scholarly journals Diagnóstico microbiológico e índice de adição de água do leite cru comercializado no município de Pombal, Paraíba

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
Yaroslávia Ferreira Paiva ◽  
Kevison Romulo França ◽  
Everton Vieira da Silva ◽  
José Adalberto da Silva Filho ◽  
Karla Elita Viegas Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp

A comercialização do leite sem tratamento térmico ou controle de inspeção sanitária é proibida por lei em todo o país, mas persiste principalmente em regiões interioranas. Assim, torna-se importante avaliar o leite nestas localidades, como forma de monitoramento do produto que será consumido pela população. Dessa forma, objetivou-se avaliar o diagnóstico microbiológico e o índice de adição de água em amostras de leite cru comercializado no município de Pombal, Paraíba. Foram coletadas três amostras de cada um dos cinco locais de comercialização, entre os meses de maio e junho de 2017. As mesmas foram obtidas em recipientes estéreis e avaliadas quanto aos parâmetros de Coliformes à 45ºC (NMP/mL), presença/ausência de Salmonella sp. e Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp. (UFC/mL) e Contagem total de bactérias Aeróbias Mesófilas (CTM) (UFC/mL). O índice de adição de água foi determinado através do equipamento Analisador de leite Master Classic. Todas as amostras apresentaram Coliformes à 45ºC (>110 NMP/mL), presença de Salmonella sp. e E. coli, além de altas contagens de Staphylococcus spp. (3,13 x102 a 2,65 x105 UFC/mL) e CTM (2,30 x104 a 3,91 x105 UFC/mL). Observou-se amostras que apresentaram um índice de adição de água de aproximadamente 5%. O leite cru comercializado no município de Pombal mostrou-se fora dos padrões microbiológicos para todos os parâmetros analisados, além da existência de fraude em amostras pela adição de água, estando impróprio para o consumo.

scholarly journals Determination of nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin susceptibility among urinary Escherichia coli isolates

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 3274
Author(s):  
Rachana Kanaujia ◽  
Amit Kumar ◽  
Malay Bajpai
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Urinary Tract Infections ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Therapeutic Alternatives ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common infections. For treatment of UTIs, there are limited antibiotics due to increased resistance among uropathogens. Two older antibiotics; Nitrofurantoin and Fosfomycin have become novel oral therapeutic options against uropathogens. Aim of the study was to identify UTI causing micro-organisms and evaluate in-vitro activity of nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin against most common isolated organism (E. coli).Methods: Results of urine samples culture and susceptibility testing over a period of 1 year were analysed and included in this study.Results: Micro-organisms were isolated from 568 urine samples. Most commonly isolated organism was Escherichia coli (40.50%), followed by Klebsiella spp. (20.07%) and Staphylococcus spp. (17.07%). Susceptibility of E. coli to nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin was 91.74% and 65.65% respectively. Conclusion: Good activity of nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin against E. coli indicates that these two drugs are potential therapeutic alternatives for urinary tract infections.

scholarly journals Prevalence of bovine mastitis pathogens and antibioresistance of Escherichia coli isolates

2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
A. ZDRAGAS (Α. ΖΔΡΑΓΚΑΣ) ◽  
P. TSAKOS (Π. ΤΣΑΚΟΣ) ◽  
K. ANATOLIOTIS (Κ. ΑΝΑΤΟΛΙΩΤΗΣ)
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Northern Greece ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp ◽  
Klebsiella Spp ◽  
Mastitis Pathogens

Nine hundred and fifty two milk samples from clinical bovine mastitis cases, originated from 269 farms in Northern Greece, were tested. Escherichia coli was isolated in 49.3% of samples. Furthermore, Staphylococcus spp, Corynebacterium spp, Streptococcus spp, Pseudomonas spp, Proteus spp, Klebsiella spp or a combination of the above bacteria were isolated. The bacteriological result from 4.3% of samples was negative. No correlation between clinical mastitis cases and seasonal variation was observed. Resistance of E. coli isolates to tetracycline was 82-96%, to enrofloxacin 10-30%, to gentamicin 58-80%, to cephalosporins 47-75%, to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprime 46-81%, to ampicillin 71-92% and to neomycin 83-97%. The highest resistance rate and the appearance of multi-resistant isolates of E. coli (6%), to 8 antibacterials, were recorded during the last year of the survey.

