scholarly journals A CONSTITUIÇÃO DA CIÊNCIA DA CONSERVAÇÃO E A PROJEÇÃO DA CIÊNCIA DO PATRIMÔNIO

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yacy-Ara Froner
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Early History ◽  
International Institute ◽  
Conservation Science ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
International Conference ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
Heritage Science ◽  
History Of

Resumo: A integração gradual da ciência no âmbito museológico e o fortalecimento da colaboração entre conservadores-restauradores, cientistas da conservação e curadores podem fornecer as pistas necessárias para compreender a história da Ciência da Conservação e a projeção atual da Ciência do Patrimônio. Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir a Primeira Conferência Internacional para o Estudo de Métodos Científicos para o Exame e Conservação de Obras de Arte, que ocorreu em Roma, em 1930. Realizado sob os auspícios do Escritório Internacional de Museus (1926-194), do Instituto Internacional de Cooperação Intelectual (1924-1946) e por meio das ações dos comitês nacionais, este encontro pode ser considerado um marco no estabelecimento da área da Ciência da Conservação, tanto no que se refere à visibilidade dos primeiros laboratórios, quanto no que concerne as discussões de formação do Conservador-restaurador.Palavras Chave: ciência do patrimônio, ciência da conservação, conservação-restauro, epistemologia, formaçãoAbstract: SCIENCE CONSTITUTION OF CONSERVATION AND THE PROJECTION OF HERITAGE SCIENCE. The gradual integration of science into the museum and the strengthening of the collaboration between the conservators-restorers, the conservation scientists, and the curators describe the early history of the Conservation Science and the current launch of the Heritage Science. This paper aims to discuss the First International Conference for the Study of Scientific Methods for the Examination and Preservation of Works of Art, which took place in Rome 1930. It was held under the auspices of the International Museums Office (1926-1946), of the International Institute of Intellectual Co-operation (1924-1946), and of the Nationals Committees. Also, it must be realised as the landmark in the discussion of the Conservation Science of the Cultural Heritage because of the visibility of the first laboratories, besides of the establishment of the debates about to the conservator-restorer training.Keywords: heritage science, conservation science, conservation-restoration, epistemology, training

FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL ARCHITECTURE IN THE FORMER KETSKAYA VOLOST

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. V. Sitnikova
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Architectural Analysis ◽  
Tomsk Region ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Rural Architecture ◽  
The Village ◽  
Rich History

The article considers the historical and cultural heritage of villages of the former Ketskaya volost, which is currently a part of the Tomsk region. The formation of Ketsky prison and the architecture of large settlements of the former Ketskaya volost are studied. Little is known about the historical and cultural heritage of villages of the Tomsk region and the problems of preserving historical settlements of the country.The aim of this work is to study the formation and development of the village architecture of the former Ketskaya volost, currently included in the Tomsk region.The following scientific methods are used: a critical analysis of the literature, comparative architectural analysis and systems analysis of information, creative synthesis of the findings. The obtained results can be used in preparation of lectures, reports and communication on the history of the Siberian architecture.The scientific novelty is a study of the historical and cultural heritage of large settlements of the former Ketskaya volost, which has not been studied and published before. The methodological and theoretical basis of the study is theoretical works of historians and architects regarding the issue under study as well as the previous  author’s work in the field.It is found that the historical and cultural heritage of the villages of the former Ketskaya volost has a rich history. Old historical buildings, including religious ones are preserved in villages of Togur and Novoilinka. The urban planning of the villages reflects the design and construction principles of the 18th century. The rich natural environment gives this area a special touch. 

scholarly journals Johann Michael von Hermann (1793–1855): A predecessor of Max Schweidler?

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 239-270
Author(s):  
Susanne Wagini ◽  
Katrin Holzherr
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Early History ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Conservation History ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
Close Study ◽  
Fresh Perspective ◽  
History Of ◽  
Paper Conservation

Abstract The restorer Johann Michael von Hermann (1793–1855), famous in the early nineteenth century, has long fallen into oblivion. A recent discovery of his work associated with old master prints at the Staatliche Graphische Sammlung München has allowed a close study of his methods and skills as well as those of his pupil Ludwig Albert von Montmorillon (1794–1854), providing a fresh perspective on the early history of paper conservation. Von Hermann’s method of facsimile inserts was praised by his contemporaries, before Max Schweidler (1885–1953) described these methods in 1938. The present article provides biographical notes on both nineteenth century restorers, gives examples of prints treated by them and adds a chapter of conservation history crediting them with a place in the history of the discipline. In summary, this offers a surprising insight on how works of art used to be almost untraceably restored by this team of Munich-based restorers more than 150 years before Schweidler.

Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) and Its Applications for Ceramic Analysis

2016 ◽  
pp. 381-398
Author(s):  
Marcia Rizzutto ◽  
Manfredo Tabacniks
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Ceramic Analysis ◽  
Pixe Analysis ◽  
Preventive Conservation ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cultural Heritage Objects ◽  
History Of Migration ◽  
Non Destructive

Systematic research into art and cultural heritage objects in museum collections are growing daily across the world. They are generally undertaken in partnership with archaeologists, curators, historians, conservators, and restorers. The use of scientific methods to answer specific questions about objects produced by different societies reveals the materials and technologies used in the past and gives us a better understanding of the history of migration processes, cultural characteristics, and thereby more grounded parameters for the preservation and conservation of cultural heritage. The use of non-destructive methods, such as the PIXE analysis, is very suitable in such studies because damage or alteration is avoided and the integrity of the object maintained. Such techniques gave historians and curators at the Archaeological and Ethnology Museum in São Paulo new understanding of the Chimu collection of ceramics as well as of the technical process of preventive conservation.

The Origin and Heritage of Kesi Technique

2013 ◽  
Vol 821-822 ◽  
pp. 382-386
Author(s):  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Long Di Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Song Dynasty ◽  
Yangtze River ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Republican Period ◽  
Southern Song ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
Ming And Qing Dynasties ◽  
History Of ◽  
Textual Research

Although Chinese Kesiorigin is being recognized in various ways at present, yet its history of textual research lasts at least more than two thousand years. Moreover, a change occurred in Song Dynasty that high-grade works of art of Kesi paintings and calligraphies emerged, which formed the peak of Chinese Kesi art. In Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Kesi in the south region of Yangtze River inherited the skill of that in the Southern Song Dynasty, but it gradually declined after the Republican Period. After new China was founded, Kesi developed vigorously in Suzhou, and it had already been enrolled to the National Non-material Cultural Heritage list. This paper aims to explain the origin, the mutation, and the inheritance carrying of Chinese Kesi, then make a summary concerning the regulation. Not only will a clear cognition be made based on the previous research, but also it might be usible for reference about the protection of non-material cultural heritage in the future.

The International Institute of Administrative Sciences: main stages of its history

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-215
Author(s):  
Denis Moschopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
International Institute ◽  
World War ◽  
Permanent Commission ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
The World ◽  
Methods And Techniques ◽  
History Of ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Second World

The article reviews the major moments in the history of the International Institute of Administrative Sciences from the year of its establishment (1930) to the present. Additionally, it provides information on the 1910-30 period during which the Permanent Commission for International Congresses in Administrative Sciences operated. More specifically, the article presents the main themes addressed by the international congresses, round tables and conferences organized by the previously mentioned Commission in the beginning, and by the Institute after 1930. Attention is given to the Institutés ‘internationalization’ during the post Second World War period. The Institutés international vocation was demonstrated by the participation of member states and national sections from all over the world, as well as by the development of cooperation with international and supranational organizations. Finally, the Institutés scientific methods and techniques during the 20th century are presented.

scholarly journals LEGALIMPLICATIONS OF STREET ART AS A ‘DEMOCRATIZED’/’OPEN’ FORM OF ART

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (28) ◽  
pp. 210
Author(s):  
Fernando Loureiro Bastos
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Theoretical Concept ◽  
Street Art ◽  
Legal Concept ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
Control Production ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Ephemeral Art ◽  
Legal Concepts

The prestige of street art as an artistic expression has increased year after year. The analysis of its legal implications must take into account the difficulties in reaching a general operative concept of street art and the need to legally frame the creation, preservation and transaction of street art productions. Since the legal concept is not equivalent to the theoretical concept or the history of art, each State and even each municipality can create their own legal concepts, acting in accordance with these specific concepts in order to control production, to punish execution as vandalism or, in contrast, to protect works produced as part of their cultural heritage. Although street art is created in and for open spaces, usually as an ephemeral art, the commercial interest in street art productions raises questions of due diligence during its transaction, such as those related to ownership, authenticity and even provenance. As an expression of an artistic movement started about half a century ago, can street art works be equated with “traditional” works of art (such as “goods” or “merchandises”), being subject to ownership, commercial sale and copyright, or must they be appreciated as artifacts that can be preserved as part of the cultural heritage or, alternatively, starting from the specific artistic and creative intent of the artist, be understood as a type of works of art that require the creation of new legal categories and forms of understanding its meaning?

