RESPONSIVENESS OF SPRING WHEAT TO THE EFFECTS AND AFTEREFFECTS OF ORGANIC AND MINERAL FERTILIZERS

Author(s):  
S. А. Nikiforova ◽  
◽  
S. А. Zaharov ◽  

In 2016-2018, scientific research was carried out on the experimental field of the Ulyanovsk agricultural research Institute on leached heavy loam chernozem to assess the effectiveness and aftereffect of mineral and organic fertilizers in the technology of cultivation of spring wheat varieties, depending on the level of intensification. Weather conditions over the years of research were characterized as quite favorable, but during the period of germination-tillering plants experienced a lack of productive moisture, which affected the overall productivity of the crop and the effectiveness of organic and mineral fertilizers. Spring wheat crops used the aftereffect of straw of the previous crop (winter wheat) and manure, as well as the effect and aftereffect (introduced under winter wheat) of mineral fertilizers. The responsiveness of varieties to mineral and organic was different, which was explained by varietal features and the conditions of water availability of the year. Separate planting of winter wheat straw in the soil did not lead to a significant increase in crop productivity. High availability of soil by mineral nutrients (natural fertility) allowed to get depending on grade from 2.3 to 2.96 t/ha of grain in the control variant (without fertilizers), on the ground the advantage was with the variety Margarita (2,96 t/ha). The largest grain yield was formed by spring wheat of Margarita variety, but this variety showed less responsiveness to mineral and organic fertilizers. On average, the increase in yield, depending on the level of intensification, was 0.3-0.5 t / ha. The use of complex fertilizers for pre-sowing cultivation and the aftereffect of organic fertilizers led to an increase in the content of protein (up to 14.1-15.9 %) and gluten (up to 25.9-30.0 %).