scholarly journals STUDY ON BOVINE SUB-CLINICAL MASTITIS ON FARM CONDITION WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON ANTIBIOGRAM OF THE CAUSATIVE BACTERIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Hasan ◽  
M. R. Islam ◽  
N. S. Runa ◽  
M, N. Hasan ◽  
A. H. M. M. Uddin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp

The study was conducted to find out the prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis (SCM) and antibiogram of the causative bacteria in dairy cows at the Sylhet govt. Dairy Farm (SGDF) and Local Farms of Sylhet (LFS) during the period of July2014 to June2015. These farms were selected to assess the predominant types of bacteria involved in causing sub-clinical mastitis and to know the in vitro antibiotic sensitivity spectrum of these bacterial isolates against the commonly used antibiotics and to study the economic effects due to SCM. Use of California Mastitis Test (CMT) for the detection of sub-clinical mastitis showed 42out of 100 samples were test positive, among which +(Trace) 22.0%, ++(Distinct) 12.0%, +++(Strong) 3.0%, ±(Doubtful) 5.0%.  Bacteriological examination of milk samples of 100 milch cows (400 quarters) revealed that 42 cows (42.0%) had suffering from SCM with different bacterial infection with 95% confidence limit was 32.1574-51.8426. Among 42 positive samples31 (31.0%) cows had mono-bacterial infection and 11 (11.0%) cows had mixed bacterial infections. Statistical analysis of the result of single and mixed bacterial infections in the milk of apparently healthy milch cows revealed that the single infection was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than mixed bacterial infection. Of the 31 mono-bacterial isolates, of which 23 (23.0%) isolates were Staphylococci, 3 (3.0%) isolates were Escherichia coli, 5 (5.0%) isolated Streptococcus spp. The 11 cows had mixed infection, of which 5 had Staphylococcus spp. + Streptococcus spp., 3 had E. coli + Staphylococcus spp., and 3 had Streptococcus spp. + E. coli. Of 42 positive cases of SCM Staphylococcus spp. isolated from 23 samples. Among these 23 positive samples 13 obtained from SGDF (37.14%) and 10 obtained from LFS (15.38%). Escherichia coli isolated from 3 samples. Among these 3 positive samples 3 obtained from LFS (4.62%). Streptococcus spp. isolated from 5 samples. Among these 5 positive samples 1 obtained from SGDF (2.86%) and 4 obtained from LFS (6.15%). Ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin were the best drug for treating sub-clinical mastitis.

scholarly journals Condições de processamento e comercialização de queijo-de-minas frescal

2006 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.S. Rocha ◽  
F.C.A. Buriti ◽  
S.M.I. Saad
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp

Avaliaram-se a evolução da contaminação microbiana de queijo-de-minas frescal durante sua vida de prateleira e a padronização e qualidade de sete marcas (A a G) de queijo (3 a 4 lotes de cada), adquiridas em supermercados de São Paulo. Os parâmetros determinados incluíram contagens de Staphylococcus spp., coliformes, Escherichia coli e bactérias láticas, pH, umidade e dureza instrumental, após 7, 14 e 21 dias de fabricação dos queijos. Avaliou-se, também, o comportamento da população de coliformes e E. coli durante o processamento de queijo-de-minas frescal com leite pasteurizado e cru. As contagens mais elevadas de Staphylococcus spp., coliformes e E. coli detectadas foram, respectivamente, 7,83 (B), 8,02 (B) e 7,83 log UFC/g (C). Todas as marcas, exceto a F, apresentaram índices de contaminação acima do recomendável. Seis das sete marcas apresentaram-se impróprias para o consumo já aos sete dias de fabricação. As populações de coliformes e de E. coli dos queijos preparados no laboratório aumentaram 2,5 ciclos log durante o processamento com leite pasteurizado e 4,5 ciclos log (coliformes) e 5 ciclos log (E. coli) em queijo fabricado com leite cru. Uma reavaliação das condições de fabricação, distribuição, comercialização e prazo de validade de queijo-de-minas frescal é necessária.

