scholarly journals An individual nickname in Russia: Modern understanding

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-36
Author(s):  
Nadezhda A. Rodina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Informal Communication ◽  
History Of ◽  
Military Community ◽  
The Military ◽  
History Of Study

This article considers an individual nickname from the point of view of the independence of its allocation, position in the anthroponymic field in relation to other peripheral naming conventions, the history of study, the role in informal communication, as well as cognitive features. The quoted theoretical material is illustrated by examples of nicknames that are actively used in the military community.

The China-Russia-Japan Military Balance in Manchuria, 1906–1918

2010 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1283-1311
Author(s):  
ASADA MASAFUMI
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Russian Revolution ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
Military Power ◽  
Alliance Partner ◽  
History Of ◽  
Triangular Relationship ◽  
The Military ◽  
Military Balance

AbstractEven after the Russo-Japanese War, Manchuria remained the powder keg of East Asia. In the war's aftermath, three empires, the Qing, the Russian and the Japanese, stationed their troops in Manchuria, in a struggle for military supremacy there. There has already been a considerable amount of research on these military activities. However, previous works have not discussed them from a triangular relationship. This paper contends that the history of modern East Asia cannot be understood until one examines the shift in the military balance in Manchuria from a triangular comparative point of view. The results of such examination show that, in Manchuria, each empire was unable to establish military domination alone, and therefore needed an alliance partner. During the Xinhai Revolution, the Russia-Japan ‘alliance’ wielded overwhelming military power against China. However, after the Russian Revolution in 1917, Japan renounced cooperation with a weakened Russia and built a new partnership with China to advance the Siberian intervention. The military triangle of Russia, China and Japan was unable to create a comprehensive regional security system in Manchuria because what was established was based on mutual distrust and fear.

The Making of the Western Defense System: France, the United States, and MC 48

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Trachtenberg
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
The United States ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Defense System ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Military Strength ◽  
The Military

This chapter focuses on a document formally adopted by the NATO Council in December 1954, called MC 48, a report by the Alliance's Military Committee on “The Most Effective Pattern of NATO Military Strength for the Next Few Years.” In approving this document, the Council authorized the military authorities of the Alliance to “plan and make preparations on the assumption that atomic and thermonuclear weapons will be used in defense from the outset.” One very important consequence of the new strategy from the European point of view had to do with what was called “nuclear sharing”—that is, with the provision of American nuclear weapons to the NATO allies. This policy of nuclear sharing was one of the key elements in the history of this period.

Unwanted Navy: Habsburg Naval Armaments under Maria Theresa

1981 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 29-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franz A. J. Szabo
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Political History ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Sea Power ◽  
Opera Buffa ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Military

The Habsburg monarchy was never a major sea power, and for most of its four centuries of existence it had no substantial navy at all. Especially before the nineteenth century the history of Habsburg naval armaments, therefore, is of little interest to the military specialist and more significant as a footnote to the domestic political history of the monarchy. At no time was this more the case than during the reign of Maria Theresa (1740–1780). From a military point of view the naval projects of this period could furnish, at best, the plot of an opera buffa, but from an administrative and economic point of view they highlight some of the most fundamental problems of enlightened absolutism in Austria.

scholarly journals Otto von Bismarck and Germany Militarization (Legislative Formalization of the Military Reform in Germany in the 80s of the 19th century)

Lex Russica ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 77-87
Author(s):  
V. G. Baev
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ruling Elite ◽  
Military Reform ◽  
German Army ◽  
History Of ◽  
Otto Von Bismarck ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military ◽  
Further Development

The history of Germany of the second half of the 19th century and the activities of Otto von Bismarck form an integral unit, provided we bear in mind the process of Germany becoming a centralized state. The author argues that the attainment of German unity could only be achieved on the paths of war with Austria and France. This implies why military reform in Germany has been given so much attention.This study is focused on the second stage of military reform — the strengthening of the German army after the establishment of a centralized state. The author poses the question: if the “German issue” was resolved, what was the need for further armament? The Bismarck Government in 1874 and 1881 successfully sought from Parliament the adoption of septennat laws (seven years of funding for the army). But in 1887 the Parliament refused to extend the septennat. The author uses Bismarck’s collection of political speeches in the Reichstag as the main source of research. It is an important source of official origin, reflecting the approaches of not only of the subject of Bismarck’s legislative initiative, but also of Germany’s ruling elite.A point of view about Bismarck as vehicle of Germanic militarism prevails in historical literature. As a result of the analysis of the debate on the draft law, the author concludes that Bismarck’s military policy was dictated not so much by the militaristic nature of his personality, but by the necessity of strengthening the military potential of Germany, surrounded by strong adversaries, to defend its sovereignty. For the further development of events, the Chancellor who had been removed from his office, cannot be held responsible. The tragedy of Bismarck-era Germany is expressed in the fact that he failed to prepare a successor capable of leading the country during a period of crisis.

