Strength Comparison of FDM 3D Printed PLA Made by Different Manufacturers

Widely used additive manufacturing technique for plastic materials is Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM). The FDM technology has gained interest in industry for a wide range of applications, especially today when large number of different materials on the market are available. There are many different manufacturers for the same FDM material where the difference in price goes up to 50%. This experimental study investigates possible difference in strength of the 3D printed PLA material of five different manufacturers. All specimens are 3D printed on Ultimaker S5 printer with the same printing parameters, and they are all the same colour.

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Surface Preparation and Treatment for Large-Scale 3D-Printed Composite Tooling Coating Adhesion

Coatings ◽

10.3390/coatings8120457 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 457 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Philipp Sauerbier ◽

James Anderson ◽

Douglas Gardner

Keyword(s):

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Large Scale ◽

Lower Cost ◽

Numerical Control ◽

Fused Deposition Modelling ◽

Filler Materials ◽

Coating Adhesion ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Composite Tooling ◽

3D Printed

Recent advances in large-scale thermoplastic additive manufacturing (AM), using fused deposition modelling (FDM), have shown that the technology can effectively produce large aerospace tools with common feed stocks, costing 2.3 $/kg, such as a 20% carbon-filled acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). Large-scale additive manufacturing machines have build-volumes in the range of cubic meters and use commercially available pellet feedstock thermoplastics, which are significantly cheaper (5–10 $/kg) than the filament feedstocks for desktop 3D printers (20–50 $/kg). Additionally, large-scale AM machines have a higher material throughput on the order of 50 kg/h. This enables the cost-efficient tool production for several industries. Large-scale 3D-printed tooling will be computerized numerical control (CNC)-machined and -coated, to provide a surface suitable for demolding the composite parts. This paper outlines research undertaken to review and improve the adhesion of the coating systems to large, low-cost AM composite tooling, for marine or infrastructure composite applications. Lower cost tooling systems typically have a lower dimensional accuracy and thermal operating requirements than might be required for aerospace tooling. As such, they can use lower cost commodity grade thermoplastics. The polymer systems explored in the study included polypropylene (PP), styrene-maleic anhydride (SMA), and polylactic acid (PLA). Bio-based filler materials were used to reduce cost and increase the strength and stiffness of the material. Fillers used in the study included wood flour, at 30% by weight and spray-dried cellulose nano-fibrils, at 20% by weight. Applicable adhesion of the coating was achieved with PP, after surface treatment, and untreated SMA and PLA showed desirable coating adhesion results. PLA wood-filled composites offered the best properties for the desired application and, furthermore, they have environment-friendly advantages.

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Tribology behaviour investigation of 3D printed polymers

International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering ◽

10.1556/1848.2019.0021 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 173-181

Author(s):

Muammel M. Hanon ◽

Márk Kovács ◽

László Zsidai

Keyword(s):

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Fused Deposition Modelling ◽

Tribological Behaviour ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Motion System ◽

Friction Factors ◽

The Coefficient Of Friction ◽

3D Printed ◽

The Difference

3D printing of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) and Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) were used to prepare specimens utilising fused deposition modelling (FDM) technology. Two colours of PLA filament were printed; white and grey, whereas ABS only in white colour. Determining the tribological properties of 3D printed samples have been carried out, through obtaining the frictional features of different 3D printable filaments. Alternating-motion system employed for measuring the tribological factors. Studying the difference between static and dynamic friction factors and the examination of wear values were included. A comparison among the tribological behaviour of the 3D printed polymers has been investigated. The printed white ABS and PLA specimens show insignificant differences in the results tendency. On the contrary, the grey PLA exhibits a considerable variation due to the incredible growth in the coefficient of friction and wear average as well.

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Effect of Perforation Volume on Acoustic Absorption of the 3D Printed Micro-Perforated Panels made of Polylactic Acid reinforced with Wood Fibers

Journal of Physics Conference Series ◽

10.1088/1742-6596/2120/1/012039 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2120 (1) ◽

pp. 012039

Author(s):

V Sekar ◽

S Y Eh Noum ◽

S Sivanesan ◽

A Putra ◽

Dg H Kassim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Polylactic Acid ◽

Natural Fiber ◽

Fused Deposition Modelling ◽

Acoustic Absorption ◽

Wood Fibers ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

3D Printed ◽

Almost All ◽

Impedance Tube Method

Abstract In recent times, Additive Manufacturing (AM) has been applied rapidly in almost all fields. This study was conducted to apply the additive manufacturing into an acoustic application by 3D printing the Micro-Perforated Panels (MPP) through Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) made of Polylactic Acid (PLA) reinforced with wood fibers. MPP were fabricated by altering its perforation volume. Later, the effect of perforation volume on acoustic absorption of the fabricated MPP was measured using the two-microphone impedance tube method as per ISO 10534-2 standard. The result shows altering the perforation volume affects the acoustic absorption of the MPP. MPP with a thickness of 2 mm and a perforation diameter of 0.2 mm shows the maximum sound absorption coefficient of 0.93 at 2173 Hz. It is made possible to absorb the 3D printed MPP made of natural fiber reinforced composite at different spectrums by altering the perforation volume.