PREVALENCIA DE INFECCIÓN URINARIA, UROPATÓGENOS Y PERFIL DE SUSCEPTIBILIDAD ANTIMICROBIANA, MEDELLÍN 2011-2012

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 352-358
Author(s):  
Jaiberth Antonio Cardona Arias ◽  
Claudia Patricia Orrego Marin ◽  
Claudia Patricia Henao Mejia
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Pseudomonas Spp ◽  
Enterococcus Spp ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp ◽  
Klebsiella Spp

Introducción: Las infecciones del tracto urinario (ITU), constituyen una de las infecciones bacterianas más prevalentes, sus agentes etiológicos incluyen Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, Proteus spp, Enterococcus spp, Pseudomonas spp y Staphylococcus spp, los cuales presentan prevalencias y perfiles de susceptibilidad antibiótica diferentes entre poblaciones. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de ITU, uropatógenos y el perfil de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana en una Institución Prestadora de Servicios de Salud (IPS) de Medellín, 2011-2012. Métodos: Estudio de prevalencia en 1.959 individuos atendidos en una IPS de tercer nivel. Se calcularon medidas de resumen, proporciones, razones de prevalencia, Chi cuadrado y Fisher. Se cuantificó la modificación del efecto (confusión o interacción) con análisis estratificado y modelos de regresión logística binaria en SPSS 21.0®. Resultados: La prevalencia de ITU fue 31% los principales agentes etiológicos fueron E. coli (69%), Enterococcus spp (11%) y Klebsiella spp (8%). La ITU y la infección por E. coli fueron estadísticamente mayores en mujeres y adultos mayores. La mayor frecuencia de resistencia de E. coli fue para ampicilina (61%), Ácido nalidixico (48%), TrimetropinSulfa (48%) y Ciprofloxacina (42%); mientras que en Klebsiella spp fue Ampicilina (100%), TrimetropinSulfa (23%), Ampicilina- Sulbactam (22%) y Cefalotina (19%). Conclusión: La elevada prevalencia de ITU, la multiplicidad de uropatógenos aislados, la identificación de grupos de mayor riesgo y la diversidad de perfiles de resistencia antibiótica, evidencian la necesidad de desarrollar investigaciones locales que permitan orientar las acciones en salud y vigilancia epidemiológica, acordes con las particularidades de cada población.

scholarly journals Infecções do trato urinário (ITU) de cães e gatos: etiologia e resistência aos antimicrobianos

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vania M. Carvalho ◽  
Tatiana Spinola ◽  
Fabrizia Tavolari ◽  
Kinue Irino ◽  
Rosana M. Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Pseudomonas Spp ◽  
Enterococcus Spp ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp ◽  
Klebsiella Spp

As infecções bacterianas do trato urinário (ITUs) são causa comum de doença em cães, gatos e humanos. Embora bactérias Gram positivas como Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp. e Enterococcus spp., possam ocasionar ITUs, as bactérias Gram negativas (Escherichia coli, Proteus spp., Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp. e Enterobacter spp.) respondem por 75% dos casos. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a frequência de diferentes gêneros de bactérias em ITUs em cães e gatos, bem como a sua sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos utilizados na rotina clínica. Portanto, amostras de urina de 100 cães e gatos com sinais de ITU foram coletadas assepticamente, sofrendo avaliação microbiológica por meio de métodos qualitativos e quantitativos, além de urinálise. Todos os isolados foram submetidos a testes de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos. ITU foi confirmada em 74% dos animais, não havendo predominância quanto ao sexo. No que diz respeito à idade, 85% dos cães e 87% dos gatos tinham idades superiores a seis anos. Noventa e cinco cepas bacterianas foram isoladas, com maior frequência de Escherichia coli (55% do total) dos sorogrupos O6 e O2. Constatou-se níveis elevados de resistência a antimicrobianos nas cepas isoladas. Para as cepas Gram positivas, tetraciclina (46,1%), enrofloxacina, cotrimazol e estreptomicina (42,3% cada) foram as drogas com os maiores índices de resistência. Para as Gram negativas, amoxacilina e tetraciclina apresentaram percentuais acima de 50%. Multiresistência foi verificada em mais de 50% dos principais gêneros isolados. Considerando-se que as cepas de E. coli apresentam potencial zoonótico e forte participação na disseminação de resistência aos antimicrobianos, ressalta-se a importância do papel do médico veterinário na prevenção e controle das ITUs animais e sua contribuição para a saúde pública.

