scholarly journals Immobilization of lipase in biochar obtained from Manihot esculenta Crantz

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Livia Maria Oliveira-Ribeiro ◽  
Lucas Meili ◽  
Georgia Nayane Silva-Belo-Gois ◽  
Renata Maria Rosas-Garcia-Almeida ◽  
José Leandro da Silva-Duarte
Keyword(s):  
High Selectivity ◽  
Carbonaceous Material ◽  
Immobilized Enzymes ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽  
Agricultural Residue ◽  
Relevant Fact ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Strong Candidate ◽  
Type Ii Code

The immobilized enzymes are catalysts of great industrial interest, as it unites the advantages of heterogeneous catalysis with the high selectivity and mild operation conditions of the enzymes. Biochar is a porous carbonaceous material, which have characteristic that it makes a strong candidate to incorporate enzymes in its structure. Another relevant fact is the possibility of changes and adaptations by synthesis condition in the biochar structure due to the application needs. In this context, the objective of this work was the study of immobilization of lipase (type II, code l3126, Sigma Aldrich) in a biochar produced by pyrolysis (600oC) from an agricultural residue called cassava stump. It was evaluated different enzymatic concentrations (0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 g/L) in order to determine the affinity between the enzyme and biochar. The obtained results showed that the enzyme studied could be easily immobilized in the biochar, obtaining as immobilization yield 61.2% when using the highest concentration of enzyme.

scholarly journals Effect of activated charcoal on different aspects of poultry performance: a review

2021 ◽  
pp. 85-89
Keyword(s):  
Activated Charcoal ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Carbonaceous Material ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Agricultural Residue ◽  
Major Threat ◽  
Laying Performance ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Physical And Chemical

This paper presents a short review of the effects of activated charcoal (AC) on different aspects of poultry performance. Activated charcoal is a solid, porous, tasteless and black carbonaceous material prepared from a variety of carbon containing materials, including agricultural residue. In powder form it acts as adsorbent for many toxins according to physical and chemical nature of the precursor. Several studies reviewed showed AC, as a non-digestible and cheap substance that may be of benefit to poultry gut health, growth and laying performance, especially in the tropics where microbial degradation of feed is a major threat. Keywords: Activated charcoal, broilers, layers, poultry performance.

scholarly journals Orthogonal Frames in the Leech Lattice and a Type II Code over Z22

2001 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.Aaron Gulliver ◽  
Masaaki Harada
Keyword(s):  
Type Ii ◽  
Leech Lattice ◽  
Type Ii Code

A State‐of‐the‐art Review on a Thermochemical Conversion of Carbonaceous Materials: Production of Synthesis gas by Co-gasification ProcessPart I

2020 ◽  
Vol 04 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed R. Gomaa ◽  
Ghayda’ A. Matarneh ◽  
Mohammad Shalby ◽  
Hani A. AL-Rawashdeh
Keyword(s):  
Synthesis Gas ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Carbonaceous Material ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Thermochemical Conversion ◽  
Carbonaceous Materials ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Gasification Process ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Materials Used