2020 ◽  
pp. 26-28
Author(s):  
Н.Т. Чеботарев ◽  
Н.Н. Шергина

Пахотные угодья Республики Коми в основном представлены дерново-подзолистыми почвами с низким естественным плодородием, которые без применения удобрений быстро подвергаются деградационным процессам, что резко снижает их продуктивность. Цель исследований: оценка эффективности долговременного применения органических и минеральных удобрений при выращивании картофеля в кормовом севообороте в условиях Республики Коми. Методической основой выполнения работ были комплексные исследования дерново-подзолистых почв, клубней картофеля на участках многолетнего полевого эксперимента, заложенного на землях Института агробиотехнологий ФИЦ Коми НЦ УрО РАН в соответствии с «Методическими указаниями географической сети опытов с удобрениями». Длительный период исследований (более 40 лет) характеризовался различными климатическими условиями, которые отразились на количестве урожая и качестве клубней картофеля. Было проведено 7 ротаций (14 лет) с выращиванием картофеля. Вносили органические удобрения – торфонавозный компост (ТНК) в дозах 40 и 80 т/га (1 и 2 фон, соответственно) под картофель и минеральные удобрения – NPК в дозах 1/3; 1/2 и 1 для восполнения выноса растениями элементов питания. Установлено положительное влияние комплексного применения органических и минеральных удобрений на урожайность и качество картофеля, а также на плодородие дерново-подзолистой легкосуглинистой среднеокультуренной почвы в кормовом севообороте в почвенно-климатических условиях Республики Коми. В результате применения шестипольного севооборота и комплексного внесения удобрений с 1978 года к 2019 году в почвах снизилась обменная и гидролитическая кислотность; повысилось содержание гумуса на 0,5% (в контроле); на 0,2–0,5% (с тремя дозами минеральных удобрений); на 0,3–1,1% (с ТНК); на 0,2–1,6% (при совместном применении органических и минеральных удобрений). Наибольшие урожаи картофеля получены при совместном применении органических (80 т/га) и минеральных удобрений (1 NPК) и составили 37,1 т/га клубней (8,5 тыс/га кормовых единиц). При таком соотношении удобрений показано высокое качество клубней картофеля: содержание крахмала 15,5%, витамина С – 19,4 мг%, сырого протеина – 14,1%. Количество нитратного азота не превышало ПДК (ПДК 250 мг.с.м.). Экономические расчеты показали, что при внесении ТНК 40 т/га + 1 NPК в дерново-подзолистые почвы с.-х. использования в среднетаежной зоне Республики Коми при выращивании картофеля, условный чистый доход составит 68,4 тыс. р. с 1 га, себестоимость 1 т картофеля – 2,8 тыс. р., рентабельность 188,7%. The arable land of the Republic of Komi is mainly represented by dern-sub-ground soils with low natural fertility, which without the use of fertilizers are quickly subjected to degradation processes, which dramatically reduces their productivity. The aim of the research is to evaluate the efficiency of long-term use of organic and mineral fertilizers in the growing of potatoes in feed crop rotation in the conditions of the Komi Republic. The methodological basis for carrying out the works was comprehensive studies of dern-subhead soils, potato tubers on the sites of a multi-year field experiment laid on the lands of the Institute of Agrobiotechnology of the FRC Komi SC UB RAS in accordance with the «Methodological Instructions of the Geographical Network of Experiments with Fertilizers». A long period of research (more than 40 years) was characterized by different climatic conditions, which affected the number of crops and the quality of potato tubers. There were 7 rotations (14 years) with potato cultivation. Organic fertilizers – peat-avous compost (TNK) in doses of 40 and 80 t/ha (1 and 2 background, respectively) for potatoes and mineral fertilizers – NPK in doses of 1/3; 1/2 and 1 to replenish the carry-out of food elements by plants. The positive effect of the integrated use of organic and mineral fertilizers on the yield and quality of potatoes, as well as on the fertility of soddy-podzolic light loamy medium cultivated soil in fodder crop rotation in the soil and climatic conditions of the Komi Republic, has been established. As a result of the use of six-bed crop rotation and the integrated application of fertilizers, metabolic and hydrolytic acidity decreased in soils from 1978 to 2019; humus content increased by 0.5% (in control); 0.2–0.5% (with three doses of mineral fertilizers); 0.3–1.1% (with TNCs); 0.2–1.6% (with combined use of organic and mineral fertilizers). The largest potato yields were obtained from the combined use of organic (80 t/ha) and mineral fertilizers (1 NPK) and amounted to 37.1 t/ha tubers (8.5 thousand/ha feed units). The largest potato harvests were obtained with the combined use of organic (80 t/ha) and mineral fertilizers (1 NPK) and amounted to 37.1 t/ha of tubers (8.5 thousand/ha of feed units). With this ratio of fertilizers, the high quality of potato tubers was also determined: the starch content was 15.5%, vitamin C – 19.4 mg%, crude protein – 14.1%. The amount of nitrate nitrogen did not exceed the MPC (MPC 250 mg.s.m.). Economic calculations showed that if TNK is added 40 t/ha 1 NPK to the dern-sub-ground soils of agricultural use in the medium-sized zone of the Komi Republic when growing potatoes, the conditional net income will be 68.4 thousand rubles from 1 ha, the cost of 1 t of potatoes – 2.8 thousand rubles, profitability 188.7%.


2019 ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
V.V. Koshelyaev ◽  
V.I. Salnikov ◽  
I.P. Koshelyaeva