Bakterienisolate aus dem unteren Respirationstrakt von erkrankten Hunden und deren aktuelle Resistenzsituation

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (05) ◽  
pp. 309-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Prenger-Berninghoff ◽  
N. Bauer ◽  
R. Weiß ◽  
A. Moritz ◽  
A. Steinfeld
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
Bordetella Bronchiseptica ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Pseudomonas Spp ◽  
Klinische Relevanz ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp ◽  
Klebsiella Spp

Zusammenfassung Gegenstand: Retrospektive Untersuchung der mittels bronchoalveolärer Lavage (BAL) gewonnenen Keimflora der tiefen Atemwege erkrankter Hunde auf ihre Antibiotikaempfindlichkeit über 5 Jahre. Material und Methoden: Auswertung der Ergebnisse der Agardiffusionstests von Bakterienisolaten, die in den Jahren 2004–2009 von 84 Hunden isoliert wurden, und Vergleich mit den Resultaten einer gleichartigen Analyse der Jahre 1999/2000. Ergebnisse: Bei den 99 geprüften Bakterienisolaten handelte es sich um Pasteurella spp. (27,3%), Bordetella bronchiseptica (20,2%), Staphylococcus spp. (18,2%), Escherichia coli (15,2%), Klebsiella spp. (8,1%), Pseudomonas spp. (7,0%) und Streptococcus spp. (4,0%). Bei acht Hunden lagen Mischkulturen vor. Die Mehrzahl der Bordetella-(B.-)bronchiseptica-Isolate erwies sich als sensibel gegenüber den Fluorchinolonen sowie Tetracyclin, Doxycyclin und Polymyxin B. Im Vergleich zu 1999/2000 zeigte sich ein höherer Anteil der gegenüber Amoxicillin/Clavulansäure und Chloramphenicol empfindlichen B.-bronchiseptica-Isolate, wobei die Zunahme bezüglich Chloramphenicol statistisch signifikant war. Die überwiegende Anzahl der Staphylococcus-Isolate erwies sich gegenüber Enrofloxacin, Marbofloxacin, Amoxicillin/Clavulansäure, Chloramphenicol, Cephalexin, Doxycyclin und Polymyxin B sensibel. Im Vergleich zu 1999/2000 ergab sich ein erhöhter Anteil an Chloramphenicolund Tetracyclin-sensiblen Staphylococcus-Isolaten. Der Anteil Enrofloxacin-sensibler KlebsiellenIsolate betrug 62,5%, während er 1999/2000 bei 100% lag. Eine Sensibilität aller getesteten Klebsiellen-Isolate ließ sich noch gegenüber Polymyxin B nachweisen. Kein Antibiotikum zeigte eine Wirksamkeit gegenüber allen E.-coli-Isolaten. Statistisch signifikant war die Abnahme der gegenüber Amoxicillin/Clavulansäure-sensiblen Isolate. Schlussfolgerung und klinische Relevanz: Die Studie unterstreicht den Nutzen der BAL für eine ätiologische Diagnostik und den anschließenden fundierten Einsatz von Antibiotika. Die Mehrzahl der Bakterienisolate erwies sich als empfindlich gegenüber den Fluorchinolonen.

scholarly journals Isolation of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp. and Staphylococcus spp. from Bovine Mastitic Milk in Nuwera Eliya District of Sri Lanka and their Sensitivity to Commonly Used Antibiotics

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
T. S. P. J. Jayaweera ◽  
J. L. P. C. Randika ◽  
H. G. C. L. Gamage ◽  
N. N. Udawatta ◽  
W. U. N. T. S. Ellepola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp ◽  
Klebsiella Spp ◽  
Clinical Cases

