scholarly journals Bezpieczeństwo ekonomiczne Republiki Białoruś w dobie kryzysu polityczno-gospodarczego lat 2020-połowa 2021

2021 ◽  
Vol 13(49) (3) ◽  
pp. 41-59
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Kosowska
Keyword(s):  
Economic Security ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
Rating Agencies ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
International Environment ◽  
National Bank ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The International Monetary Fund ◽  
Source Materials

Republic of Belarus begins the third decade of the 21st century with numerous problems, which include the unstable socio-political situation, broken dialogue and relations with the international environment, and Western sanctions. All these factors have caused a lot of turbulence in the Belarusian economy. This article is an attempt to examine the economic security of Belarus in the period of the depletion of the current economic model, the reduction of Russian energy subsidies, the Covid-19 pandemic and the political crisis resulting from the rigged presidential elections in August 2020. Data from the Belarusian Bielstat database, the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and rating agencies will be used as source materials.

External Co-Optation of a Less Developed Country's Policy Making: The Case of Ghana, 1969–1972

1976 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald T. Libby
Keyword(s):  
Public Support ◽  
Military Coup ◽  
Intergovernmental Organizations ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Coup D'etat ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The Government ◽  
Less Developed Country ◽  
The International Monetary Fund

The author advances the thesis that the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and creditor countries structured the context in which their client, Ghana—a less developed country—formulated its economic policy between 1969 and 1972. The intergovernmental organizations and creditor countries failed to take Ghana's domestic political situation into account, however. When the country became heavily dependent upon the IGO's and creditors for financial assistance to enable the government to survive a disastrous shortfall in foreign exchange earnings, it was forced to accept extreme and politically dangerous measures in order to secure assistance. The policies that were adopted were catastrophic, and destroyed what remained of the democratic government's public support. This dramatic change in public climate made the government fatally vulnerable to a military coup d'etat.

The Republic of Korea

2021 ◽  
pp. 189-200
Author(s):  
Steven Gow Calabresi
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Judicial Review ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Human Rights Abuses ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
South Korean ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The International Monetary Fund

This chapter studies judicial review in South Korea. There are several explanations for the origins and growth of South Korean judicial review. First, judicial review emerged in South Korea for rights from wrongs reasons because of human rights abuses due to three hyper-presidentialist dictatorships. Second, judicial review emerged in South Korean because the separation of power between the unicameral legislature and the president required a judicial umpire. Third, judicial review emerged in South Korea because, according to Professor Tom Ginsburg, two relatively coequal political parties wanted it for reasons of insurance and commitment that fundamental rights would be protected when they were out of power. And, fourth, by the 1980s, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and global trading partners had all come to associate regimes with judicial review of legislation as being less corrupt and more prone to observe the rule of law than were regimes without this institution. There has thus been a lot of borrowing of judicial review by various countries in modern times. As such, borrowing is also part of the explanation for the origins of judicial review of the constitutionality of legislation in South Korea.

scholarly journals Economic features of monetary policy of countries in and their influence on unemployment rate of Ukraine

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 15-26
Author(s):  
Iryna Navrotska
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
National Bank ◽  
Countries In Transition ◽  
The International Monetary Fund ◽  
The Eu

Economic features of monetary policy of countries in transition and their influence on unemployment rate of UkraineThe aim of the article is to investigate the role of monetary policy in stimulating labor markets. The paper identifies instruments of monetary policy that affect labor market of countries in transition. The examined determinants are investment inflows, level of inflation and interest rate. Data were collected from the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the National Bank of Ukraine. The empirical results reveal that high interest rates of the countries in the EU are almost the lowest in comparison to those in transition economies, which reflects existing risk and instability of the economic system of countries in transition. Furthermore, the paper discovers gross capital investment to GDP per country and demonstrates Belarus leading in inflows of investment to the country. The research was conducted using the methods of theoretical explanations, descriptive and econometric analysis. The results of the empiric research have determined that for the period 2008–2016 asignificant relationship between refinance rate, amount of government securities and unemployment rate of Ukraine is observed. Consequently, Ukraine is provided with recommendations to decrease refinance rate for the purpose of stimulating inflows of investment to the country.

scholarly journals Belarus: Political Situation after the Presidential Elections

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-54
Author(s):  
S. Astakhova
Keyword(s):  
Presidential Elections ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
Constitutional Reform ◽  
Recent History ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic

The political crisis in Belarus is connected with the society’s demand for change. The main reason for the mass protests after the presidential elections was the lack of confidence in the electoral system of the republic. The recent history of the republic has not yet known such an intense and long protest marathon. Nevertheless by the beginning of 2021, the protest potential was almost exhausted. In the republic, the preparation of a constitutional reform for the implementation of the transit of power has begun.