Основным направлением повышения качества зерна является выведение новых сортов, генетически предрасположенных формировать зерно с высоким качеством. Вместе с тем, генетический потенциал сортов способен реализовываться только при конкретных погодных условиях и применении приемов возделывания, благоприятно влияющих на рост и развитие растений. В настоящих исследованиях путем изменения режимов питания растений создавали различные условия для того, чтобы определить возможности сортов формировать урожай зерна с большим содержанием белка. Цель работы оценить и выделить сорта озимой пшеницы, способные реализовать потенциал качества зерна при различных уровнях интенсификации минерального питания. Для достижения цели был заложен двухфакторный полевой опыт. Фактор А сорта озимой пшеницы, фактор В уровни минерального питания. В результате установлено, что сорта озимой пшеницы характеризуются неодинаковыми свойствами накапливать белок в зерне. Высокой активностью накапливать белок при внесении удобрений характеризуется сорт Клавдия 2. Средней активностью сорта Безенчукская 380, Московская 56 и низкой Немчиновская 57, Скипетр и Фатинья. Внесение минеральных удобрений из расчета N16 P16 K16 при посеве осенью и N68 в подкормку весной способствует формированию зерна с более высоким содержанием белка у всех сортов озимой пшеницы.The main direction of improving the quality of grain is the cultivation of new varieties genetically predisposed to form high quality grain. At the same time, the genetic potential of varieties can only be realized under specific weather conditions and the application of cultivation techniques that favourably affect the growth and development of plants. In these studies, various conditions were created by changing plant nutritional regimes in order to determine the possibilities of varieties to form a grain crop with a high protein content. The purpose of the work was to evaluate and highlight varieties of winter wheat that can realize the potential of grain quality at various levels of intensification of mineral nutrition. To achieve the goal, a two-factor field experiment was carried out. Factor A - winter wheat varieties, factor B - levels of mineral nutrition. As a result, it was established that varieties of winter wheat were characterized by unequal properties to accumulate protein in grain. Variety Claudia 2 was characterized by high activity to accumulate protein when fertilizing. Bezenchukskaya 380, Moskovskaya 56 were characterized by medium activity and Nemchinovskaya 57, Scepter and Fatigna - by low. The application of mineral fertilizers at the rate of N16 P16 K16 during sowing in fall and N68 for top dressing in spring contributed to the formation of grain with a higher protein content in all varieties of winter wheat.


Author(s):  
Ionuț RACZ ◽  
Marcel DUDA ◽  
Rozalia KADAR ◽  
Vasile MOLDOVAN ◽  
Adrian CECLAN

The grain yield and protein content of winter and spring wheat are significantly influenced by the technological factors, by variety, meteorological conditions and interaction between them. The field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different levels of fertilization on grain yield and quality indices in winter and spring wheat and to compare of their values. The quality of the grain was determined based on meal analysis. Nitrogen application improved protein content and also increase the grain yield until level when is appear the negative correlation between two characters. The experimental date from this paper is about adaptability of 25 winter wheat and 22 spring wheat varieties local and foreign in two years and two level of fertilization on the local conditions at Turda. The experiments were conducted over two years, 2011 and 2012, at Agricultural Research and Development Station Turda, which are characterized with a high rainfall and temperatures favourable for winter wheat and spring wheat crops. The trials were conducted under quadratic lattice design with repeated the basic scheme. Each of both basic scheme consisting of 3 replications permitted to create two levels of fertilization. So, including the years as factors was possible to consider our experiment as an three factorial one (years- cultivars- fertilization). The effect of fertilization is reflected on increase grain yield and qualitative of these. By analysis of variance could be highlighted the influences of year, level of fertilization and cultivars, and also the interactions between these.


2021 ◽  
Vol 285 ◽  
pp. 07018
Author(s):  
S. I. Kambulov ◽  
I. V. Bozhko ◽  
A. A. Boyko ◽  
D. S. Podlesniy ◽  
L. A. Vodianitskaya

As known, seed drills are the most complex agricultural machines in terms of the performed technological process since they include a number of sequentially or concurrent operations. The modern crop farming technologies shall include practices that improve soil fertility through the application of organic and mineral fertilizers. Sustainable crop production is carried out with environmentally friendly and economically competitive farming methods. The object of this paper is to determine the main agrotechnical parameters of universal seed-fertilizer stubble drill SZS-4U. The research methodology has involved determination of the main agrotechnical parameters of the seeder. Based on the research results it was found that the uneven seeding of winter and spring wheat at two speed modes was 2,98% and 3,04%, for spring barley is was 2,70% and 3,00%, mineral fertilizers – 7,57% and 7,69%. With the optimum depth of the openers, the actual depth of seeds placement of spring wheat was 56,5 and 48,9 mm, winter wheat – 44,5 and 43,9 mm, spring barley – 48,0 and 44,3 mm, these data meets a given depth of seeding. After SZS-4U has passed there’s been retained 68,12 – 72,38 percent (%) of stubble on unprepared or minimally prepared grounds, and these values meet agrotechnical requirements which stipulate at least 65 ± 10%. Thus, we can conclude that the universal seed-fertilizer stubble drill SZS-4U meets all agrotechnical requirements and stipulated indicators in terms of sowing winter wheat, spring barley, and spring wheat with simultaneous fertilization.


