Morphofunctional Parameters of the Spleen Under Immobilization Stress and the Use of Bacterial  Lipopolysaccharide

The aimof this study was to determine the morphofunctional features of the spleen in rats under immobilization stress and administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide.Material and methods.60 white Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups. The animals of the first control group were injected with saline. The rats of the second control group were injected with lipopolysaccharide. In the rats of the third group, immobilization stress was induced and the animals of this group were injectedwith saline. In rats of the fourth group, immobilization stress was also caused and lipopolysaccharide was administered in the form of the drug Pyrogenal (Medgamal, Russia) in a dose of 100 µg/kg of body weight. Fragments of the spleen were fixed in a 10% solution of neutral formalin, dehydrated in alcohols of increasing strength, and embedded in paraffin. Thin paraffin sections 4–5 µm thick were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The area of longitudinal sections of the spleen, the area of the white and red pulp were determined planimetrically. Using a screw m icrometer eyepiece, the width of the reactive center of the lymph nodes of the white pulp, the width of the mantle and marginal zone of the nodules, as well as the width of the periarterial lymphoid sheath were measured (40–50 measurements for each animal).Results.It was found that on the 3rd day after the stress morphological signs of a sharp decrease in the activity of the white pulp were revealed. On the 8th day, pronounced recovery processes in the spleen were noted, however, complete restoration of the structure of the spleen did not occur. On the 3rd and 8th days after stress and administration of lipopolysaccharide, no signs of inhibition of the activity of the white and red pulp were found in the spleen; morphological parameters of the spleen did not differ from the control values.

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REACTION OF THE LYMPHOID SPLENIC TISSUE IN WHITE MICE ON AMYLOIDOGENESIS

Acta medica Eurasica ◽

10.47026/2413-4864-2020-3-30-36 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 30-36

Author(s):

Liliya Yu. Ilyina ◽

Vadim A. Kozlov ◽

Sergey P. Sapozhnikov ◽

Ruslan A. Geraev

Keyword(s):

Splenic Tissue ◽

Case Group ◽

White Pulp ◽

Paraffin Sections ◽

Morphological Pattern ◽

Experimental Amyloidosis ◽

Field Of Vision ◽

Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽

The Mean ◽

Red Pulp

The reaction of lymphoid splenic tissue of mice on albumin model of systemic amyloidosis (case group, N = 5) was studied and compared to a similar indicator of intact mice (N = 5). Paraffin sections of the spleen, stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Congo red, were microscoped in a regredient LED white light on "Lumam-4" microscope. The absolute area of lymphatic follicles (LFs), their diameters and the area of amyloid lesion were measured on microphotos obtained with the help of video-eyepiece Levenhuk C800 NG 8M in LevenhukLite program. The obtained data were used for calculating the indicators: the relative areas of amyloid lesion (SrelA)), the red (SrelKB) and the white (SrelBP) pulp, the red/white pulp index, LFs' ovalityindex. The number of LFs was counted in the field of vision at magnification of 100. The obtained data were processed using the methods of descriptive and variative statistics and presented in the form of M±m, where M is the mean, m is the standard deviation. Differences of the means were determined using z test. The morphological pattern of the spleen in intact mice corresponded to the histological norm. The wet mass of the spleen in intact animals was 0.75±0.01 g, no signs of amyloidosis were found. In the case group, the wet mass of the spleen increased to 2.2±0.06 g (p=0.000), SrelA was 33.85± 3.39%. The average number of LFs in the field of vision did not change. The diameters by the large and small axes differed by 18% in intact animals and by 6.6% in experimental ones (p=0.000). Respectively, the area of LFs decreased by 11.2% and the ovality index increased by 10.3% (p = 0.0066) in experimental mice. SrelKB and SrelBPdid not change during the formation of amyloidosis. But the Red/White Pulp Index increased by 59.2% (p=0.008). Simulation of amyloidosis in experimental animals was accompanied by a significant increase in the area of the red pulp and by a reduction in the area of white pulp. Thus, the calculated relative morphometric indicators are more informative than the directly measured initial data; the wet mass of the spleen during experimental amyloidosis formation significantly increases; the lymphoid tissue of the spleen readily responds to amyloidogenesis by the change in the ratio of the red and white pulp, as well as by the change in the shape and the area of the lymph follicles.