Early Greek and Oriental Ivories

1948 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Barnett
Keyword(s):  
Early History ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way

Philostratus relates that Apollonius of Tyana, a sophist of the early Empire, was once at Peiraeus trying to find a passage on a ship sailing for Ionia. The skipper refused to take him, saying that she was a cargo-ship and did not carry passengers. Apollonius then asked of what the cargo consisted, and was told it consisted of statues of the gods, in gold and stone, or gold and ivory. Then there was some bantering, in which Apollonius chaffed the skipper for refusing to take him on board. ‘Are you so ignorant,’ he asked ‘as to drive away like this from your ship philosophers, men for whom the gods have a special fondness, and above all at a time when you are making a business out of the gods? This was not the way they made statues in olden times. They did not canvass the cities selling them the gods. They used to carry nothing but their own hands, their masons' and ivory-workers' tools; provided the raw material and fashioned the works of art in the temples themselves.’From this, then, it appears that in olden times the craftsmen travelled freely about, carrying with them nothing but the secrets of their craft, a few tools and their materials. Apollonius does not say to what period he refers; but what he describes exactly fits the facts in the early history of the ivory craft from the Mycenaean period to the seventh or sixth century B.C., as far as we can make out the facts. In the Mycenaean period, the sites where ivories have been discovered are numerous.

scholarly journals Plastics that made history - the contribution of conservation science for the history of the Portuguese Plastics Industry

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susana França de Sá ◽  
Sara Marques da Cruz ◽  
Maria Elvira Callapez ◽  
Vânia Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Polyvinyl Chloride ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Conservation Science ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Characteristic Absorption ◽  
History Of ◽  
Plastics Industry

The plastic objects from our cultural heritage are material testimonies of our history, technology and industry. Still, in Portugal, there is no museum of plastics, and the collections are spread through private collectors and industries. The research project, 'The Triumph of Bakelite - Contributions to a History of Plastics in Portugal', aims at creating this museum. To this end, the research work gave rise to the exhibition, 'Plasticity - A History of Plastics in Portugal', in Museu de Leiria in 2019. This study focuses on the contribution of conservation science for the writing of this history and preparation of ca. 150 historical plastic objects for display. Bakelite, melamine, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene and plasticized polyvinyl chloride are just a few examples of the polymers identified by infrared spectroscopy. This identification was crucial to tell the history of the plastics industry in Portugal. Both the spectra and characteristic absorption bands of each polymer are presented.

The Promise of Herculaneum

1952 ◽  
Vol 21 (63) ◽  
pp. 112-116
Author(s):  
H. A. B. White
Keyword(s):  
Early History ◽  
Modern Equipment ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
Trace Back ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

Although the eruption of Vesuvius in A.D. 79 overwhelmed both Pompeii and Herculaneum, the importance of Herculaneum has today been eclipsed by the comparative ease of excavation and the size of Pompeii. Ten years ago it was estimated that for every one visitor to Herculaneum there were four to Pompeii. This was not always so: from 1709, when Prince d'Elbœuf, excavating an old well, accidentally struck a part of the theatre at Herculaneum, until 1781, when one of his successors, La Vega, was ordered to turn to Pompeii, Herculaneum was considered to be the more important find. Under Charles III of Naples, the engineers Alcubierre, Weber, and La Vega worked there.The importance of Pompeii, as compared with Herculaneum, in the eyes of archaeologists and scholars, is reflected in the literature on the subject: while there has been much detailed and recent research on Pompeii, Herculaneum has attracted the attention of few scholars.1 Now that most of the interesting districts of Pompeii have been uncovered, archaeologists with modern equipment may concentrate on Herculaneum.The early history of Herculaneum is obscure. Strabo sums up its first inhabitants in the sentence: ‘The Oscans used to possess both Herculaneum and her neighbour Pompeii, which lies on the river Sarno; next came the Etruscans and Pelasgians, and thereafter the Samnites; but these also were expelled from the places.’ Yet its inhabitants of later days were proud to trace back their origin to the Greek god Heracles, and there is no doubt that this town shows more evidence of Greek influence in its works of art than Pompeii.

Some early history of replica techniques for electron microscopy

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1076-1077
Author(s):  
Robert M. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Early History ◽  
Bulk Materials ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Reflected Light ◽  
History Of ◽  
Electron Microscopes

By 1940, a half dozen or so commercial or home-built transmission electron microscopes were in use for studies of the ultrastructure of matter. These operated at 30-60 kV and most pioneering microscopists were preoccupied with their search for electron transparent substrates to support dispersions of particulates or bacteria for TEM examination and did not contemplate studies of bulk materials. Metallurgist H. Mahl and other physical scientists, accustomed to examining etched, deformed or machined specimens by reflected light in the optical microscope, were also highly motivated to capitalize on the superior resolution of the electron microscope. Mahl originated several methods of preparing thin oxide or lacquer impressions of surfaces that were transparent in his 50 kV TEM. The utility of replication was recognized immediately and many variations on the theme, including two-step negative-positive replicas, soon appeared. Intense development of replica techniques slowed after 1955 but important advances still occur. The availability of 100 kV instruments, advent of thin film methods for metals and ceramics and microtoming of thin sections for biological specimens largely eliminated any need to resort to replicas.

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