case series and review of sporotrichosis in Sikkim

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ◽

10.3855/jidc.1305 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 5 (08) ◽

pp. 603-608 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Pema Yoden Bhutia ◽

Shrijana Gurung ◽

Prakash Peralam Yegneswaran ◽

Jagat Pradhan ◽

Uttam Pradhan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Potassium Iodide ◽

Sporothrix Schenckii ◽

Case Series ◽

Environmental Study ◽

Eastern Region ◽

Fungal Culture ◽

The North ◽

North Eastern ◽

Himalayan Belt ◽

Ulcerative Lesions

Sporotrichosis caused by the fungus Sporothrix schenckii has been widely reported from the northern Himalayan belt and the north eastern region of India. Three autochthonous cases of lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis from east and south districts of Sikkim are reported. Fluid aspirate from the nodulo-ulcerative lesions were sent for cytology and fungal culture. S. schenckii was isolated on culture and cytological examination in all three cases showed granulomatous reaction. Thermal dimorphism was demonstrated and animal pathogenicity testing was performed. Saturated solution of potassium iodide was used for treatment and the last case was treated with itraconazole and potassium iodide. Awareness of this disease and an extensive environmental study is required to understand the actual burden of this disease.

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In vitro susceptibility of isolates ofSporothrix schenckiito amphotericin B, itraconazole, and terbinafine: comparison of yeast and mycelial forms

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/w06-040 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 52 (9) ◽

pp. 843-847 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Lidiane Meire Kohler ◽

Betânia Maria Soares ◽

Daniel de Assis Santos ◽

Maria Elisabete Da Silva Barros ◽

Júnia Soares Hamdan

Keyword(s):

Amphotericin B ◽

Clinical Laboratory ◽

Sporothrix Schenckii ◽

Clinical Findings ◽

In Vitro Tests ◽

Mycelial Form ◽

In Vitro Susceptibility ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Different Levels

Forty-three clinical isolates of Sporothrix schenckii derived from humans and animals were evaluated in vitro for their susceptibility to amphotericin B, itraconazole, and terbinafine. MICs were determined by the method of micro dilution in liquid media, using protocols M27-A2 for the yeast form and M38-A for the mycelial form, both standardized by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute. In general, higher MICs were found for the mycelial form (intervals of up to two dilutions). In the case of amphotericin B, a significant difference in activity was observed, with higher values (p < 0.05) found for the mycelial form. MICs for itraconazole and terbinafine were similar for both yeast and mycelial forms but slightly higher for mycelia. Although data presented here indicate different levels of susceptibility when both growth forms were compared, indicating an intrinsic difference between them, it is still difficult to draw a consensus as to which form correlates better with clinical findings. More studies are necessary to determine the criteria for in vitro tests that will lead to efficient therapeutic choices.Key words: Sporothrix schenckii, susceptibility testing, antifungal drug.

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Potassium iodide and miltefosine inhibit biofilms of Sporothrix schenckii species complex in yeast and filamentous forms

Medical Mycology ◽

10.1093/mmy/myy119 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 57 (6) ◽

pp. 764-772 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Raimunda Sâmia Nogueira Brilhante ◽

Maria Lucilene Queiroz da Silva ◽

Vandbergue Santos Pereira ◽

Jonathas Sales de Oliveira ◽

Juliana Maria Maciel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Potassium Iodide ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Sporothrix Schenckii ◽

Planktonic Cells ◽

Biofilm Growth ◽

Filamentous Form ◽

Yeast Form ◽

Complex Forms ◽

Microscopic Techniques

AbstractThis study aimed to evaluate the yeast biofilm growth kinetics and ultrastructure of Sporothrix schenckii complex and assess their mature biofilm susceptibility in filamentous and yeast forms to potassium iodide (KI) and miltefosine (MIL). Yeast biofilms were evaluated by crystal violet staining, XTT reduction assay and microscopic techniques. Susceptibility of planktonic and sessile cells was analyzed by broth microdilution. S. schenckii complex in yeast form produced biofilms, with an optimum maturation at 96 h, showing multilayered blastoconidia embedded in extracellular matrix. KI and MIL minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranges against planktonic cells were 62,500–250,000 μg/ml and 0.125–4 μg/ml, respectively. KI and MIL reduced biofilm metabolic activity by 75.4% and 67.7% for filamentous form and 55.1% and 51.6% for yeast form, respectively. This study demonstrated that S. schenckii complex forms biofilms in vitro, and potassium iodide and miltefosine inhibit Sporothrix spp. biofilms in both filamentous and yeast forms.