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Comparative morphology of the spleen of birds of the families phasianidae and columbidae

Scientific Horizons ◽

10.33249/2663-2144-2020-93-8-164-170 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 93 (8) ◽

pp. 164-170

Author(s):

L. Horalskyi ◽

◽

N. Kolesnik ◽

I. Sokulskyi ◽

I. Horalska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Musculoskeletal System ◽

Lymphoid Tissue ◽

Morphological Study ◽

Morphological Structure ◽

Comparative Morphology ◽

White Pulp ◽

Morphometric Features ◽

Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽

Lymphoid Nodules ◽

Red Pulp

Morphological study of the phylogenetic direction allows to determine the ecological conditionality in the nature of the development of related forms and deepens their characteristics. The work aimed to study the spleen of birds of the Phasianidae family (chicken, quail) and Columbidae (pigeon). The histological preparations were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Their morphometry was performed for establishing the features of the morphological structure of the organ. The microscopic structure of the spleen in birds of the pheasant and pigeon classes was characterized by the presence of the same components: stroma and parenchyma. The musculoskeletal system consisted of trabeculae and capsules. The pulp was divided into white and red. However, each species of bird had its own histological and morphometric features. The pulpal trabeculae were found only in chickens. The capsular trabeculae were also present in quails and pigeons. A characteristic feature of the pigeon's spleen is the association of the connecting trabeculae with the vascular ones, in which a large number of vessels were located. The lymphoid tissue of the spleen of birds was predominantly structured. However, in the pigeon's spleen, there was also unformed lymphoid tissue of varying size of various shapes. The white pulp of birds consisted of lymphoid nodules and periarterial lymphoid sheaths. Additionally, ellipsoids were found in the white pulp of the hens' spleen, and they were almost non-existent in pigeons. In pigeons, lymphoid nodules were mainly located in the subcapsular zone of the spleen and often formed conglomerated structures by merging 3–6 nodules. The musculoskeletal system is best developed in pigeons (9 %). The relative area of white pulp is the largest in chickens (18.6 %), red pulp – in quail (82 %).In this work, we have taken the first step in elucidating the features of the morphology of the spleen of birds of different classes, for detailed analysis, our further research will focus on the study of morphophysiology of the spleen of birds in age and breed aspects.

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Accessory Spleen in Human Fetuses: A Cadaveric Study

National Journal of Clinical Anatomy ◽

10.1055/s-0039-1700762 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 08 (04) ◽

pp. 133-135

Author(s):

Sonali Thomas ◽

Devendra Nath Sinha ◽

Arvind Kumar Singh ◽

Deepa Deopa ◽

Richa Niranjan

Keyword(s):

Lymph Node ◽

Congenital Anomalies ◽

Accessory Spleen ◽

White Pulp ◽

Human Fetuses ◽

Splenic Hilum ◽

Histological Features ◽

Lymph Node Enlargement ◽

Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽

Red Pulp

Abstract Background The aim of the study was to assess the morphological and histological features of accessory spleen in formalin-preserved human fetuses. Methods The study was conducted on spleen of 40 human fetuses of varied gestational ages without any congenital anomalies with due clearance from the ethical committee. The existence of accessory spleen was investigated during dissection. These were then dissected, weighed, and stained by hematoxylin and eosin as well as Masson’s trichrome method and observed under compound light microscope. Results In 5 (12.5%) cases, the accessory spleen was revealed in fetuses aged between 29th and 40th gestational weeks. These were located near the splenic hilum. On histological examination, the tissue of accessory spleen revealed a well-defined capsule. White pulp was less differentiated as compared with red pulp area. Conclusion The accessory spleen is often misdiagnosed by the clinicians for neoplastic growth or lymph node enlargement; therefore, its awareness is important.

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Pathomorphological characteristic of immune organs for circovirus infection of piglets

Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology ◽

10.15421/nvlvet8329 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 20 (83) ◽

pp. 150-155

Author(s):

G. Kotsyumbas ◽

M. Shkil

Keyword(s):