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Representative Volume Element (RVE) Analysis for Mechanical Characterization of Fused Deposition Modeled Components

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13203555 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (20) ◽

pp. 3555

Author(s):

Patrich Ferretti ◽

Gian Maria Santi ◽

Christian Leon-Cardenas ◽

Elena Fusari ◽

Giampiero Donnici ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Representative Volume Element ◽

Low Cost ◽

Volume Element ◽

Additive Manufacture ◽

Fused Deposition Modelling ◽

Structural Element ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Representative Volume ◽

Wide Range ◽

3D Printed

Additive manufacturing processes have evolved considerably in the past years, growing into a wide range of products through the use of different materials depending on its application sectors. Nevertheless, the fused deposition modelling (FDM) technique has proven to be an economically feasible process turning additive manufacture technologies from consumer production into a mainstream manufacturing technique. Current advances in the finite element method (FEM) and the computer-aided engineering (CAE) technology are unable to study three-dimensional (3D) printed models, since the final result is highly dependent on processing and environment parameters. Because of that, an in-depth understanding of the printed geometrical mesostructure is needed to extend FEM applications. This study aims to generate a homogeneous structural element that accurately represents the behavior of FDM-processed materials, by means of a representative volume element (RVE). The homogenization summarizes the main mechanical characteristics of the actual 3D printed structure, opening new analysis and optimization procedures. Moreover, the linear RVE results can be used to further analyze the in-deep behavior of the FDM unit cell. Therefore, industries could perform a feasible engineering analysis of the final printed elements, allowing the FDM technology to become a mainstream, low-cost manufacturing process in the near future.

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3D Printing of Polymer Waste for Improving People’s Awareness about Marine Litter

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12081738 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 1738

Author(s):

Francesca Ferrari ◽

Carola Esposito Corcione ◽

Francesco Montagna ◽

Alfonso Maffezzoli

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Response ◽

Tensile Tests ◽

Processing Parameters ◽

Fused Deposition Modelling ◽

Polymer Waste ◽

Marine Litter ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Degradation Temperature ◽

3D Printed ◽

The Difference

This work is aimed at proposing demonstrative actions devoted to show reprocessing and recyclability of PET originating from bottles collected from the seaside, in order to increase the consumer awareness on the importance of recycling plastics. To this purpose, collected bottles were washed, cut, grinded, extruded in the form of a thin wire adopting different cooling rates, which leads to a modulation of the crystallinity content. Once having optimized the processing parameters, the extruded wire was used to produce 3D printed samples through the fused deposition modelling (FDM). The changes in the crystalline structure due to the different processing conditions were assessed by DSC and XRD analyses, while rheological tests were performed in order to evaluate any modification in the viscosity of PET after repeated processing cycles. The reduction in thermal stability was confirmed by TGA analysis, which showed a progressive decrease in the degradation temperature as processing cycles increased. Finally, tensile tests highlighted the difference in the mechanical response due to the predominance of the crystalline or amorphous phase in the tested sample. In particular, a good mechanical behavior was found for the 3D-printed samples.

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Printability and Tensile Performance of 3D Printed Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol Using Fused Deposition Modelling

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym11071220 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 1220 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Sofiane Guessasma ◽

Sofiane Belhabib ◽

Hedi Nouri

Keyword(s):

Polyethylene Terephthalate ◽

Mechanical Performance ◽

Substantial Reduction ◽

Fused Deposition Modelling ◽

X Ray ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Wide Range ◽

Tensile Performance ◽

3D Printed ◽

Micro Tomography

Polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) is a thermoplastic formed by polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and ethylene glycol and known for his high impact resistance and ductility. The printability of PETG for fused deposition modelling (FDM) is studied by monitoring the filament temperature using an infra-red camera. The microstructural arrangement of 3D printed PETG is analysed by means of X-ray micro-tomography and tensile performance is investigated in a wide range of printing temperatures from 210 °C to 255 °C. A finite element model is implemented based on 3D microstructure of the printed material to reveal the deformation mechanisms and the role of the microstructural defects on the mechanical performance. The results show that PETG can be printed within a limited range of printing temperatures. The results suggest a significant loss of the mechanical performance due to the FDM processing and particularly a substantial reduction of the elongation at break is observed. The loss of this property is explained by the inhomogeneous deformation of the PETG filament. X-ray micro-tomography results reveal a limited amount of process-induced porosity, which only extends through the sample thickness. The FE predictions point out the combination of local shearing and inhomogeneous stretching that are correlated to the filament arrangement within the plane of construction.