"Rosy" Mistakes of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in Georgia

2009 ◽  
pp. 143-152
Author(s):  
V. Papava
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
International Financial Institutions ◽  
Bretton Woods ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
National Bank ◽  
Analysis Of Failures ◽  
Bretton Woods Institutions ◽  
The International Monetary Fund

The paper is devoted to the analysis of failures, characteristic of the activities of Bretton-Woods institutions in Georgia after 2004. Their experts systematically overlooked the existence of non-budgetary accounts, violation of property rights, restriction of competition, manipulations with statistical data, weakening of the National Bank of Georgia, unnecessary issue of Eurobonds, poor tax policy etc. The case of Georgia may prove the necessity of reforming international financial institutions.

scholarly journals Problemy formirovaniia platezhnoi sistemy i obespecheniia ee bezopasnosti

2020 ◽  
pp. 78-90
Author(s):  
Anastasiia Anatolevna Malanina
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Payment System ◽  
The State ◽  
Payment Systems ◽  
Financial Independence ◽  
National Bank ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Efficiency Indicators

Security and productivity of the payment system are the most important factors in ensuring the economic security of the state. Payment systems of the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan are characterized by high efficiency indicators, but the predominance of card products of foreign payment systems in the retail payment market creates potential threats to the financial independence of the state. The experience of the formation and development of the National Payment System of the Russian Federation can be useful for making decisions on overcoming threats to the financial security of the national economy.

Unemployment as an indicator of economic security in the employment sector: A regional dimension

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 715-729
Author(s):  
T.N. Savina
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
National Development ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Employment Policy ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Band Theory ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Impact

Subject. To achieve a high level of economic security is a key priority of national development. Employment reveals one of the most important aspects of social development of the individual that is associated with his or her needs satisfaction in the sphere of employment and is boon to economic security. Objectives. The purpose of the study is to show the impact of unemployment on economic security in employment. Methods. I apply such scientific methods as dialectical, historical and logical unity, structural and functional analysis, traditional techniques of economic analysis and synthesis. The methods of multivariate statistical and comparative analysis serve as a methodological basis of the study. To determine the indicator of unemployment, I use the band theory. Results. I underpin the growing role of employment in ensuring economic security. The paper presents a comprehensive assessment of the unemployment status and a comparative analysis of the indicator in the Republic of Mordovia, the Volga Federal District, and the Russian Federation as a whole. I identify trends in the average duration of unemployment, show the distribution of unemployed by level of education and age groups. Conclusions. The average annual unemployment rate in the Republic of Mordovia is lower than in Russia and the Volga Federal District. The findings may be useful for public authorities to substantiate their employment policy at both macro- and meso-levels, for designing programs and strategies for socio-economic development of regions and the social security doctrine, as well as in practical activities of employment services.

Land Reform in Zimbabwe: a Balance of Political Expediency and Economic Inevitability?

2020 ◽  
pp. 14-29
Author(s):  
Lyubov Prokopenko
Keyword(s):  
Land Reform ◽  
Union Leader ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
The Political ◽  
African Region ◽  
Political Aspect ◽  
National Union ◽  
Reform Program ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government

The article considers the political aspect of land reform in the Republic of Zimbabwe. The problem of land reform has been one of the crucial ones in the history of this African country, which celebrated 40 years of independence on April 18, 2020. In recent decades, it has been constantly in the spotlight of political and electoral processes. The land issue was one of the key points of the political program from the very beginning of Robert Mugabe’s reign in 1980. The political aspect of land reform began to manifest itself clearly with the growth of the opposition movement in the late 1990s. In 2000–2002 the country implemented the Fast Track Land Reform Program (FTLRP), the essence of which was the compulsory acquisition of land from white owners without compensation. The expropriation of white farmers’ lands in the 2000s led to a serious reconfiguration of land ownership, which helped to maintain in power the ruling party, the African National Union of Zimbabwe – Patriotic Front (ZANU – PF). The government was carrying out its land reform in the context of a sharp confrontation with the opposition, especially with the Party for the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC), led by trade union leader Morgan Tsvangirai. The land issue was on the agenda of all the election campaigns (including the elections in July 2018); this fact denotes its politicization, hence the timeliness of this article. The economic and political crisis in Zimbabwe in the 2000–2010s was the most noticeable phenomenon in the South African region. The analysis of foreign and domestic sources allows us to conclude that the accelerated land reform served as one of its main triggers. The practical steps of the new Zimbabwean president, Mr. Emmerson Mnangagwa, indicate that he is aware of the importance of resolving land reform-related issues for further economic recovery. At the beginning of March 2020, the government adopted new regulations defining the conditions for compensation to farmers. On April 18, 2020, speaking on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the independence of Zimbabwe, Mr. E. Mnangagwa stated that the land reform program remains the cornerstone of the country’s independence and sovereignty.

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