Lymph Nodes ◽

Sharp Decrease ◽

Giant Cells ◽

White Pulp ◽

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽

Immune Organs ◽

Vascular Walls ◽

Mesenteric Lymph ◽

Pulp Cells ◽

Hematoxylin And Eosin

The article elucidates the results of pathoanatomical and histological searches of peripheral immune organs for circovirus infection of piglets. In one of the farms of Transcarpathian region among the pigs of 3–4 months of age were found clinically ill animals, blood was taken, serum test was performed and circiiros was diagnosed. The pathoanatomical autopsy of 12 corpses of piglets was done. During the autopsy of corpses macroscopic changes were studied and samples of mesenteric lymph nodes and spleen were taken, which were fixed in 10% neutral formalin, dehydrated in alcohols of increasing concentration, followed by sealing and filling with paraffin. From paraffin blocks, histological cuts were made, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, using the Van Gizon method. Light microscopy and photographing were performed using a Leica DM-2500 (Switzerland) microscope and Leica DFC450C cameras and the Leica Application Suite Version 4.4 software. For macroscopic examination, in all cases, hyperplasia of the spleen and serous-hemorrhagic lymphadenitis have been established. For histological examination of mesenteric lymph nodes in sick piglets with cirrhosis against a background of severe congestive hyperemia, diapedeous hemorrhages, exudation, there was a sharp decrease in the number of lymphocytes in the lymph nodes, activation of reticuloendothelial cells, transformation of them into epithelioid and formation of giant cells. The detection of polycarocytes in the lymph nodes of sick piglets on the circus is a morphological confirmation of the cytopathic effect of the virus. The histological search of the spleen of pigs for circovirus infection on the background of blood filling, edema of trabeculae, plasma permeation of vascular walls was marked by an intensive decrease in the number of white pulp cells, as evidenced by a sharp decrease in the lymph nodes themselves. The revealed histostructural changes indicated a depletion of the spleen, suppression of its generative function, and an immunosuppressive state of one of the organs of immunogenesis.

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Chronic immobilization stress induces anxiety-related behaviors and affects brain essential minerals in male rats

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831/a000682 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Zafer Sahin ◽

Alpaslan Ozkurkculer ◽

Omer Faruk Kalkan ◽

Ahmet Ozkaya ◽

Aynur Koc ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immobilization Stress ◽

Central Area ◽

Essential Elements ◽

Male Rats ◽

Control Group ◽

Male Wistar Rats ◽

Swimming Test ◽

The Brain ◽

Center Area ◽

Chronic Immobilization Stress

Abstract. Alterations of essential elements in the brain are associated with the pathophysiology of many neuropsychiatric disorders. It is known that chronic/overwhelming stress may cause some anxiety and/or depression. We aimed to investigate the effects of two different chronic immobilization stress protocols on anxiety-related behaviors and brain minerals. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups as follows ( n = 10/group): control, immobilization stress-1 (45 minutes daily for 7-day) and immobilization stress-2 (45 minutes twice a day for 7-day). Stress-related behaviors were evaluated by open field test and forced swimming test. In the immobilization stress-1 and immobilization stress-2 groups, percentage of time spent in the central area (6.38 ± 0.41% and 6.28 ± 1.03% respectively, p < 0.05) and rearing frequency (2.75 ± 0.41 and 3.85 ± 0.46, p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively) were lower, latency to center area (49.11 ± 5.87 s and 44.92 ± 8.04 s, p < 0.01 and p < 0.01, respectively), were higher than the control group (8.65 ± 0.49%, 5.37 ± 0.44 and 15.3 ± 3.32 s, respectively). In the immobilization stress-1 group, zinc (12.65 ± 0.1 ppm, p < 0.001), magnesium (170.4 ± 1.7 ppm, p < 0.005) and phosphate (2.76 ± 0.1 ppm, p < 0.05) levels were lower than the control group (13.87 ± 0.16 ppm, 179.31 ± 1.87 ppm and 3.11 ± 0.06 ppm, respectively). In the immobilization stress-2 group, magnesium (171.56 ± 1.87 ppm, p < 0.05), phosphate (2.44 ± 0.07 ppm, p < 0.001) levels were lower, and manganese (373.68 ± 5.76 ppb, p < 0.001) and copper (2.79 ± 0.15 ppm, p < 0.05) levels were higher than the control group (179.31 ± 1.87 ppm, 3.11 ± 0.06 ppm, 327.25 ± 8.35 ppb and 2.45 ± 0.05 ppm, respectively). Our results indicated that 7-day chronic immobilization stress increased anxiety-related behaviors in both stress groups. Zinc, magnesium, phosphate, copper and manganese levels were affected in the brain.

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The Effect of Zingiber officinale on the Spleen Tissue and Antibody Titer of Broiler Chickens

Journal of Morphological Sciences ◽

10.4322/jms.088315 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 36 (01) ◽

pp. 046-050

Author(s):

Alireza Taghdisi ◽

Sajjad Hejazi

Keyword(s):