Aims: Mastitis is one of the very important and most common diseases among dairy cattle globally which leads to severe economical losses in the dairy industry. For the sustainability of the dairy sector it is critical that efficient, economically feasible treatment regime is available for clinical cases of mastitis as a part of the control program with minimum risk for residues in milk. Antimicrobials are the most common drugs of choice for controlling and preventing this devastating condition. But the frequent use of antibiotics leads to the development of resistant bacteria which could have an adverse effect on human health as well. To mitigate this destructive constraint in the industry, identifying the etiology and their susceptibilities to remedial measures are of paramount importance. Hence this study was aimed at isolating and identifying the common bacterial etiology Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp. and Staphylococcus spp. of mastitis and evaluating the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates in order to develop mastitis control strategies in the area. Study Design: Milk samples were collected from mastitic cows in different stages including subclinical and clinical cases based on the results of California Mastitis Test Place and Duration of Study: Samples were collected from dairy farms in Nuwera Eliya District, Sri Lanka and Laboratory investigations were carried out in the Laboratory of Livestock Production, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Between Aug. 2017 and Nov. 2017. Methodology: E.coli, Klebsiella spp. and Staphylococcus spp. were isolated from 31 milk samples and susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics (Trimethoprim, Oxytetracycline, Chloramphenicol, Cephalexin, Enrofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin) was determined by Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. Results: The study revealed that the most common isolate was the Klebsiella spp. and it is 54.8% and other two organisms Staphylococcus spp. had 51.6% and Escherichia coli 41.9%. Of all isolated pathogen, 97.1% exhibited resistant to Cephalexin and it was the highest while lowest resistance was to Chloramphenicol (31.4%). Among the other antibiotics, 54.3% of total isolates showed resistance to Trimethoprim followed by 42.9% to Oxytetracycline and Enrofloxacin, 34.3% was resistant to Ciprofloxacin. Resistance to at least one antibiotic was observed for the isolated microorganisms. All the three isolated pathogens are more resistant to Cephalexin. Both E. coli and Klebsiella spp. show 100% resistance to Cephalexin while Staphylococci had 92.9% resistance. This further revealed that E. coli (10%) and Klebsiella spp. (27.3%) are showing the least resistance to Chloramphenicol, None of Staphylococcus spp. (0%) isolated show resistance to Enrofloxacin. Conclusion: Most common organisms isolated were Klebsiella spp. followed by Staphylococcus spp., E. coli and there is a resistance of isolated organisms to some commonly used antibiotics.

scholarly journals Antibacterial susceptability of E. coli strains isolated from raw milk

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 48-54
Author(s):  
Valerii USHKALOV ◽  
Vyacheslav DANCHUK ◽  
Artem USHKALOV ◽  
Aidyn SALMANOV ◽  
Yuriy VISHOVAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Strategy Development ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Enterococcus Spp ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp ◽  
Hygienic Conditions

ntroduction. The processing of most raw milk products can lead to contamination with unwanted microflora due to poor sanitation and hygienic conditions. The inadequate antibiotic use over the past decades has led to the emergence and wide spread of bacterial populations, particularly of Escherichia coli, which developed resistance to antibacterial drugs.Material and methods. Raw milk samples were obtained from clinically healthy cows on farms from Kiev and Poltava regions to identify E . coli, Staphylococcus spp., Enterococcus spp. isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the EUCAST disk diffusion method and MU on “Determination of microbial susceptibility to antibacterial drugs”. Results. The examined milk samples revealed the presence of E . coli, Staphylococcus spp. and Enterococcus spp. isolates, which proves poor sanitary and hygienic conditions of milk production process. Escherichia coli isolates were found susceptible to Ampicillin/sulbactam, Cefoxitin (100%), Meropenem, Tobramycin (100%), Netilin, Tigecycline, Nitroxoline (100%), Gatifloxacin, and Nitrofurantoin (100%). The studied E. coli isolates were found resistant to Ampicillin (100%), Imipenem, Tetracycline, and Doxycycline (100%). 41.7% of isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus were found resistant to Oxacillin, of which 90% were resistant to Benzylpenicillin and 20% to Rifampicin. Conclusions.The circulation of antibiotic-resistant Enterobacteriaceae strains among farm animals is a major problem requiring a strategy development aimed to prevent the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance worldwide.

scholarly journals Isolation and Characterization of Microflora from Human Urine

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-18
Author(s):  
Kohinoor Parvin ◽  
Nahid Rahman ◽  
M Mostafizur Rahman ◽  
M Alimul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Human Urine ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Bacillus Spp ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp

The research work was conducted to isolate & characterized the bacteria isolated from mid-stream urine of human. A total of 30 samples were collected from patients with urinary tract infection (n=10samples); diabetic patients (n=10samples) & apparently healthy individuals (n=10samples). Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp. and Bacillus spp. was the predominant bacterial flora of human urine. Among the isolates, the prevalence of Escherichia coli was highest (80%) compared to Staphylococcus spp.(14%) and Bacillus spp.(6%). E. coli isolated from 6 different sources were found to be highly virulent, moderately virulent, less virulent and avirulent categories as observed in day-old suckling mice. Antibiotic sensitivity profiles suggest that nalidixic acid will be the first drugs of choice to treat the UTI caused by E. coli and arythromycin, ampicillin and azithromycin will be the second drugs of choice to treat the UTI caused by Staphylococcus spp and Bacillus spp. respectively. Microbes and Health, June 2013, 2(1): 15-18DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/mh.v2i1.17257

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