Social sciences and society in Chile: institutionalization, breakdown and rebirth

2005 ◽  
Vol 44 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 359-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Antonio Garretón
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Military Dictatorship ◽  
Social Transformations ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Analytical Perspective ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Military

Social sciences emerged in Chile during the mid-1950s in a context of social transformations that marked their foundation and consolidation as scientific disciplines. This article deals with the general background of the installation of these disciplines, particularly sociology, their later consolidation and the subsequent process of dismantling and re-composition, from the point of view of their institutionalization and internationalization. Like all research, this is a partial perspective, nurtured with the views of the generation that followed the foundational phase, which has its conceptual bases in what we have called the “social sciences development model” or project, and the contributions of a series of other authors. In the Chilean case, several authors agree on the identification of three periods in the development of social sciences, viewed as institutional milestones, even though we consider sub-periods within each one. A first period of creation, institutionalization and professionalization goes from the mid-1950s until 1973. A second period coincides with the military dictatorship (1973-89), during which the majority of social sciences had to abandon their home in universities. Such a loss was compensated by the creation of a variety of independent academic centers, which permitted a development of these disciplines associated with a growing process of thematic specialization. The third phase corresponds to the return of a democratic regime (1990-2003), a period in which social sciences again situated themselves preferably in universities, occasioning a new expansion of professional training programs and institutions. The article traces these phases in view of going beyond a history of the disciplines to develop an analytical perspective that accounts for the characteristics of the context, the institutional dimensions, the thematic contents and their role in society.

scholarly journals Caricatures in russian publicism of the second half of the 19th century: by the materials of N. B. Gersevanov

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 197
Author(s):  
Kateryna Hryshchenko
Keyword(s):  
Source Analysis ◽  
Historical Source ◽  
The Public ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Military Community ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Harsh Criticism ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military

The aim of the study was the desire to determine the place of the visual artistic and satirical component in the creative heritage of N. B. Gersevanov and the consideration of the caricature as a genre of journalism and a historical source in public opinion research of the 1850–1860s. Historiography. The history of the caricature was mainly of interest to art critics and artists. The sociocultural and political context of their appearance was considered, but in passing. The question of the place of caricature in the work of N. B. Gersevanov is raised for the first time. Sources. The set of sources was formed according to the principle of informational correspondence to the goal and consists of newspaper articles – reviews by N. B. Gersevanov on military cartoons and an album of cartoons “The Adventures of the Novgorod resident Fedora Ivanovna”, published under the pseudonym “Durov”. The materials involved cover 1858–1860. both the critic and the creator of this genre convincingly demonstrate the place of caricature in journalism of N. B. Gersevanov. Using the methods of historiographic and source analysis and synthesis allowed us to identify the state of development of the issue in the historical literature and realize the goal. The main result was the identification of thematic variability of the cartoons of N. B. Gersevanov and the reactions of representatives of the military community to them. Based on the content analysis, the contents of the caricature album “Adventures of the Novgorod resident Fedora Ivanovna” were investigated. The texts and the cartoons published by Gersevanov were a reaction to harsh criticism by the public of the Russian army and military after the defeat of the Russian Empire in the Crimean War of 1853–1856. Since 1812, wars have become a powerful impetus for development for the Russian caricature tradition. The humorous genre was not inherent in the work of Gersevanov, moreover, he considered it dangerous for military discipline. Thus, the appeal to the caricature of the socio-political and literary issues was a kind of experiment for the author. Despite economic success, the final goal was not achieved, the vices were not overcome. Gersevanov became convinced of the futility of ridiculing as a method of education, therefore, he did not turn to the humorous genre anymore. The conclusion is that the hermeneutic analysis of the texts and the contexts of their appearance allowed us to significantly expand our understanding of the multifaceted activities of such a little-explored personality as N. B. Gersevanov and to reveal the informational potential of the cartoon as a historical source. The type of article: analytical.

V. The Medieval Sculpture of Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin

Archaeologia ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 106 ◽  
pp. 107-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Stalley
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Substantial Contribution ◽  
Parallel Study ◽  
Norman Conquest ◽  
Anglo Norman ◽  
Christ Church ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Military ◽  
Art And Architecture

The invasion of Ireland by the Anglo-Norman armies in 1169–70 is not normally regarded as an event of any importance in the history of English art. Such an attitude is understandable, for Irish works in the Middle Ages rarely made any substantial contribution to artistic developments elsewhere. But the military activities of 1169–70 did have important results from an English point of view, since they greatly extended the ‘geography’ of English art and architecture. Following the Anglo-Norman conquest, Irish churches increasingly looked to England for ideas, and native styles were gradually supplanted by imported techniques. Very few of the standard histories of English architecture or sculpture devote much attention to this process, and a page or two describing the occasional Irish cathedral is normally deemed sufficient. Yet this does little justice to the Anglo-Norman achievement in Ireland, where, in just over a century, an immense amount of building was carried out. Most of this was English in style and ought to be considered within the context of English developments. Indeed, in some cases Irish evidence can considerably extend an understanding of specifically English problems: no study of West Country architecture, for example, would be complete without a parallel study of contemporary Irish work.