Broiler Chickens ◽

Zingiber Officinale ◽

Control Group ◽

White Pulp ◽

Broiler Chicks ◽

Pulp Tissue ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

Serum Factors ◽

Spleen Tissue ◽

Significant Difference

Introduction Increasing the immune system's function of fighting infectious diseases is very important in the poultry industry. Ginger, scientifically known as Zingiber officinale, belongs to the Zingiberaceae family. The use of ginger in the diet of poultry increases serum levels of superoxide dismutase enzymes and glutathione peroxidase, which are considered to be important antioxidant enzymes. The main objective of the present study is to evaluate the effect of ginger on the spleen tissue of broiler chickens. Material and Methods The specimens comprised 2 groups of 20 Ross breed broiler chicks, for 42 days and were then, examined and tested. The diet was supplemented with 1 g/kg of ginger powder from the beginning of the rearing period. Blood samples of the chicks were randomly collected to measure the levels of hemagglutination (HI). The removed spleens were fixed with 10% formalin buffer. The specimens were cut in 5-micron diameters and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Results and Conclusion There was a statistically significant difference in the mean of HI blood titers between the chicks in the growth period and final period groups (p < 0.05). The white-pulp tissue samples were more clearly seen in the treatment group than in the control group, and also, it was observed that the wall of the central artery of the white pulp was thicker in the ginger-treated group as compared with the control group. The nutritional value of ginger may vary. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the effect of this plant final on weight gain; the serum factors associated with the metabolic chart, and the response of the immune system to this plant.

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Effects of IRW and IQW on Oxidative Stress and Gut Microbiota in Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis

Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry ◽

10.1159/000495240 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 51 (1) ◽

pp. 441-451 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Gang Liu ◽

Wenxin Yan ◽

Sujuan Ding ◽

Hongmei Jiang ◽

Yong Ma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Sodium Sulfate ◽

Dextran Sodium Sulfate ◽

Daily Weight Gain ◽

Control Group ◽

Unrestricted Access ◽

Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽

Colitis Model

Background/Aims: There are known links between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and changes in the microbiota of the gut and inflammation and oxidative stress. In this study, a colitis model induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in mice is used to evaluate whether the presence of bioactive peptides IRW (Ile-Arg-Trp) and IQW (Ile-Gln-Trp) peptides is advantageous. Methods: The mice were arbitrarily assigned to the following four groups: (i) control (untreated), (ii) dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) treated, (iii) IRW-DSS treated, and (iv) IQW-DSS treated. For 7 days, the control group subjects had unrestricted access to untreated drinking water, whereas the drinking water supplied to the subjects in the DSS, IRW-DSS, and IQW-DSS groups during this period consisted of 5% DSS solution. The colonic lesions were scored after hematoxylin and eosin staining. Serum antioxidant capacity was analyzed by 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenz-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation decolorization test and the microbiota in the colonic contents were sequenced by HiSeq2500 PE250. Results: The presence of DSS reduced daily weight gain, enhanced histopathology scores, and inhibited antioxidant enzyme expression. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities in the DSS-induced colitis model were significantly enhanced (P < 0.05) in the presence of dietary IRW and IQW. Furthermore, the Simpson index was significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the presence of dietary IRW and IQW compared to the control group. IRW and IQW increased the abundance of Coprococcus_1, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014, and Desulfovibrio compared to the control group and DSS group. Furthermore, IQW decreased the abundance of Bacteroides in relation to the control group, but increased Parabacteroides. In addition, IRW increased the level of Anaerotruncus, Oscillibacter, and Ruminiclostridium_9 compared to the control group. Conclusion: This study concludes that the presence of IRW or IQW can mitigate DSS-induced oxidative stress by improving the activities of antioxidant enzymes, increasing intestinal microbial diversity and enhancing the abundance of gut microbiota, which may help maintain the homeostasis of host health and microenvironment in a DSS-induced mouse model, thus providing a potential further treatment for IBD patients.

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Ascorbic acid biosynthesis: a precursor study on plants

Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology ◽

10.1590/s1677-04202004000300004 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 147-154 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Anderson D. Barata-Soares ◽

Maria Luiza P. A. Gomez ◽

Carlos Henrique de Mesquita ◽

Franco M. Lajolo

Keyword(s):

Ascorbic Acid ◽

Sweet Pepper ◽

The Other ◽

White Pulp ◽

Acid Biosynthesis ◽

Ripe Fruit ◽

Ripening Stages ◽

Main Pathway ◽

Ascorbic Acid Biosynthesis ◽

Red Pulp

Since the first isolation of ascorbic acid (AsA) in 1928, few papers have been published regarding the biosynthesis of AsA in plants, especially in fruits. It took as long as 1998, before Wheeler, Jones and Smirnoff, based on a study with Arabidopsis leaves, proposed what can be considered the main pathway of biosynthesis of AsA, in which L-galactose (L-GAL) is a key precursor. This paper reports the effectiveness of some precursors (cold or radiolabeled) in the biosynthesis of AsA in different plants: green sweet pepper, white-pulp guava, red-pulp guava, papaya and strawberry at two ripening stages (mature green and ripe for papaya and mature green and half red for strawberry) and broccoli. The 'Smirnoff-Wheeler' pathway was functioning and active in all sources studied, as demonstrated by the increase in AsA contents and incorporation of labeled precursors into AsA. In papaya, the AsA content in the ripe fruit was higher than in the mature green, indicating the synthesis of AsA during ripening. On the other hand, the AsA content in the mature green strawberry was similar to that of the half red fruits. Our data demonstrate that L-GAL and L-Galactono-1,4-lactone (L-GL) are effective precursors for the biosynthesis of AsA in fruits and also provided additional evidence for the participation of D-mannose (D-MAN) and D-glucose-1P in the biosynthesis of AsA in plants.