2019 ◽  
Vol 190 (11) ◽  
pp. 18-26
Author(s):  
Сабир Эседуллаев ◽  
Sabir Esedullaev ◽  
Иван Мельцаев ◽  
I. Meltsaev

Abstract. The purpose of the study was to study the influence of biologized crop rotation with six fields by 50 %, saturated with legumes, on soil fertility and crop productivity on typical sod-podzolic light loamy soils of the Upper Volga. As a result of field experiments and laboratory studies, new data and knowledge about the effect of crop bipolarization on its productivity and the properties of sod-podzolic soil were obtained. For the first time in the region, it has been studied and established that use of legumes in the crop rotation instead of organic fertilizers partially contributes to the replenishment of the soil with organic matter and nitrogen in the form of organic residues and nodule bacteria, which leads to a decrease in the degradation of soil fertility or even to some improvement. By the end of rotation of the crop rotation when applying (NPK) 90 kg/ha compared with the control version (without NPK), in the biologized crop rotation, the humus content increased by 0.14 %, the acidity of the soil solution slightly decreased by 0.25 units, the content of nitrate nitrogen increased by 59 %, mobile phosphorus – by 72.8 % and exchange potassium – by 70.4 %. The density of soil compaction as a whole in a layer of 0–20 cm in occupied steam, under spring wheat and oats amounted to 1.22–1.24 g/cm3, in other crops (where treatment was not carried out for 2 years) – 1.35–1.39 g/cm3. Mineralization of flax tissue more actively occurred under clover 1st and 2nd years of use – 35.6–42.7 % and 31.0 and 37.3 % and in the employed (vetch-oat) – 26.5–34.4 %, less intensively under winter wheat – 20.9–27.5 and oats – 20.1–25.2 % and very weakly under spring wheat – 13.0–16.5 % at the control and the level of mineral nutrition, respectively. There were fewer weeds in winter wheat sowings – 84 pcs/m2, since it is more competitive with them, oats – 112 pcs, clover – 131 pcs, in a couple – 124 pcs and spring wheat – 138 pcs/m2. Productivity of crops to a greater extent was determined by the applied fertilizers. In fertilized plots, compared with the control, the productivity of the oatmeal mixture was 36.2 % higher, spring wheat – 24.4 %, clover 1st year of use – by 36.2 %, 2nd year of use – by 45.7 %, winter wheat – by 25.7 % and oats – by 30 %.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-58
Author(s):  
O. M. Drumova

The results of three-year research (2016–2019) conducted in the fields of the State Enterprise Experimental Farm "Dnipro" of the SЕ Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS of Ukraine with soft winter wheat was presented. The soft winter wheat was placed on black fallow (on background of N30P60K30) and after sunflower (on background of N60P60K60). It was found that winter wheat plants had a not the same ability to accumulate soluble carbohydrates in years with different weather conditions. The analysis of plant samples showed that the largest number of these substances had synthesized in the autumn 2017. It was found that in the plots with black fallow during the period from November 20, 2017 to January 10, 2018, the amount of soluble carbohydrates (total amount of mono- and disaccharides) in the tillering nodes of winter wheat plants of Uzhynok variety decreased from 41.2 % to 34.7 % (by 6.5 %), Nyva Odeska variety – from 43.9 % to 32.7 % (by 11.2 %), Kokhanka variety – from 45.0 % to 42.6 % (only by 2.4 %). From January 10 until the resumption of spring vegetation, the carbohydrates were consumed most intensively by plants of the Uzhynok and Kokhanka varieties. It was found that despite the lower doses of mineral fertilizers applied to presowing cultivation, winter wheat plants accumulated more soluble carbohydrates in all years after black fallow than after sunflower. On average for three years of research, the highest consumption of sugars during the winter both in leaves and in tillering nodes, regardless of the forecrop, was observed in plants of the Uzhynok variety. It was found that the winter wheat plants of Kokhanka variety consumed soluble carbohydrates more economically than the Uzhynok and Nyva Odeska varieties, and grew more intensively in early spring. The content of sugars in the tillering nodes of Kokhanka variety during resumption of spring vegetation was 28.4 % for black fallow and 25.9 % after non-fallow forecrop. Key words: winter wheat, variety, soluble carbohydrates, forecrop, background of nutrition.