Objective: Energy is one of the most significant inputs for development and economic growth. Jordan faces big internal and regional challenges concerns. One of these challenges is the growing Electricity demand, which accompanied by a shortage of available natural resources. Locally, Jordan is generating very limited Electrical energy that contributes only 2.4% of total energy consumption. Therefore, providing reliable and affordable Electricity in Jordan is considered one of the National Energy Strategy. The off-grid energy generating technologies can provide a more reliable supply and has a great potential to supply power to remote and rural areas. It is more environmentally friendly, cost-efficient, and operates independently without relying on multiple public utilities. The purpose of this research is to study gasification technology as one of a renewable energy source that can provide a more reliable supply and has a great potential to supply power to remote and rural areas. The gasification of the carbonaceous material is a method to produce syngas. Such technology is a process used to converts carbonaceous materials to synthetic gas to use as energy. In the gasification process, the most common materials used are Biomass. This technology has many challenges, such as low energy density, low heating value, higher tar content, and unstable supply. To overcome these disadvantages, Biomass and coal have been employed in a single process called the co-gasification. Although this method improved the process of co-gasification various factors influenced such a process. These factors include flow geometry, where the gasifier is classified for several types: entrained flow gasifier, moving bed gasifier, and fluidized bed gasifier. Other factors are gasification agent, operation conditions (temperature, pressure), heating rate, feedstock composition, fuel blending ratio, and particle size, where it is influenced by the percentage of the gases and ratio between produced (CO, CO2, CH4, H2). Methods: Previous works and research. of the gases and ratio between produced (CO, CO2, CH4, H2). Results: Compared the production of synthesis gas by co-gasification process. of the gases and ratio between produced (CO, CO2, CH4, H2). Conclusion: This paper presented the co-gasification process from the literature. Then, the comparison was made between the co-gasification process and normal gasification to determine the main factors that impact these processes, which will attend to future improving gasification. The gasification agents is one of factors that influence the gasification process, which depends on the gasifier design and operation. The other factor that can affect the co-gasification is temperature.

scholarly journals CATALYTIC PERFORMANCE OF ZSM-5 ZEOLITE IN HEAVY HYDROCARBON CATALYTIC CRACKING: A REVIEW

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
Ratu Ulfiati
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Cracking ◽  
High Selectivity ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Hydrothermal Stability ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Light Olefins ◽  
Heavy Oils ◽  
Transportation Fuels ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Olefin Production

Low quality heavy oils and residues, which are subsequently obtained by processing heavy crudes, are considered as alternate suitable source for transportation fuels, energy and petrochemicals. ZSM-5 zeolite with high Si/Al ratio and modified with phosphorous and La has showed not only high selectivity to light olefins but also high hydrothermal stability for the steam catalytic cracking of naphtha. Kaolin is promising natural resource as raw material to synthesis of ZSM-5 zeolite. The utilization of acid catalysts with large pore size or hierarchically structured and high hydrothermal stability to resist the severity of the steam catalytic cracking (or thermal and catalytic cracking) operation conditions to maximize the olefin production.

scholarly journals Multi-Enzyme Systems in Flow Chemistry

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 225
Author(s):  
Pedro Fernandes ◽  
Carla C. C. R. de Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
High Selectivity ◽  
Flow Chemistry ◽  
Cascade Reactions ◽  
Flow Reactors ◽  
Whole Cells ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Sound Environment ◽  
Key Aspects

Recent years have witnessed a growing interest in the use of biocatalysts in flow reactors. This merging combines the high selectivity and mild operation conditions typical of biocatalysis with enhanced mass transfer and resource efficiency associated to flow chemistry. Additionally, it provides a sound environment to emulate Nature by mimicking metabolic pathways in living cells and to produce goods through the systematic organization of enzymes towards efficient cascade reactions. Moreover, by enabling the combination of enzymes from different hosts, this approach paves the way for novel pathways. The present review aims to present recent developments within the scope of flow chemistry involving multi-enzymatic cascade reactions. The types of reactors used are briefly addressed. Immobilization methodologies and strategies for the application of the immobilized biocatalysts are presented and discussed. Key aspects related to the use of whole cells in flow chemistry are presented. The combination of chemocatalysis and biocatalysis is also addressed and relevant aspects are highlighted. Challenges faced in the transition from microscale to industrial scale are presented and discussed.

Type II Solar Radio Bursts over Solar Cycle 21

1994 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 283-284
Author(s):  
G. Maris ◽  
E. Tifrea
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radio ◽  
Interplanetary Space ◽  
Impulsive Phase ◽  
Radio Bursts ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Solar Radio Bursts ◽  
Strong Energy ◽  
Mass Ejection ◽  
Geophysical Effect ◽  
Radio Event

The type II solar radio bursts produced by a shock wave passing through the solar corona are one of the most frequently studied solar activity phenomena. The scientific interest in this type of phenomenon is due to the fact that the presence of this radio event in a solar flare is an almost certain indicator of a future geophysical effect. The origin of the shock waves which produce these bursts is not at all simple; besides the shocks which are generated as a result of a strong energy release during the impulsive phase of a flare, there are also the shocks generated by a coronal mass ejection or the shocks which appear in the interplanetary space due to the supplementary acceleration of the solar particles.