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Investigation Into Effect Of Crude Mixture Of Abrus Precatorius Seed On Hypothalamopituitary Gonadal Axis And Development Of Antifertility In Male Rats

Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.3329/bjar.v36i1.9234 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 103-109 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S Talukder ◽

MA Hossain ◽

S Sarker ◽

MAH Khan

Keyword(s):

Negative Impact ◽

Sperm Count ◽

Sharp Decrease ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Serum Biochemistry ◽

Male Rats ◽

Male Rat ◽

Control Group ◽

Abrus Precatorius ◽

Crude Mixture

To evaluate the antifertility effect of crude mixture of A. precatorius seeds at the dose level of 50 mg/kg body weight in adult male rats, after oral administration to male rats for 40 days, the rats were sacrificed and hormonal profiles, serum biochemistry, sperm count and histological changes were recorded. A sharp decrease in the serum levels of testosterone (0.70 ± 0.17 ng/ml), FSH (0.70 ± 0.22 lU/L), and LH (0.87 ± 0.35 IU/L) was detected compared to control (FSH, LH and testosterone levels 0.93 ± 0.15 ng/ml, 0.76 ± 0.28 IU/L, 1.44 ± .011 IU/L, respectively). A significant reduction of epididymal sperm count (2.34 million/mL) was noted in treated rats as compared to control group (7.87 million/mL). Histology of testes showed marked atrophy of the testes, which was characterized by disruption of the seminiferous epithelium and atrophy of the Leydig cells. Crude mixture of A. precatorius seed has a negative impact on male reproductive functions. It might be suggested that crude mixture of A. precatorius seeds might have antifertility property for male rats. Keywords: Abrus precatorius; antifertility; male rat; testosterone. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v36i1.9234 BJAR 2011; 36(1): 103-109

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Splenic Mechanisms of Thrombocytopenia

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v130.suppl_1.sci-33.sci-33 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 130 (Suppl_1) ◽

pp. SCI-33-SCI-33

Author(s):

John W. Semple

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Reticuloendothelial System ◽

Lymphoid Organ ◽

The Body ◽

White Pulp ◽

Cellular Mechanisms ◽

Venous Circulation ◽

Destructive Processes ◽

Clinical Conditions ◽

Red Pulp

The spleen is the largest secondary lymphoid organ in the body and contains up to 25 percent of the body's lymphocyte populations. It is not only responsible for initiating immune responses against a multitude of infectious antigens within its white pulp, it also has the exquisite ability to filter the blood and remove, for example, senescent erythrocytes and platelets. This natural process is carried out within the red pulp of the spleen which is composed monocyte-rich connective tissue cords of Billroth intertwined with sinus cavities lined by parallel-oriented endothelial cells that have interendothelial slits which allow for the mechanical sorting of "old" cells. This occurs because of the inability of the senescent cells to properly migrate through the endothelial fenestrae into the venous circulation allowing them to be identified by cells of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) and quickly destroyed by phagocytosis. This process also allows for the efficient recycling of iron from destroyed erythrocyte hemoglobin molecules. There are a wide variety of clinical conditions that can significantly alter the ability of the RES to destroy blood cells including hereditary blood cell defects, inflammation, cancer and abnormal immune responses. This lecture will focus on the central role that the spleen plays in not only generating immune responses against platelets but also in primarily causing the destruction of both senescent and antibody-opsonized platelets leading to thrombocytopenia. It will discuss the soluble and cellular mechanisms of splenic sequestration, destruction and the ability of the spleen to modulate anti-platelet immunity. Mechanisms involving complement activation, Fc Receptor-mediated phagocytosis, antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity and platelet self-destruction will be addressed. It will compare the spleen's platelet destructive capabilities with other organs, particularly the liver and will detail how immune responses generated in the white pulp can modulate platelet destructive processes in the red pulp. Disclosures Semple: Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; Rigel: Consultancy, Honoraria; UCB: Consultancy, Honoraria.

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