2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 35-38
Author(s):  
Николай Малов ◽  
Nikolay Malov

The article deals with the growth and development of spring wheat plants, depending on the variety in the conditions of the Chuvash Republic. The rate and rhythm of development of field crops, the time of onset of phenological phases and the duration of the vegetation period generally determine the hereditary nature of plant varieties and the cumulative effect of all factors of plant life. A variety is a biological foundation on which all other elements of high productivity are built and one of the main factors of stable production of spring wheat grain. Strong and valuable varieties of spring wheat with a high potential yield, good responsiveness to mineral fertilizers and changes in agrotechnics during cultivation, resistant to unfavorable weather conditions during the vegetative period of plants, lodging, diseases, forming strong grain quality are used for cultivation. In this case, the variety is considered as the cheapest and available means of increasing the productivity of plants. In our studies for all the years of research, the onset of phenological phases of development depended on both varietal features, meteorological conditions during the vegetative period of plants and the biological characteristics of the varieties under study.


2019 ◽  
pp. 18-24
Author(s):  
Ilya Sergeevich Poletaev ◽  
Anatoly Petrovich Solodovnikov ◽  
Natalya Nikolaevna Gusakova ◽  
Aleksandr Sergeevich Lynkov

The features of changing the productivity of spring wheat under the influence of weather conditions and after foliar  application with humic acid fertilizers, mineral and organic-mineral fertilizers are considered. It is shown that at 56% of the norm of precipitation for vegetation and air temperatures fall above the annual average by 4–7 ° C, the yield of spring wheat decreases by 0.85 t / ha or by 41%. After three-year experiments, it was noted that, under the influence of the studied agricultural practices, the yield of spring wheat increases as well as the grain quality of this crop. The highest yield was in the variants after application of Biocomplex and Biohumus; it was 1.76 and 1.71 t / ha, respectively, which is 29.4 and 25.7% higher than the control. Organic and mineral fertilizers containing a complex of microelements and organic acids had a greater effect. Thus, the protein content   was up to 17.6%, dry gluten – up to 30.8%, raw gluten – 33.5%, IDK was 78.2 units.


Author(s):  
A.Y. Ozheredova ◽  
◽  
A. N. Esaulko ◽  
L.A. Mikhno ◽  
A.P. Shutko ◽  
...  

The article presents materials on the influence of calculated doses of mineral fertilizers on the incidence of powdery mildew, pyrenophorosis and yield of winter wheat varieties cultivated on leached Chernozem for 2016-2018.


2020 ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
Valery Genadievich Popov ◽  
Andrey Vladimirovich Panfilov ◽  
Yuriy Vyacheslavovich Bondarenko ◽  
Konstantin Mikhailovich Doronin ◽  
Evgeny Nikolaevih Martynov ◽  
...  

The article analyzes the experience of the impact of the system of forest belts and mineral fertilizers on the yield of spring wheat, including on irrigated lands. Vegetation irrigation is designed to maintain the humidity of the active soil layer from germination to maturation at the lower level of the optimum-70-75%, and in the phases of tubulation-earing - flowering - 75-80% NV. However, due to the large differences in zones and microzones of soil and climate conditions and due to the weather conditions of individual years, wheat irrigation regimes require a clear differentiation. In the Volga region in the dry autumn rainfalls give the norm of 800-1000 m3/ha, and in saline soils – 1000-1300 and 3-4 vegetation irrigation at tillering, phases of booting, earing and grain formation the norm 600-650 m3/ha. the impact of the system of forest belts, mineral fertilizers on the yield of spring wheat is closely tied to the formation of microclimate at different distances from forest edges.


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