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Uncommon Clinical Presentations of Sporotrichosis: A Two-Case Report

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10101249 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 1249

Author(s):

Erick Martínez-Herrera ◽

Roberto Arenas ◽

Rigoberto Hernández-Castro ◽

María Guadalupe Frías-De-León ◽

Carmen Rodríguez-Cerdeira

Keyword(s):

Case Report ◽

Potassium Iodide ◽

Sporothrix Schenckii ◽

Sensu Stricto ◽

Clinical Suspicion ◽

Differential Diagnoses ◽

Clinical Form ◽

Gene Encoding ◽

Clinical Forms ◽

Clinical Presentations

Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous endemic mycosis caused by species of the Sporothrix schenckii complex. The most common clinical form of the disease is lymphocutaneous, while the fixed cutaneous and disseminated cutaneous forms are rare. Moreover, it is more prevalent in immunocompetent individuals. In this study, we present two cases of sporotrichosis with uncommon clinical forms: fixed cutaneous (Case 1) and disseminated cutaneous (Case 2). Both cases were diagnosed in immunocompetent males from endemic regions in Mexico, who had at least 1 year of evolution without improvement in response to prior nonspecific treatments. The diagnosis of sporotrichosis caused by S. schenckii sensu stricto was established through the isolation of the pathogen and its identification through the amplification of a 331 bp fragment of the gene encoding calmodulin. In both cases, improvement was observed after treatment with potassium iodide. Cases 1 and 2 illustrate the rarity of these clinical forms in individuals residing in endemic areas; hence, it is important to ensure a high index of clinical suspicion for the diagnosis of mycosis, as the differential diagnoses vary widely.

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Assessment of acid phosphatase enzyme and influence of potassium iodide on its production in the yeast form of Sporothrix schenckii

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20195516 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (12) ◽

pp. 4548

Author(s):

Rajesh Bareja ◽

Prem S. Grover ◽

Sudhir K. Mehra

Keyword(s):

Acid Phosphatase ◽

Potassium Iodide ◽

Sporothrix Schenckii ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Yeast Nitrogen Base ◽

Nitrogen Base ◽

Yeast Form ◽

The Mean ◽

Phosphatase Enzyme

Background: Sporotrichosis is caused by a dimorphic fungal species, Sporothrix schenckii (S. schenckii). The enzyme acid phosphatase is pervasive among yeast and yeast like fungi. It has been studied in various fungi like Aspergillus oryzae, Candida albicans etc. but in S. schenckii little is known about enzyme acid phosphatase. The present study depicts the in-vitro influence of Potassium Iodide (KI) on the enzyme acid phosphatase produced by the S. schenckii (yeast form).Methods: A master culture was prepared by incorporating the standard strain of S. schenckii in YNB (Yeast Nitrogen Base) medium and was incubated at 37ºC. After preparing the increasing concentrations with KI in YNB medium, 1.0 mL suspension of master culture was inoculated into each bottle and incubated at 37ºC for different time period 6th, 12th, 18th day (early, mid, peak of log period) respectively. After centrifuging, a 5% homogenate was prepared, which was used for acid phosphatase enzyme assay.Results: The mean acid phosphatase level of control specimen was 20.9±2.01, 50.0±2.25, 45.0±5.10 μg and test specimens was ranged from 14.9±4.89 to 20.2±3.49, 10.2±4.19 to 40.0±6.39 and 10.0±1.81 to 34.7±6.08 μg on day 6, 12 and 18 respectively. The mean value was lower significantly for all the test concentrations as compared to control (p<0.05).Conclusions: The low activity of the enzyme acid phosphatase indicates that KI has inhibitory effect on the growth of S. schenckii that has led to decrease in the activity of the enzyme.

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Ultrastructure of Sporothrix schenckii treated with iodine-potassium iodide solution

Mycopathologia ◽

10.1007/bf00436850 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 97 (2) ◽

pp. 121-127 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Masataro Hiruma ◽

Saburo Kagawa

Keyword(s):

Potassium Iodide ◽

Sporothrix Schenckii ◽

Potassium Iodide Solution ◽

Iodide Solution

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Cutaneous sporotrichosis treatment with potassium iodide: a 24 year experience in São Paulo state, Brazil

Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo ◽

10.1590/s0036-46652011000200006 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 53 (2) ◽

pp. 89-93 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Karin Yamada ◽

Clarisse Zaitz ◽

Valéria Maria De Souza Framil ◽

Laura Hitomi Muramatu

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Potassium Iodide ◽

Sporothrix Schenckii ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Positive Culture ◽

Effective Drug ◽

Frequency Resolution ◽

Dimorphic Fungus ◽

Drug Of Choice ◽

Length Of Treatment

BACKGROUND: Sporotrichosis is a subacute or chronic disease caused by a dimorphic fungus, Sporothrix schenckii. The first and most traditional treatment is potassium iodide in satured solution (SSKI) used by DE BEURMANN in 1907. For its effectiveness, it is still used for cutaneous sporotrichosis. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the treatment of cutaneous sporotrichosis with SSKI in relation to clinical cure, side effects, length of treatment and reactivation. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of medical records over a 24-year period (1981-2005). Patients of all ages who were treated in the hospital´s division of dermatology were included in the study providing that they had a positive culture of S. schenckii. Satured solution of potassium iodide (3 to 6g per day) was the treatment prescribed. For children, half of the dose was prescribed. RESULTS: The lymphocutaneous disease was prevalent, the cure rate was 94.7%, side effects were described in 5.5% of the cases, mean length of treatment was 3.5 months and possible reactivation was observed in 11.1%. CONCLUSION: SSKI is an effective drug, with many side effects, but with low frequency. Resolution was for maximum six months of treatment. SSKI has been found to be a very effective drug in this retrospective study of culture-proven cases of cutaneous and lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis. It should be used as first drug of choice especially in resource-limited settings.

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