Storie di gesuiti, popolazione civile e truppe militari nell’Italia occupata (1943–1945)

2021 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-106
Author(s):  
Laura Di Fabio
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Military Occupation ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
Society Of Jesus ◽  
Civilian Population ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban Territories ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Military

Abstract This piece of research aims to present a historiographical and methodological review of the history of the Jesuits, the civilian population and the military troops during the German military occupation in Italy between 1943 and 1945. The analysis of hitherto unexplored sources, accessible since 2 March 2020, allows historians to explore the archival heritage that was produced by the different religious communities of the Society of Jesus present in rural and urban territories, which carried out functions of education, pastoral care and assistance in the communities of reference. The analysis of the role and function of the religious orders as observers of ‚Great History‘ to tell the story of the life of the civilian population in the years of the Second World War and under military occupation represents a privileged point of view that still awaits investigation.

scholarly journals Military-Chemical Terminology: Genetic and Historical Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-386
Author(s):  
Valentina S. Pozvonkova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Military History ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Significant Events ◽  
Dynamic Perspective ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Military

The article considers the formation of military-chemical vocabulary from the dynamic perspective. The development of the military-chemical terminological sublanguage is presented from the point of view of its connection with the most significant events in the military history of Russia. Based on the results of the historical and linguistic analysis the main methods of term formation and term replenishment have been identified; the migration of terminological units over thematic groups has been shown.

scholarly journals The reflections of the political social and individual events of March 12 in the novels “Şafak” and “Gizli Emir”

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 172-184
Author(s):  
Ülkü Ayşe Oğuzhan Börekci
Keyword(s):  
English Summary ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
The Political ◽  
Military Interventions ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Military ◽  
Qualitative Characteristics

One of the most important themes of Turkish novel in the Republican era is the military interventions that left a mark on our history of democracy. Thus, it is known that since the beginning of 1960s, many novels’ political, social and cultural background and their viewpoints have been shaped by the impacts of the coups. In this respect, it is possible to say that the turning point of the emergence of examples that can be included in the political genre in the Turkish novel is March 12. Thus, there are the period’s difficult conditions in the centre of the most novels that talk about the period in question and in almost all of them elements that reflect mental state of individuals are written. Another remarkable point here is that no matter what the ideological tendencies of the writers are, while the life caused by the coup is given a meaning and narrated, the criticisms also concentrate on psychological effects. From this point of view, Sevgi Soysal’s novel “Şafak” and Melih Cevdet Anday’s novel “Gizli Emir” were analysed in this study. Thereby, while on one hand the characteristics of March 12 period are traced, on the other hand it is tried to be determined through which elements the writers discussed social, political and individual events. In this respect, in this study designed to be a descriptive research study that has qualitative characteristics both the exact words of the charachters in the novels and expressions of the writers were benefited from. In the analyses conducted, it was determined that the writers of these novels drew attention to difficulties experienced in daily life, psychological effects on individuals, violence and torture, and difficulties experienced by the artists during the March 12 period. ​Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file.   Özet Cumhuriyet dönemi Türk romanının en önemli temalarından biri demokrasi tarihimize damgasını vuran askeri müdahalelerdir. Nitekim 1960’lı yılların başından itibaren birçok romanın siyasal, sosyal ve kültürel arka planının ve bakış açısının darbelerin etkisiyle şekillendiği bilinmektedir. Bu bağlamda Türk romanında gerçek anlamda politik türe dahil edilebilecek örneklerin ortaya çıkışının dönüm noktasının 12 Mart olduğunu söyleyebilmek mümkündür. Zira söz konusu dönemi kalemi alan romanların birçoğunun merkezinde dönemin zor koşulları yer almakta, hemen hepsinde bireylerin ruhsal durumlarını yansıtan unsurlar kaleme alınmaktadır. Burada dikkati çeken bir diğer unsur, yazarlarının ideolojik eğilimleri ne olursa olsun askeri müdahalelerin neden olduğu hayat anlamlandırılırken ve aktarılırken, yapılan eleştirilerin psikolojik etkiler üzerine de yoğunlaşmasıdır. Buradan hareketle bu çalışmada, Sevgi Soysal’ın “Şafak” ve Melih Cevdet Anday’ın “Gizli Emir” adlı romanları incelenmiştir. Böylece bir taraftan 12 Mart dönemin özelliklerinin izleri sürülerken, bir taraftan da yazarların toplumsal, siyasal ve bireysel olayları hangi unsurlar üzerinden ele aldıkları belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu bağlamda niteliksel özellik taşıyan betimleyici bir araştırma olarak tasarlanan bu çalışmada hem romandaki kahramanların birebir ifadelerinden hem de yazarın ifadelerinden yararlanılmıştır. Yapılan analizlerde yazarların, 12 Mart sürecinde günlük hayatta yaşanan zorluklara, bireylerin üzerindeki psikolojik etkilere, şiddete ve işkenceye ve sanatçıların yaşadıkları güçlüklere dikkati çektikleri tespit edilmiştir.

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