Heat-Etching with a Bullivant Type II Simple Freeze-Cleave Device

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 106-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald S. Weinstein ◽  
N. Scott McNutt
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
General Hospital ◽  
Massachusetts General Hospital ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Collaborative Effort ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
The University

The Type I simple cold block device was described by Bullivant and Ames in 1966 and represented the product of the first successful effort to simplify the equipment required to do sophisticated freeze-cleave techniques. Bullivant, Weinstein and Someda described the Type II device which is a modification of the Type I device and was developed as a collaborative effort at the Massachusetts General Hospital and the University of Auckland, New Zealand. The modifications reduced specimen contamination and provided controlled specimen warming for heat-etching of fracture faces. We have now tested the Mass. General Hospital version of the Type II device (called the “Type II-MGH device”) on a wide variety of biological specimens and have established temperature and pressure curves for routine heat-etching with the device.

Direct Observation of Crystalline Ordering In Naturally Graphitized Carbon Produced by Low Grade Metamorphism

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 162-163
Author(s):  
Thomas R. McKee ◽  
Peter R. Buseck
Keyword(s):  
Crystallite Size ◽  
Sedimentary Rocks ◽  
Carbonaceous Material ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Graphitized Carbon ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Commercial Carbon ◽  
Metamorphic Zone

Sediments commonly contain organic material which appears as refractory carbonaceous material in metamorphosed sedimentary rocks. Grew and others have shown that relative carbon content, crystallite size, X-ray crystallinity and development of well-ordered graphite crystal structure of the carbonaceous material increases with increasing metamorphic grade. The graphitization process is irreversible and appears to be continous from the amorphous to the completely graphitized stage. The most dramatic chemical and crystallographic changes take place within the chlorite metamorphic zone.The detailed X-ray investigation of crystallite size and crystalline ordering is complex and can best be investigated by other means such as high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The natural graphitization series is similar to that for heat-treated commercial carbon blacks, which have been successfully studied by HRTEM (Ban and others).

Ultrastructure of pulmonary microvasculature in acute endotoxemia

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 470-471
Author(s):  
R. G. Gerrity ◽  
M. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes ◽  
Alveolar Epithelium ◽  
Endothelial Damage ◽  
Capillary Endothelium ◽  
Type Ii Cells ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Interstitial Edema ◽  
Pulmonary Capillaries ◽  
Lung Ultrastructure ◽  
Fibrin Thrombi

Dogs were injected intravenously with E_. coli endotoxin (2 mg/kg), and lung samples were taken at 15 min., 1 hr. and 24 hrs. At 15 min., occlusion of pulmonary capillaries by degranulating platelets and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PML) was evident (Fig. 1). Capillary endothelium was intact but endothelial damage in small arteries and arterioles, accompanied by intraalveolar hemorrhage, was frequent (Fig. 2). Sloughing of the surfactant layer from alveolar epithelium was evident (Fig. 1). At 1 hr., platelet-PML plugs were no longer seen in capillaries, the endothelium of which was often vacuolated (Fig. 3). Interstitial edema and destruction of alveolar epithelium were seen, and type II cells had discharged their granules into the alveoli (Fig. 4). At 24 hr. phagocytic PML's were frequent in peripheral alveoli, while centrally, alveoli and vessels were packed with fibrin thrombi and PML's (Fig. 5). In similar dogs rendered thrombocytopenic with anti-platelet serum, lung ultrastructure was similar to that of controls, although PML's were more frequently seen in capillaries in the former (Fig. 6).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document