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A design of experiment approach to 3D-printed mouthpieces sound analysis

Progress in Additive Manufacturing ◽

10.1007/s40964-021-00183-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Antonio Bacciaglia ◽

Alessandro Ceruti ◽

Alfredo Liverani

Keyword(s):

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Design Of Experiment ◽

Musical Instruments ◽

Rapid Expansion ◽

Fused Deposition Modelling ◽

Layer By Layer ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

3D Printed ◽

Processing Techniques ◽

Short Time

AbstractNowadays additive manufacturing is affected by a rapid expansion of possible applications. It is defined as a set of technologies that allow the production of components from 3D digital models in a short time by adding material layer by layer. It shows enormous potential to support wind musical instruments manufacturing because the design of complex shapes could produce unexplored and unconventional sounds, together with external customization capabilities. The change in the production process, material and shape could affect the resulting sound. This work aims to compare the music performances of 3D-printed trombone mouthpieces using both Fused Deposition Modelling and Stereolithography techniques, compared to the commercial brass one. The quantitative comparison is made applying a Design of Experiment methodology, to detect the main additive manufacturing parameters that affect the sound quality. Digital audio processing techniques, such as spectral analysis, cross-correlation and psychoacoustic analysis in terms of loudness, roughness and fluctuation strength have been applied to evaluate sounds. The methodology herein applied could be used as a standard for future studies on additively manufactured musical instruments.

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Surface Roughness Effect on the 3d Printed Butt Joints Strength

Proceedings of the 8th International Scientific Conference "BALTTRIB 2015" ◽

10.15544/balttrib.2015.21 ◽

2015 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

V. Kovan ◽

G. Altan ◽

E.S. Topal ◽

H.E. Camurlu

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Additive Manufacturing ◽

3D Printing ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Thickness Effect ◽

Fused Deposition Modelling ◽

Three Dimensional Printing ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

3D Printed ◽

Dimensional Object

Three-dimensional printing or 3D printing (also called additive manufacturing) is any of various processes used to make a three-dimensional object. Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is an additive manufacturing technology commonly used for modelling, prototyping, and production applications. It is one of the techniques used for 3D printing. FDM is somewhat restricted in the size and the variation of shapes that may be fabricated. For parts too large to fit on a single build, for faster job builds with less support material, or for parts with finer features, sectioning and bonding FDM parts is a great solution. The strength of adhesive bonded FDM parts is affected by the surface roughness. In this study, the layer thickness effect on bonding strength is experimentally studied and the results are discussed.

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3D printed fluidics with embedded analytic functionality for automated reaction optimisation

Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry ◽

10.3762/bjoc.13.14 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 ◽

pp. 111-119 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Andrew J Capel ◽

Andrew Wright ◽

Matthew J Harding ◽

George W Weaver ◽

Yuqi Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Reaction Medium ◽

Flow Chemistry ◽

Fused Deposition Modelling ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Fluidic Devices ◽

3D Printed ◽

Solvent Systems ◽

Temperature And Pressure ◽

Set Up

Additive manufacturing or ‘3D printing’ is being developed as a novel manufacturing process for the production of bespoke micro- and milliscale fluidic devices. When coupled with online monitoring and optimisation software, this offers an advanced, customised method for performing automated chemical synthesis. This paper reports the use of two additive manufacturing processes, stereolithography and selective laser melting, to create multifunctional fluidic devices with embedded reaction monitoring capability. The selectively laser melted parts are the first published examples of multifunctional 3D printed metal fluidic devices. These devices allow high temperature and pressure chemistry to be performed in solvent systems destructive to the majority of devices manufactured via stereolithography, polymer jetting and fused deposition modelling processes previously utilised for this application. These devices were integrated with commercially available flow chemistry, chromatographic and spectroscopic analysis equipment, allowing automated online and inline optimisation of the reaction medium. This set-up allowed the optimisation of two reactions, a ketone functional group interconversion and a fused polycyclic heterocycle formation, via spectroscopic and chromatographic analysis.

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